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August 20, 1997, Vol 278, No. 7 >
ARTICLE | August 20, 1997

When Authorship Fails: Title and subTitle BreakA Proposal to Make Contributors Accountable FREE

Drummond Rennie, MD; Veronica Yank; Linda Emanuel, MD, PhD
JAMA. 1997;278(7):579-585. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550070071041
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

A published article is the primary means whereby new work is communicated, priority is established, and academic promotion is determined. Publication depends on trust and requires that authors be held to standards of honesty, completeness, and fairness in their reporting, and to accountability for their statements. The system of authorship, while appropriate for articles with only 1 author, has become inappropriate as the average number of authors of an article has increased; as the work of coauthors has become more specialized and relationships between them have become more complex; and as both credit and, even more, responsibility have become obscured and diluted. Credit and accountability cannot be assessed unless the contributions of those named as authors are disclosed to readers, so the system is flawed. We argue for a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability. We propose dropping the outmoded notion of author in favor of the more useful and realistic one of contributor. This requires disclosure to readers of the contributions made to the research and to the manuscript by the contributors, so that they can accept both credit and responsibility. In addition, certain named contributors take on the role of guarantor for the integrity of the entire work. The requirement that all participants be named as contributors will eliminate the artificial distinction between authors and acknowledgees and will enhance the integrity of publication.

REFERENCES

1 +
Rennie D, Flanagin A.  Authorship! authorship! ghosts, guests and grafters, and the two-sided coin . JAMA . 1994;;271:469-471.
2 +
Lederberg J.  Communication as the root of scientific progress . The Scientist . (February 8) ,1993;;7 (3):10-14.
3 +
Porter R.  The rise of medical journalism in Britain to 1800 . In: Bynum WF, Lock S, Porter R, eds. Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays . London, England: Routledge; 1992;.
4 +
Price DJ de Solla. Little Science , Big Science. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1963;.
5 +
Huth EJ.  Editors and the problems of authorship: rulemakers or gatekeepers?  In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Bethesda, Md: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
6 +
Strub RL, Black FW.  Multiple authorship . Lancet . 1976;;2:1090-1091.
7 +
 The rise and rise of collaborative writing . New Scientist . (May 12) ,1990;;126(1716):31.
8 +
Epstein RJ.  Six authors in search of a citation: villains or victims of the Vancouver convention? BMJ . 1993;;306:765-767.
9 +
Regalado A.  Multiauthor papers on the rise . Science . 1995;;268:25.
10 +
Anderson C.  Writer's cramp . Science . 1992;;355:101.
11 +
Kennedy D. Memo on Academic Authorship to the Academic Council, Stanford University. September 18, 1985.
12 +
Integrity and Misconduct in Research: Report of the Commission on Research Integrity to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, US DHHS, Public Health Service. Washington, DC: Commission on Research Integrity; 1995.
13 +
Rennie D.  The editor: mark, dupe, patsy, accessory, weasel, flatfoot . In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Washington, DC: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
14 +
Broad W, Wade N. Betrayers of the Truth . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1982;.
15 +
Rennie D.  Breast cancer: how to mishandle misconduct . JAMA . 1994;;271:1205-1207.
16 +
Office of Scientific Integrity. Report of the Investigative panel for the Stanford University Mental Health Clinical Research Center . Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Integrity; 1989;.
17 +
Rennie D.  Editors and auditors . JAMA . 1989;;261:2543-2545.
18 +
Wyllie E, Rothner AD, Pippenger CE.  The efficacy of generic primidone . JAMA . 1989;;261:2499.
19 +
Potkin SG, Cannon HE, Murphy DL, Wyatt RJ.  Monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia . N Engl J Med . 1978;;298:1150-1152.
20 +
Shapiro DW, Wenger NS, Shapiro MF.  The contributions of authors of multi-authored biomedical research papers . JAMA . 1994;;271:438-442.
21 +
Relman AS.  Lessons from the Darsee affair . N Engl J Med . 1983;;308:1415-1417.
22 +
Benson K.  Science and the single author: historical reflections on the problem of authorship . Cancer Bull . 1991;;43:324-330.
23 +
Engler RL, Covell JW, Friedman PJ, Kitcher PS, Peters RM.  Misrepresentation and responsibility in medical research . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:1383-1389.
