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June 18, 1932, Vol 98, No. 25 >
ARTICLE | June 18, 1932

REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON THE ANTINEURITIC VITAMIN: Title and subTitle BreakITS CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES, AND THE EFFECTS OF ITS DEPRIVATION ON THE ANIMAL BODY FREE

H. D. KRUSE, Sc.D.; E. V. McCOLLUM, Ph.D., Sc.D.
[+] Author Affiliations

BALTIMORE

From the Biochemical Laboratory, School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University.


JAMA. 1932;98(25):2201-2208. doi:10.1001/jama.1932.27320510004008
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References

For more than a decade the antineuritic principle has been designated as vitamin B, but developments of the past two years have imparted to the latter term an ambiguity that has led to much perplexity. Not only is the chemical nature of vitamin B still unknown, but just what should be included under the term has become largely a matter of individual preference or persuasion. It is not without interest to trace the varied changes which the concept of this vitamin has undergone. What was originally the antineuritic substance of Eijkman and Funk,1 which was a specific for the cure of polyneuritis in pigeons, and what was the independently discovered water-soluble B of McCollum,2 which was demonstrated to be necessary for growth in the rat, became merged into the substance vitamin B,3 following the demonstration that those natural foods curing polyneuritis likewise promoted growth in animals.4

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1 +
Eijkman, Christiaan: Virchows Arch. f. path. Anat. 148:523, 1897;.
2 +
Funk, Casimir: J. Physiol. 43:395, 1911;.
3 +
McCollum, E. V., and Davis, Marguerite: J. Biol. Chem. 23:181, 1915;.
4 +
Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 14:660, 1920;.
5 +
McCollum, E. V., and Kennedy, Cornelia: J. Biol. Chem. 24:491 ( (April) ) 1916;.
6 +
Smith, M. I., and Hendrick, E. G.: Pub. Health Rep. 41:201 ( (Feb. 5) ) 1926;.
7 +
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8 +
Goldberger, Joseph; Wheeler, G. A.; Lillie, R. D., and Rogers, L. M.: Pub. Health Rep. 41:297 ( (Feb. 19) ) 1926;.
9 +
Karr, W. G.: J. Biol. Chem. 44:255, 1920;.
10 +
Cowgill, G. R.: Am. J. Physiol. 57:420 ( (Oct.) ) 1921;.
11 +
Jackson, C. M.: The Effects of Inanition and Malnutrition on Growth and Structure , Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1925;.
12 +
Kon, S. K., and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 21:632, 1927;.
13 +
Jansen, B. C. P., and Donath, W. F.: Mededeel. v. d. dienst. d. volksgezondh. in Nederl.-Indie. , 1927;, pt. (I) , p. 186.
14 +
Williams, R. R., and Waterman, R. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 78:311 ( (July) ) 1928;.
15 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 22: 419, 1928;.
16 +
Guha, B. C., and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 23:880, 1929;.
17 +
Carter, C. W.; Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 24:1832, 1844, 1930;.
18 +
Smith and Hendrick (footnote 5).
19 +
Reader, Vera: Biochem. J. 23:689, 1929;
20 +
24:77, 1827, 1930.
21 +
Hunt, C. H.: J. Biol. Chem. 78:83 ( (June) ) 1928;
22 +
79:723 (Oct.) 1928.
23 +
Hunt, C. H., and Wilder, Willard: J. Biol. Chem. 90:279 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
24 +
Williams, G. Z., and Lewis, R. C.: J. Biol. Chem. 89:275 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
25 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 23:498, 1929;.
26 +
Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 24:1754, 1930;.
27 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 24: 105, 1930;.
28 +
Chick, Harriette; and Copping, Alice M.: Biochem. J. 24:932, 1764, 1930;.
29 +
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera: Biochem. J. 24: 1820, 1930;.
30 +
Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera: Biochem. J. 22:276, 1928;
31 +
footnote 13.
32 +
Smith, M. I.: Pub. Health Rep. 45: 116 ( (Jan. 17) ) 1930;.
33 +
Sebrell, W. H., and Elvove, E.: Pub. Health Rep. 46:917 ( (April 17) ) 1931;.
34 +
Kruse, H. D., and McCollum, E. V.: Physiol. Rev. 9: 126 ( (Jan.) ) 1929;.
35 +
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.: J. Biol. Chem. 31:149 ( (July) ) 1917;.
36 +
Sherman, H. C., and Sandels, M. R.: J. Nutrition 3:395 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
37 +
Sure, Barnett: J. Nutrition 1:49 ( (Sept.) ) 1928;.
