0
December 10, 1997, Vol 278, No. 22 >
ARTICLE | December 10, 1997

Immunopharmacology: Title and subTitle BreakImmunomodulation and Immunotherapy FREE

Mark Ballow, MD; Robert Nelson, MD
JAMA. 1997;278(22):2008-2017. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550220214027
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

Immunopharmacology has changed dramatically over the past 25 years. Although a variety of traditional nonspecific immunosuppressive drug therapies are available for the treatment of autoimmune disease and organ transplantation rejection, with advances in cell biology and monoclonal antibody technology, a highly specific antibody can be engineered to cell surface determinants on immune cells or tumors or to neutralize inflammatory and immune mediators from an immune response. Many of these modalities are still in early phases of study for the treatment of autoimmune disease. In addition to therapies that suppress immune responses, advances in molecular biology have led to new agents and methods to enhance immune responses and correct immune deficits, such as growth factor replacement and cytokine therapies. Finally, gene therapy is a method for the long-term treatment of disorders in which a defective gene leads to disease.

REFERENCES

1 +
NIH Consensus Conference.  The utility of therapeutic plasmapheresis for neurological disorders . JAMA . 1986;;256:1333-1777.
2 +
Shumak KH, Rock GA.  Therapeutic plasma exchange . N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:762-771.
3 +
Brostoff J, Scadding GK, Male DM, Roitt IM. Clinical Immunology . New York, NY: Gower Medical Publishing; 1991;:27.1-27.10.
4 +
Levitt SH, McHugh RB.  Early breast cancer and postoperative radiation . Lancet . 1975;;2:1258-1259.
5 +
Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, Glass JL, Sachar DB, Paternack BS.  Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine . N Engl J Med . 1980;;302:981-987.
6 +
Sullivan KM, Mori M, Sanders J.  Late complications of allogeneic and autologous marrow transplantation . Bone Marrow Transplant . 1992;;10:127-134.
7 +
Zaharko DS, Fung W-P, Yang F-H.  Relative biochemical aspects of low and high doses of methotrexate in mice . Cancer Res . 1977;;37:1602-1607.
8 +
Roenigk HH, Auerbach R, Maibach HI.  Methotrexate in psoriasis: revised guidelines . J Am Acad Dermatol . 1988;;19:145-156.
9 +
Mullarkey M.  Immunosupppressive therapy for asthma . Allergy Proc . 1995;;16:81-84.
10 +
Stewart GE II, Diaz JD, Lockey RF, Seleznick MJ, Trudeau WL, Ledford DK.  Comparison of oral pulse methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of severe glucocorticosteroid-dependent asthma . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;94:482-489.
11 +
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N.  Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of the USA-USSR double-blind, placebocontrolled trial . N Engl J Med . 1992;;326:1043-1049.
12 +
Gilbert SC, Klintmalm G, Menter A.  Methotrexate-induced cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation in three patients with psoriasis: a word of caution in light of the expanding use of this 'steroid sparing' agent . Arch Intern Med . 1990;;150:889-891.
13 +
Calabresi P, Chabner BA.  Antineoplastic agents . In: Gilman AG, Pall RN, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics . New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1993;.
14 +
Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Fessler BJ.  Systemic lupus erythematosus: emerging concepts, I: renal, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic disease . Ann Intern Med . 1995;;122:940-950.
15 +
Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P.  Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years . Ann Intern Med . 1983;;98:76-85.
16 +
Mattila PS.  The actions of cyclosporin A and FK 506 on T-lymphocyte activation . Biochem Soc Trans . 1996;;24:45-49.
17 +
Ellis CN, Fradin MS, Messana JM.  Cyclosporine for plague-type psoriasis: results of a multidose, double-blind trial . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:277-284.
18 +
Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A, Kogure M.  Double-masked trial of cyclosporin versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporin in Behcet's disease . Lancet . 1989;;1:1093-1096.