24 +
 President of Royal College resigns . BMJ . 1994;;309:1530.
25 +
 Ghost with a chance in publishing undergrowth . Lancet . 1993;;342:1498-1499. Editorial.
26 +
Bauman N.  Writing for drug firms can bring freelancers $200 to $700 per day . Newslett Natl Assn Sci Writers . (Summer) 1991;:17-19.
27 +
Brennan T.  Buying editorials . N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:673-675.
28 +
Winslow R.  Drug company's PR firm made offer to pay for editorial, professor says . Wall Street Journal . (September 8) ,1994;;section B:12.
29 +
Kasper C.  Authorship! authorship! JAMA . 1994;;271:1904.
30 +
Associated Press. Five guilty of contracts for degrees. Register-Guardian. May 10, 1995:10.
31 +
 Lessons learned from a phase IV study of propofol: an analysis of data of over 25000 patients . Anesth Analg . 1993;;77( (suppl) ):S1-S50.
32 +
Hornbein T, Bero L, Rennie D.  The publication of commercially supported supplements statement . Anesth Analg . 1995;;61:887-888.
33 +
Rennie D.  Thyroid storm . JAMA . 1997;;277:1238-1243.
34 +
 Correction : JAMA . 1997;;277:1762.
35 +
Huston P, Moher D.  Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research . Lancet . 1996;;347:1024-1026.
36 +
Relman AS.  Responsibilities of authorship: where does the buck stop? N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:1048-1049.
37 +
Marshal E.  Fraud strikes top genome lab . Science . 1996;;274:908-910.
38 +
Wooley CF.  'Struck' by fraud . Science . 1996;;274:1593.
39 +
de Sa P, Sagar A.  'Struck' by fraud . Science . 1996;;274:1593.
40 +
Gilson MK.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
41 +
Baskin TI.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
42 +
Pasachoff JM.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275;14.
43 +
Loehle C.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
44 +
Kassirer JP.  Authorship criteria . Science . 1995;;268:785-786.
45 +
Relman AS.  New 'Information for Authors'—and readers . N Engl J Med . 1990;;321:56.
46 +
Glass RM.  New information for authors and readers: group authorship, acknowledgments, and rejected manuscripts . JAMA . 1992;;268:99.
47 +
Carbone PP.  On authorship and acknowledgments . N Engl J Med . 1992;;326:1084.
48 +
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals .JAMA . 1993;;269:2282-2286.
49 +
Garfield E. Essays of an Information Scientist, V, 1981-1982 . Philadelphia, Pa: ISI Press; 1983;.
50 +
Burman KD.  Hanging from the masthead: reflections on authorship . Ann Intern Med . 1982;;97:602-605.
51 +
Survey of journals conducted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1995. Internal document.
52 +
Over R, Smallman S.  Citation idiosyncrasies . Nature . 1970;;228:1357.
53 +
Davies HD, Langley JM, Speert DP.  Rating authors' contributions to collaborative research: the PICNIC survey of university departments of pediatrics . Can Med Assoc J . 1996;;155:877-882.
54 +
Davis PJ, Gregerman RI.  Parse analysis: a new method for the evaluation of investigators' bidliographies . N Engl J Med . 1969;;281:989-990.
55 +
Culliton BJ.  Harvard tackles the rush to publication . Science . 1988;;241:525.
56 +
Batshaw ML, Plotnick LP, Petty BG, Woolf PK, Mellits ED.  Academic promotion at a medical school: experience at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . N Engl J Med . 1988;;318:741-747.
57 +
Frankel MS.  Professional societies and responsible research conduct . In: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, eds. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process , II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
58 +
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. On Being a Scientist . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1995;.
59 +
Alberts B, Shine K.  Scientists and the integrity of research . Science . 1994;;266:1660-1661.
60 +
Guston DH.  Mentorship and the research training experience . In: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, eds. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process , II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
61 +
Lev M.  Antibody against revertant forms of cell-wall-deficient bacterial variant from patients with Crohn's disease . Lancet . 1981;;2:941.
62 +
DeBakey L, DeBakey S.  Ghostwriters: not always what they appear . JAMA . 1995;;274:870.