38 +
Burack, Ethel; and Cowgill, G. R.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 28:750 ( (April) ) 1931;.
39 +
Graham, C. E., and Griffith, W. H.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 28:1086 ( (June) ) 1931;.
40 +
Uhlmann, F.: Ztschr. f. Biol. 68:419, 1918;.
41 +
Voegtlin, Carl; and Myers, C. N.: J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 13: 301 ( (July) ) 1919;.
42 +
Anrep, G. V., and Drummond, J. C.: J. Physiol. 54: 349 ( (March) ) 1921;.
43 +
Cowgill, G. R.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 18:148, 1921;.
44 +
Downs, A. W., and Eddy, N. B.: Am. J. Physiol. 58:296 ( (Dec.) ) 1921;.
45 +
Cowgill, G. R., and Mendel, L. B.: Am. J. Physiol. 58:131 ( (Nov.) ) 1921;.
46 +
McCarrison, R.: Brit. M. J. 2:36 ( (July 12) ) 1919;
47 +
1:823 (June 19) 1920.
48 +
Gross, L.: J. Path. & Bact. 27:27 ( (Jan.) ) 1924;.
49 +
Cowgill, G. R.; Deuel, H. J.; Plummer, Norman; and Messer, F. C.: Am. J. Physiol. 77:389 ( (July) ) 1926;.
50 +
Menville, L. J.; Ané, J. N., and Blackberg, S. N.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 27:894 ( (June) ) 1930;.
51 +
Farmer, C. J., and Redenbaugh, H. E.: Am. J. Physiol. 75:45 ( (Dec.) ) 1925;.
52 +
Rosedale, J. L., and Oliveiro, C. J.: Biochem. J. 22:1362, 1928;.
53 +
Kon and Drummond (footnote 10).
54 +
Hassan, Ali; and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 21:653, 1927;.
55 +
Bergeim, Olaf: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 25:457 ( (March) ) 1928;.
56 +
St. Julian, R. R., and Heller, V. G.: J. Biol. Chem. 90:99 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
57 +
Cramer, W.: Lancet 1:1046 ( (May 26) ) 1923;.
58 +
Pierce, H. B.; Osgood, H. S., and Polansky, J. B.: J. Nutrition 1:247 ( (Jan.) ) 1929;.
59 +
Bickel, A.: Biochem. Ztschr. 146:493, 1924;
60 +
Roche, J.: Compt. rend Soc. de biol. 99: 589 ( (July 27) ) 1928;.
61 +
Collazo, J. A., and Munilla, A.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 99: 1448 ( (Nov. 9) ) 1928;.
62 +
Kon, S. K.: J. Nutrition 1:467 ( (July) ) 1929;.
63 +
Hartwell, G. A.: Biochem. J. 15:140 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1921;
64 +
16:78, 1922
65 +
18:785, 1924
66 +
Lancet 2:956 ( (Nov. 8) ) 1924;
67 +
Biochem. J. 19: 1075, 1925;.
68 +
Drummond, J. C.; Crowden, G. P., and Hill, E. L. G.: J. Physiol. 56: 413 ( (Oct.) ) 1922;.
69 +
Reader, Vera; and Drummond, J. C.: J. Physiol. 59: 472 ( (March) ) 1925;
70 +
Biochem. J. 20:1256, 1926;.
71 +
Hassan, Ali; and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 21:653, 1927;.
72 +
Hartwell, G. A.: Biochem. J. 22:1212, 1928;.
73 +
Funk, Casimir; Collazo, J. A., and Kaczmarek, J.: Compt. rend. Soc. de biol. 92: 997 ( (April 3) ) 1925;.
74 +
Francis, Lillias D.; Smith, A. H., and Moise, T. S.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 26:725 ( (May) ) 1929;.
75 +
Sherman, H. C., and Gloy, O. H. M.: J. Biol. Chem. 74:117 ( (July) ) 1927;.
76 +
Hopkins, F. G.: Brit. M. J. 2:693 ( (Oct. 20) ) 1923;.
77 +
Harris, L. J., and Moore, Thomas: Biochem. J. 23:1114, 1929;.
78 +
Norris, E. R., and Church, A. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 89:437 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
79 +
Funk, Casimir: Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem. 89: 378, 1914;.
80 +
Magne, H., and Simonnet, H.: Bull. Soc. chim. biol. 4:419, 1922;.
81 +
Mattill, H. A.: J. Biol. Chem. 55:717 ( (April) ) 1923;.