19 +
Bougneres PF, Landais P, Boisson C.  Limited duration of remission of insulin dependency in children with recent overt type 1 diabetes treated with low-dose cyclosporin . Diabetes . 1990;;39:1264-1272.
20 +
Muraoka K, Fujimoto K, Sun X, et al.  Immunosuppressant FK506 induces interleukin-6 production through the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB . J Clin Invest . 1996;;97:2433-2439.
21 +
Sehgal S, Camardo J, Scarola J, Maida B.  Rapamycin (sirolimus,rapamune) . Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens . 1995;;4:482-487.
22 +
Brazelton T, Morris R.  Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide . Curr Opin Immunol . 1996;;8:710-720.
23 +
Yocum D.  Cyclosporine, FK506, rapamycin, and other immunomodulators . Rheumatol Dis Clin North Am . 1996;;22:133-154.
24 +
Morris R.  New immunosuppressive drugs: mycophenolate mofetil . New Dev Transplant Med . 1995;;2:10-12.
25 +
Siemasko K, Chong A, Williams J, Bremer E, Finnegan A.  Regulation of B-cell function by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide . Transplantation . 1996;;61:635-642.
26 +
Vallera DA.  Immunotoxins: will their clinical promise be fulfilled? Blood . 1994;;83:309-317.
27 +
Vitetta ES, Thorpe PE, Uhr JW.  Immunotoxins: magic bullets or misguided missiles? Immunol Today . 1993;;14:252-259.
28 +
Mayforth RD, Quintans J.  Designer and catalytic antibodies . N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:173-178.
29 +
Chatenoud L, Bach J-F.  Monoclonal antibodies to CD3 as immunosuppressants . Semin Immunol . 1990;;2:437-447.
30 +
Horneff G, Emmrich F, Burmester GR.  Advances in immunotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and immunological findings following treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies . Br J Rheumatol . 1993;;32:39-47.
31 +
Herzog C, Walker C, Miller W.  Anti-CD4 antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, I: effect on clinical course and circulating T cells . J Autoimmun . 1989;;2:627-642.
32 +
Moreland LW, Bucy RP, Tilden A.  Use of a chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum . 1993;;36:307-318.
33 +
Choy EH, Chikanza IC, Kingsley GH, Corrigall V, Panayi GS.  Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with single dose or weekly pulses of chimaeric antiCD4 monoclonal antibody . Scand J Immunol . 1992;;36:291-298.
34 +
van der Lubbe PA, Dijkmans BA, Markusse HM, Nassander U, Breedveld FC.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum . 1995;;38:1097-1106.
35 +
Cush JJ, A F Kavanaugh M.  Biologic interventions in rheumatoid arthritis . Rheum Dis Clin North Am . 1995;;21:797-816.
36 +
Kavanaugh AF, Davis LS, Nichols LA, et al.  Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 . Arthr Rheum . 1994;;37:992-999.
37 +
Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly P, Haynes N, Letts LG, Rothlein R.  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma . Science . 1990;;247:456-459.
38 +
Lefkovits J, Plow EG, Topol EJ.  Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors in cardiovascular medicine . N Engl J Med . 1995;;332:1553-1559.
39 +
Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, Ellis SG, Tcheng JE, Worley S.  Randomised trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months . Lancet . 1994;;343:881-886.
40 +
Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M.  Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor a (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis . Lancet . 1994;;344:1105-1110.
41 +
Rankin EC, Choy EH, Kassimos D, Kingsley GH, Sopwith AM, Isenberg DA.  The therapeutic effects of an engineered human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha antibody (CDP571) in rheumatoid arthritis . Br J Rheumatol . 1995;;34:334-342.
42 +
Dinarello CA, Gelfand JA, Wolff SM.  Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome . JAMA . 1993;;269:1829-1835.
43 +
Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, et al.  Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome: a randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter clinical trial . JAMA . 1995;;273:934-941.