63 +
Rennie D, Flanagin A.  Ghostwriters: not always what they appear . JAMA . 1995;;274:870-871.
64 +
Flanagin A, Rennie D.  Acknowledging ghosts . JAMA . 1995;;273:73.
65 +
Instructions for authors. Arch Ophthalmol . 1992;;111:15-17.
66 +
Virchow R.  Archiv fur Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie . In: Mackay AL, ed. Scientific Quotations: The Harvest of a Quiet Eye . New York, NY: Institute of Physics; 1977;:154.
67 +
Squires BP.  Authors: who contributes what? Can Med Assoc J . 1996;;155:897-898.
68 +
Drenth JPH.  Proliferation of authors on research reports in medicine . Sci Eng Ethics . 1996;;2:469-480.
69 +
Houk VN, Thacker SB.  The responsibilities of authorship . In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Bethesda, Md: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
70 +
Altman LK.  Columbia's medical chief resigns; ex-associate's data fraud at issue . New York Times . (August 9) ,1980;:A1.
71 +
Marshall E.  Fraud strikes top genome lab . Science . 1996;;274:908-910.
72 +
Hopfield JJ.  Authorship: truth in labeling . Science . 1997;;275:1403-1404.
73 +
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process, II . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
74 +
Moulopoulos SD, Sideris DA, Georgilis KA.  Individual contributions to multiauthor papers . BMJ . 1983;;287:1608-1610.
75 +
Huth EJ.  Irresponsible authorship and wasteful publication . Ann Intern Med . 1986;;104:257-259.
76 +
Saffran M.  On multiple authorship: describe the contribution . The Scientist . (March 20) ,1989;;3(6):9,11.
77 +
Mancini GBJ.  Documenting contributions to authorship . Ann Intern Med . 1990;;113:723.
78 +
Hunt R.  Trying an authorship index . Nature . 1991;;352:187.
79 +
Green MS.  Authorship! authorship! JAMA . 1994;;271:1904.
80 +
Zuckerman HA.  Patterns of name ordering among authors of scientific papers: a study of social symbolism and its ambiguity . Am J Sociol . 1968;;74:279-291.
81 +
ISIS-4.  A randomized factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected myocardial infarction . Lancet . 1995;;345:669-685.
82 +
Godlee F.  Definition of 'authorship' may be changed . BMJ . 1996;;312:1501-1502.
83 +
Lundberg GD, Glass RM.  What does authorship mean in a peer-reviewed medical journal? JAMA . 1996;;276:75.
84 +
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals . JAMA . 1997;;277:927-934.
85 +
Horton R.  Re signature of responsibility . Lancet . 1997;;350:5-6.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Rennie D, Flanagin A.  Authorship! authorship! ghosts, guests and grafters, and the two-sided coin . JAMA . 1994;;271:469-471.
2 +
Lederberg J.  Communication as the root of scientific progress . The Scientist . (February 8) ,1993;;7 (3):10-14.
3 +
Porter R.  The rise of medical journalism in Britain to 1800 . In: Bynum WF, Lock S, Porter R, eds. Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays . London, England: Routledge; 1992;.
4 +
Price DJ de Solla. Little Science , Big Science. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1963;.
5 +
Huth EJ.  Editors and the problems of authorship: rulemakers or gatekeepers?  In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Bethesda, Md: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
6 +
Strub RL, Black FW.  Multiple authorship . Lancet . 1976;;2:1090-1091.
7 +
 The rise and rise of collaborative writing . New Scientist . (May 12) ,1990;;126(1716):31.
8 +
Epstein RJ.  Six authors in search of a citation: villains or victims of the Vancouver convention? BMJ . 1993;;306:765-767.
9 +
Regalado A.  Multiauthor papers on the rise . Science . 1995;;268:25.
10 +
Anderson C.  Writer's cramp . Science . 1992;;355:101.
11 +
Kennedy D. Memo on Academic Authorship to the Academic Council, Stanford University. September 18, 1985.
12 +
Integrity and Misconduct in Research: Report of the Commission on Research Integrity to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, US DHHS, Public Health Service. Washington, DC: Commission on Research Integrity; 1995.