82 +
Eggleton, P., and Gross, L.: Biochem. J. 19:633, 1925;.
83 +
Lepkovsky, Samuel; Wood, Clarence; and Evans, H. M.: J. Biol. Chem. 87:239 ( (June) ) 1930;.
84 +
Funk, Casimir; and von Schönborn, E.: J. Physiol. 48:328, 1914;.
85 +
Funk, Casimir: J. Physiol. 53:247, 1919;.
86 +
Redenbaugh, H. E.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 24:842 ( (June) ) 1927;.
87 +
Eggleton and Gross (footnote 48).
88 +
Drummond, J. C., and Marrian, G. F.: Biochem. J. 20:1229, 1926;.
89 +
Collazo, J. A.: Biochem. Ztschr. 134: 194, 1922;.
90 +
Marrian, G. F.; Baker, L. C.; Drummond, J. C., and Woollard, Herbert: Biochem. J. 21:1336, 1927;.
91 +
Stucky, C. J., and Rose, W. B.: Am. J. Physiol. 89:1 ( (June) ) 1929;.
92 +
Sure, Barnett; and Smith, Margaret E.: J. Biol. Chem. 82:307 ( (May) ) 1929;.
93 +
Sure, Barnett; and Smith, Margaret E.: J. Biol. Chem. 84:727 ( (Nov.) ) 1929;.
94 +
Abderhalden, Emil; and Schmidt, L.: Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. 185:141, 1920;.
95 +
Drummond and Marrian (footnote 51).
96 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 23:1126, 1929;.
97 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 24:711, 1930;.
98 +
Gavrilescu, Nicolai; and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 25:1397, 1931;.
99 +
Guha, B. C.: Biochem. J. 25:1367, 1931;.
100 +
Vogt-Møller, P.: Biochem. J. 25:418, 1931;.
101 +
Maurer, Siegfried; and Tsai, Loh Seng: J. Comp. Psych. 11:51 ( (Oct.) ) 1930;
102 +
J. Nutrition 4:507 ( (Nov.) ) 1931;.
103 +
Drury, A. N.; Harris, L. J., and Maudsley, Cecil: Biochem. J. 24: 1632, 1930;.
104 +
Evans, H. M., and Bishop, K. S.: J. Metab. Research 1:335 ( (March) ) 1922;.
105 +
Evans, H. M.: J. Nutrition 1:1 ( (Sept.) ) 1928;.
106 +
Sure, Barnett; Kik, M. C., and Walker, Dorothy J.: J. Biol. Chem. 83:387 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;.
107 +
Rose, W. B., and Stucky, C. J.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 25:687 ( (May) ) 1928;.
108 +
Cramer, W.; Drew, A. H., and Mottram, J. C.: Lancet 1:963 ( (May 7) ) 1921;
109 +
2:1202 (Dec. 10) 1921.
110 +
Sure, Barnett; Thatcher, H. S., and Walker, Dorothy J.:  Avitaminosis , Arch. Path. 11:413 ( (March) ) 1931;.
111 +
Sure and Smith (footnote 56).
112 +
Sure, Barnett; and Kik, M. C.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med . 27:860 ( (May) ) 1930;.
113 +
Sure, Barnett; and Smith, Margaret E.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 27:861 ( (May) ) 1930;.
114 +
Sure, Barnett; and Smith, Margaret E.:  Avitaminosis , J. A. M. A. 97: 301 ( (Aug. 1) ) 1931;.
115 +
Ungar, A.: Biochem. Ztschr. 180:357, 1926;.
116 +
Kon and Drummond (footnote 10).
117 +
Smith, Emma A.: Am. J. Physiol. 80:485 ( (May) ) 1927;.
118 +
Schelling, Victor: J. Biol. Chem. 89:575 ( (Dec.) ) 1930;.
119 +
Vedder, E. B., and Clark, E.: Philippine J. Sc., B 7:423, 1912;.
120 +
Funk, Casimir; and Douglas, M.: J. Physiol. 47:475, 1914;.
121 +
McCarrison, R.: Indian J. M. Research 6:275 ( (Jan.) ) 1919;
122 +
7:269 (Oct.) 1919
123 +
footnote 22, first reference.
124 +
Zimmerman, H. M., and Burack, Ethel: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 28:645 ( (March) ) 1931;.
125 +
Schnyder, K.: Arch. f. Verdauungskr. 20:147, 1914;.
126 +
Woollard, H. H.: J. Anat. 61:283 ( (April) ) 1927;.
127 +
von Beznak, A.: Biochem. Ztschr. 141:1, 1923;.