44 +
Fernandez-Botran R.  Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation . FASEB J . 1991;;5:2567-2574.
45 +
Rubin LA, Nelson DL.  The soluble interleukin-2 receptor: biology, function, and clinical application . Ann Intern Med . 1990;;113:619-627.
46 +
Arend WP.  Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a new member of the interleukin-1 family . J Clin Invest . 1991;;54:1445-1451.
47 +
Fisher CJ, Dhainaut J-FA, Opal SM.  Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome: results from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . JAMA . 1994;;271:1836-1843.
48 +
van der Meer JWM, Barza M, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA.  A low dose of recombinant interleukin 1 protects granulocytopenic mice from lethal gramnegative infection . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1988;;85:1620-1623.
49 +
Wallach D, Holtmann H, Engelmann H, Nophar Y.  Sensitization and desensitization to lethal effects of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 . J Immunol . 1988;;140:2994-2999.
50 +
Fisher CJ, Agosti JM, Opal SM, et al.  Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein . N Engl J Med . 1996;;334:1697-702.
51 +
Beato M.  Gene regulation by steroid hormones . Cell . 1989;;56:335-344.
52 +
Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin AS.  Role of transcriptional activation of 1 kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids . Science . 1995;;270:283-286.
53 +
Flower RJ.  Glucocorticoids and the inhibition of phospholipase A2 . In: Schleimer RP, ed. Anti-inflammatory Steroid Action: Basic and Clinical Aspects . San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1989;.
54 +
Sorensen RU, Polmar SH.  Efficacy and safety of high dose immune globulin therapy for antibody deficiency syndromes . Am J Med . 1984;;76:83-90.
55 +
Burks AW, Sampson HA, Buckley RH.  Anaphylactic reactions after gammaglobulin administration in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia: defection of IgE antibodies to IgA . N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:560-564.
56 +
Kressebuch H, Schaad UB, Hirt A.  Cerebrospinal fluid inflammation induced by intravenous immunoglobulins . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1992;;11:894-895.
57 +
 Outbreak of hepatitis C associated with intravenous immunoglobulin administration-United States, October 1993-June 1994 . JAMA . 1994;;272:424-425.
58 +
Originally published in: MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:505-509.
59 +
Bjorkander J, Cunningham-Rundles C, Lundin P.  Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis causing liver damage in 16 of 77 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or IgG subclass deficiency . Am J Med . 1988;;84:107-111.
60 +
Ballow M.  Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1997;;100:151-157.
61 +
Imbach P, Wagner H, Berchtold W.  Intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral corticosteroids in acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood . Lancet . 1985;;2:464-468.
62 +
Furusho K, Kamiya T, Nakano H.  High-dose intravenous gamma-globulin for Kawasaki disease . Lancet . 1984;;2:1055-1058.
63 +
Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP.  A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis . N Engl J Med . 1993;;329:1993-2000.
64 +
Ratko TA, Burnett DA, Foulke GE, Matuszewski KA, Sacher RA, and the University Hospital  Consortium Expert Panel for Off-Label Use of Polyvalent Intravenously Administered Immunoglobulin Preparations Recommendations for off-label use of intravenously administered immunoglobulin preparations . JAMA . 1995;;273:1865-1870.
65 +
Balkwill FR.  Interferons . Lancet . 1989;;1:1060-1063.
66 +
Kimchi A.  Autocrine interferon and the suppression of the c-myc nuclear oncogene . Interferon . 1987;;8:86-110.
67 +
Dorr RT.  Interferon-α in malignant and viral diseases . Drugs . 1993;;45:177-211.
68 +
Davis G, Balart L, Schiff E.  Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial . N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:1501-1506.
69 +
Perrillo R, Schiff E, Davis G.  A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B . N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:295-301.
70 +
Sibley W, Ebers G, Panitch H.  Interferon betaIb is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, I: clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial . Neurology . 1993;;43:655-661.