13 +
Rennie D.  The editor: mark, dupe, patsy, accessory, weasel, flatfoot . In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Washington, DC: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
14 +
Broad W, Wade N. Betrayers of the Truth . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1982;.
15 +
Rennie D.  Breast cancer: how to mishandle misconduct . JAMA . 1994;;271:1205-1207.
16 +
Office of Scientific Integrity. Report of the Investigative panel for the Stanford University Mental Health Clinical Research Center . Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Integrity; 1989;.
17 +
Rennie D.  Editors and auditors . JAMA . 1989;;261:2543-2545.
18 +
Wyllie E, Rothner AD, Pippenger CE.  The efficacy of generic primidone . JAMA . 1989;;261:2499.
19 +
Potkin SG, Cannon HE, Murphy DL, Wyatt RJ.  Monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia . N Engl J Med . 1978;;298:1150-1152.
20 +
Shapiro DW, Wenger NS, Shapiro MF.  The contributions of authors of multi-authored biomedical research papers . JAMA . 1994;;271:438-442.
21 +
Relman AS.  Lessons from the Darsee affair . N Engl J Med . 1983;;308:1415-1417.
22 +
Benson K.  Science and the single author: historical reflections on the problem of authorship . Cancer Bull . 1991;;43:324-330.
23 +
Engler RL, Covell JW, Friedman PJ, Kitcher PS, Peters RM.  Misrepresentation and responsibility in medical research . N Engl J Med . 1987;;317:1383-1389.
24 +
 President of Royal College resigns . BMJ . 1994;;309:1530.
25 +
 Ghost with a chance in publishing undergrowth . Lancet . 1993;;342:1498-1499. Editorial.
26 +
Bauman N.  Writing for drug firms can bring freelancers $200 to $700 per day . Newslett Natl Assn Sci Writers . (Summer) 1991;:17-19.
27 +
Brennan T.  Buying editorials . N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:673-675.
28 +
Winslow R.  Drug company's PR firm made offer to pay for editorial, professor says . Wall Street Journal . (September 8) ,1994;;section B:12.
29 +
Kasper C.  Authorship! authorship! JAMA . 1994;;271:1904.
30 +
Associated Press. Five guilty of contracts for degrees. Register-Guardian. May 10, 1995:10.
31 +
 Lessons learned from a phase IV study of propofol: an analysis of data of over 25000 patients . Anesth Analg . 1993;;77( (suppl) ):S1-S50.
32 +
Hornbein T, Bero L, Rennie D.  The publication of commercially supported supplements statement . Anesth Analg . 1995;;61:887-888.
33 +
Rennie D.  Thyroid storm . JAMA . 1997;;277:1238-1243.
34 +
 Correction : JAMA . 1997;;277:1762.
35 +
Huston P, Moher D.  Redundancy, disaggregation, and the integrity of medical research . Lancet . 1996;;347:1024-1026.
36 +
Relman AS.  Responsibilities of authorship: where does the buck stop? N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:1048-1049.
37 +
Marshal E.  Fraud strikes top genome lab . Science . 1996;;274:908-910.
38 +
Wooley CF.  'Struck' by fraud . Science . 1996;;274:1593.
39 +
de Sa P, Sagar A.  'Struck' by fraud . Science . 1996;;274:1593.
40 +
Gilson MK.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
41 +
Baskin TI.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
42 +
Pasachoff JM.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275;14.
43 +
Loehle C.  Responsibility of co-authors . Science . 1997;;275:14.
44 +
Kassirer JP.  Authorship criteria . Science . 1995;;268:785-786.
45 +
Relman AS.  New 'Information for Authors'—and readers . N Engl J Med . 1990;;321:56.
46 +
Glass RM.  New information for authors and readers: group authorship, acknowledgments, and rejected manuscripts . JAMA . 1992;;268:99.
47 +
Carbone PP.  On authorship and acknowledgments . N Engl J Med . 1992;;326:1084.
48 +
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals .JAMA . 1993;;269:2282-2286.
49 +
Garfield E. Essays of an Information Scientist, V, 1981-1982 . Philadelphia, Pa: ISI Press; 1983;.
50 +
Burman KD.  Hanging from the masthead: reflections on authorship . Ann Intern Med . 1982;;97:602-605.