128 +
Marrian, G. F.: Biochem. J. 22:836, 1928;.
129 +
Quinn, E. J.; King, C. G., and Dimit, B. H.: J. Nutrition 2:7 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
130 +
Shipley, P. G.; McCollum, E. V., and Simmonds, Nina: J. Biol. Chem. 49:399 ( (Dec.) ) 1921;.
131 +
Sure, Barnett; and Schelling, S. J.:  Vitamin Requirements of Nursing Young , Am. J. Dis. Child. 35: 811 ( (May) ) 1928;.
132 +
Sure, Thatcher and Walker (footnote 68).
133 +
Daniels, Amy L., and White, Ruth B.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 27: 760 ( (May) ) 1930;.
134 +
Findlay, G. M.: J. Path. & Bact. 31:353 ( (April) ) 1928;.
135 +
Sure, Thatcher and Walker (footnote 68).
136 +
Thatcher, H. S.; Sure, Barnett; and Walker, D. J.:  Avitaminosis , Arch. Path. 11:425 ( (March) ) 1931;.
137 +
Sure, Thatcher and Walker (footnote 68).
138 +
McCollum, E. V.; Simmonds, Nina; and Pitz, W.: J. Biol. Chem. 27:33, 1916;.
139 +
McCollum, E. V., and Simmonds, Nina: Am. J. Physiol. 46:275 ( (June) ) 1918;.
140 +
Sure, Barnett: J. Biol. Chem. 62:371 ( (Dec.) ) 1925;.
141 +
Macy, Icie G.; Outhouse, Julia; Long, M. Louisa; and Graham, Alice: J. Biol. Chem. 73:153 ( (May) ) 1927;.
142 +
Macy, Icie G.; Outhouse, Julia; Graham, Alice; and Long, M. Louisa: J. Biol. Chem. 73:189 ( (May) ) 1927;.
143 +
Sure, Barnett: J. Biol. Chem. 74:55 ( (July) ) 1927;.
144 +
Evans, H. M., and Burr, G. O.: J. Biol. Chem. 76:263 ( (Jan.) ) 1928;.
145 +
Sure, Barnett: J. Biol. Chem. 76:685 ( (March) ) 1928;
146 +
SureJ. Biol. Chem. 80:297 ( (Nov.) ) 1928;.
147 +
Husseman, D. L., and Hetler, R. A.: J. Nutrition 4: 127 ( (May) ) 1931;.
148 +
Sure, Barnett; and Walker, Dorothy J.: J. Biol. Chem. 91:69 ( (April) ) 1931;.
149 +
Daniels,. Amy L.; Jordon, Dorothy; and Hutton, Mary K.: J. Nutrition 2:19 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
150 +
Daniels, Amy L.; Hutton, Mary K., and Marks, Catherine: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 27:759 ( (May) ) 1930;.
151 +
Waddell, J.; Steenbock, Harry; and Hart, E. B.: J. Nutrition 4:53 ( (May) ) 1931;.
152 +
Sure, Barnett: J. Nutrition (May) 2:485, 1929;.
153 +
Funk (footnote 45).
154 +
Funk, Casimir; and Dubin, H. E.: Science 52:447, 1920;.
155 +
Evans, H. M., and Leupkovsky, Samuel: J. Biol. Chem. 83:269 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;
156 +
92:615 (Aug.) 1931
157 +
J. Nutrition 2:1 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
158 +
Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. B.: J. Biol. Chem. 54: 739 ( (Dec.) ) 1922;
159 +
63:233 (March) 1925.
160 +
Cowgill, G. R.; Smith, A. H., and Beard, H. H.: J. Biol. Chem. 63:xxiii, 1925;.
161 +
Plimmer, R. H. A.; Rosedale, J. L., and Raymond, W. H.: Biochem. J. 21:1141, 1927;.
162 +
Reader and Drummond (footnote 36, second reference).
163 +
Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 25:1205, 1931;.
164 +
Gulick, Adaline W., and Daniels, Amy L.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 28:861 ( (June) ) 1931;.
165 +
Smith and Hendrick (footnote 5).
166 +
Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie and Rogers (footnote 7).
167 +
Hauge, S. M., and Carrick, C. W.: J. Biol. Chem. 69:403 ( (Aug.) ) 1926;.
168 +
Hunt, C. H.: Bull. 415, Ohio Agric. Exper. Sta., 1927.
169 +
Sherman, H. C., and Axtmayer, J. H.: J. Biol. Chem. 75:207 ( (Oct.) ) 1927;.
170 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 21:698, 1927;.