51 +
Survey of journals conducted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1995. Internal document.
52 +
Over R, Smallman S.  Citation idiosyncrasies . Nature . 1970;;228:1357.
53 +
Davies HD, Langley JM, Speert DP.  Rating authors' contributions to collaborative research: the PICNIC survey of university departments of pediatrics . Can Med Assoc J . 1996;;155:877-882.
54 +
Davis PJ, Gregerman RI.  Parse analysis: a new method for the evaluation of investigators' bidliographies . N Engl J Med . 1969;;281:989-990.
55 +
Culliton BJ.  Harvard tackles the rush to publication . Science . 1988;;241:525.
56 +
Batshaw ML, Plotnick LP, Petty BG, Woolf PK, Mellits ED.  Academic promotion at a medical school: experience at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . N Engl J Med . 1988;;318:741-747.
57 +
Frankel MS.  Professional societies and responsible research conduct . In: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, eds. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process , II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
58 +
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. On Being a Scientist . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1995;.
59 +
Alberts B, Shine K.  Scientists and the integrity of research . Science . 1994;;266:1660-1661.
60 +
Guston DH.  Mentorship and the research training experience . In: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, eds. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process , II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
61 +
Lev M.  Antibody against revertant forms of cell-wall-deficient bacterial variant from patients with Crohn's disease . Lancet . 1981;;2:941.
62 +
DeBakey L, DeBakey S.  Ghostwriters: not always what they appear . JAMA . 1995;;274:870.
63 +
Rennie D, Flanagin A.  Ghostwriters: not always what they appear . JAMA . 1995;;274:870-871.
64 +
Flanagin A, Rennie D.  Acknowledging ghosts . JAMA . 1995;;273:73.
65 +
Instructions for authors. Arch Ophthalmol . 1992;;111:15-17.
66 +
Virchow R.  Archiv fur Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie . In: Mackay AL, ed. Scientific Quotations: The Harvest of a Quiet Eye . New York, NY: Institute of Physics; 1977;:154.
67 +
Squires BP.  Authors: who contributes what? Can Med Assoc J . 1996;;155:897-898.
68 +
Drenth JPH.  Proliferation of authors on research reports in medicine . Sci Eng Ethics . 1996;;2:469-480.
69 +
Houk VN, Thacker SB.  The responsibilities of authorship . In: Bailar JC, Angell M, Boots S, et al, eds. Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication . Bethesda, Md: Council of Biology Editors; 1990;.
70 +
Altman LK.  Columbia's medical chief resigns; ex-associate's data fraud at issue . New York Times . (August 9) ,1980;:A1.
71 +
Marshall E.  Fraud strikes top genome lab . Science . 1996;;274:908-910.
72 +
Hopfield JJ.  Authorship: truth in labeling . Science . 1997;;275:1403-1404.
73 +
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process, II . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993;.
74 +
Moulopoulos SD, Sideris DA, Georgilis KA.  Individual contributions to multiauthor papers . BMJ . 1983;;287:1608-1610.
75 +
Huth EJ.  Irresponsible authorship and wasteful publication . Ann Intern Med . 1986;;104:257-259.
76 +
Saffran M.  On multiple authorship: describe the contribution . The Scientist . (March 20) ,1989;;3(6):9,11.
77 +
Mancini GBJ.  Documenting contributions to authorship . Ann Intern Med . 1990;;113:723.
78 +
Hunt R.  Trying an authorship index . Nature . 1991;;352:187.
79 +
Green MS.  Authorship! authorship! JAMA . 1994;;271:1904.
80 +
Zuckerman HA.  Patterns of name ordering among authors of scientific papers: a study of social symbolism and its ambiguity . Am J Sociol . 1968;;74:279-291.
81 +
ISIS-4.  A randomized factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected myocardial infarction . Lancet . 1995;;345:669-685.
82 +
Godlee F.  Definition of 'authorship' may be changed . BMJ . 1996;;312:1501-1502.
83 +
Lundberg GD, Glass RM.  What does authorship mean in a peer-reviewed medical journal? JAMA . 1996;;276:75.
84 +
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals . JAMA . 1997;;277:927-934.
85 +
Horton R.  Re signature of responsibility . Lancet . 1997;;350:5-6.

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