171 +
Evans, H. M., and Burr, G. O.: J. Biol. Chem. 77: 231 ( (April) ) 1928;.
172 +
Evans, H. M., and Lepkovsky Samuel: J. Nutrition 3: 353 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
173 +
Axtmayer, J. H.: J. Nutrition 2:353 ( (March) ) 1930;.
174 +
Sherman and Axtmayer (footnote 88).
175 +
Hunt, C. H., and Krauss, W. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 79:733 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
176 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 23:498, 1929;.
177 +
Eddy, W. H.: Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 25:125 ( (Nov.) ) 1927;.
178 +
Smith and Hendrick (footnote 5).
179 +
Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie and Rogers (footnote 7).
180 +
Quinn, E. J.; Whalen, F. B., and Hartley, J. G.: J. Nutrition 3: 257 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
181 +
Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 24: 1754, 1930;
182 +
25: 1205, 1931.
183 +
Kruse and McCollum (footnote 16).
184 +
Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie and Rogers (footnote 7).
185 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 23:504, 1929;.
186 +
Evans and Lepkovsky (footnote 88).
187 +
Sherman and Sandels (footnote 18).
188 +
Daniels, A. L.; Giddings, M. L., and Jordan, D. P.: J. Nutrition 1:455 ( (May) ) 1928;.
189 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 22:419, 1928;.
190 +
Guerrant, N. B., and Salmon, W. D.: J. Biol. Chem. 89:199 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
191 +
Williams, R. R.; Waterman, R. E., and Gurin, Samuel: J. Biol. Chem. 83:321 ( (Aug.) ) 1929;.
192 +
Salmon, W. D.; Guerrant, N. B., and Hays, I. N.: J. Biol. Chem. 80:91 ( (Nov.) ) 1928;.
193 +
Evans and Lepkovsky (footnote 88).
194 +
Hogan, A. G., and Hunter, J. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 78:433 ( (July) ) 1928;.
195 +
Chick, Harriette; and Roscoe, Margaret H.: Biochem. J. 23:504, 1929;.
196 +
Kennedy, Cornelia; and Palmer, L. S.: J. Biol. Chem. 83:493 ( (Sept.) ) 1929;.
197 +
Guerrant, N. B., and Salmon, W. D.: J. Biol. Chem. 89:199 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
198 +
McCollum, E. V., and Simmonds, Nina: J. Biol. Chem. 33:55 ( (Jan.) ) 1918;.
199 +
Levene, P. A., and van der Hoeven, B. J. C.: J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap. 29:227 ( (Oct.) ) 1926;.
200 +
Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 18:858, 1924;.
201 +
Guha, B. C., and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 23:880, 1929;.
202 +
Levene, P. A.: J. Biol. Chem. 79:465 ( (Oct.) ) 1928;.
203 +
Chick, Harriette: Biochem. J. 23:514, 1929;.
204 +
Narayanan, B. T., and Drummond, J. C.: Biochem. J. 24: 19, 1930;.
205 +
Guerrant, N. B., and Salmon, W. D.: J. Biol. Chem. 89:199 ( (Nov.) ) 1930;.
206 +
Sherman, H. C., and Whitsitt, M. L.: J. Biol. Chem. 90:153 ( (Jan.) ) 1931;.
207 +
Chick and Roscoe (footnote 98).
208 +
Williams and Waterman (footnote 11).
209 +
Birch, T. W., and Guha, B. C.: Biochem. J. 25:1391, 1931;.
210 +
Seidell, Atherton: J. Biol. Chem. 82:633 ( (June) ) 1929;.
211 +
Carter, C. W.; Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 24:1832, 1930;.
212 +
Seidell, Atherton; and Smith, M. I.: Pub. Health Rep. 45:3194 ( (Dec. 26) ) 1930;.
213 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 22: 419, 1928;.
214 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 24:1856, 1930;.
215 +
Jansen, B. C. P., and Donath, W. F.: Versl. d. k. Akad. v. Wetensch. 35: 923, 1926;.
216 +
Eijkman, Christiaan: Versl. d. k. Akad. v. Wetensch. 36:221, 1927;.
217 +
Williams, R. R.; Waterman, R. E., and Gurin, Samuel: J. Biol. Chem. 87: 559 ( (July) ) 1930;.
218 +
Kinnersley, H. W., and Peters, R. A.: Biochem. J. 21:777, 1927;.
219 +
Jansen, B. C. P.; Kinnersley, H. W.; Peters, R. A., and Reader, Vera: Biochem. J. 24:1824, 1930;.

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