71 +
International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group:  a controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:509-516.
72 +
Rosenberg S, Lotze M, Muul L.  Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer . N Engl J Med . 1985;;313:1485-1492.
73 +
Lotze M, Matory Y, Rayner A.  Clinical effects and toxicity of interleukin-2 in patients with cancer . Cancer . 1986;;58:1764-1772.
74 +
Rosenberg S, Lotze M, Yang J.  Experience with the use of high dose interleukin-2 based therapies in the treatment of 652 patients with cancer . Ann Surg . 1989;;210:474-484.
75 +
Rosenberg S.  Adoptive cellular therapy: clinical applications . In: DeVita V, ed. Biologic Therapy of Cancer . Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott; 1991;.
76 +
Caligiuri M, Murray C, Soiffer R.  Extended continuous infusion low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in advanced cancer: prolonged immunomodulation without significant toxicity . J Clin Oncol . 1991;;9:2110-2119.
77 +
Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Albert JM, et al.  Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:1350-1356.
78 +
Cunningham-Rundles C, Kazbay K, Zhou Z, Mayer L.  Immunologic effects of low-dose polyethylene glycol-conjugated recombinant human interleukin-2 in common variable immunodeficiency . J Int Cytol Res . 1995;;15:269-276.
79 +
Chehimi J, Trinchieri G.  Interleukin-12: a bridge between innate resistance and adaptive immunity with a role in infection and acquired immunodeficiency . J Clin Immunol . 1994;;14:149-161.
80 +
Grant SM, Heel RC.  Recombinant granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF): a review of its pharmacological properties and prospective role in the management of myelosuppression . Drugs . 1992;;43:516-560.
81 +
Nemanaitis J, Rabinowe SN, Singer JW, Bierman PJ, Vose JM.  Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid cancer . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1773-1778.
82 +
Antman KS, Griffin JD, Elias A.  Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression . N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:593-598.
83 +
Greenberg PL, Negrin R, Nagler A.  The use of haemopoietic growth factors in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes . Cancer Surv . 1990;;9:199-212.
84 +
Welte K, Zeidler C, Reiter A, et al.  Differential effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with severe congenital neutropenia . Blood . 1990;;75:1056-1063.
85 +
Rosen FS, Cooper MD, Wedgwood RJ.  The primary immunodeficiencies . N Engl J Med . 1995;;333:431-440.
86 +
Hirschhorn R.  Overview of biochemical abnormalities and molecular genetics of adenosine deaminase deficiency . Pediatr Res . 1993;;33:35-41.
87 +
Hershfield MS.  PEG-ADA replacement therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency: an update after 8.5 years . Clin Immunol Immunopathol . 1995;;76:228-232.
88 +
Kohn DB, Weinberg KI, Nolta JA.  Engraftment of gene-modified umbilical cord blood cells in neonates with adenosine deaminase deficiency . Nat Med . 1995;;1:1017-1023.
89 +
Blaese RM, Culver KW, Miller AD, et al.  T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA-SCID: initial trial results after 4 years . Science . 1995;;270:475-480.
90 +
Candotti F, Johnston JA, Puck JM, Sugamura K, O'Shea JJ, Blaese RM.  Retroviral-mediated gene correction for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency . Blood . 1996;;87:3097-3102.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
NIH Consensus Conference.  The utility of therapeutic plasmapheresis for neurological disorders . JAMA . 1986;;256:1333-1777.
2 +
Shumak KH, Rock GA.  Therapeutic plasma exchange . N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:762-771.
3 +
Brostoff J, Scadding GK, Male DM, Roitt IM. Clinical Immunology . New York, NY: Gower Medical Publishing; 1991;:27.1-27.10.
4 +
Levitt SH, McHugh RB.  Early breast cancer and postoperative radiation . Lancet . 1975;;2:1258-1259.
5 +
Present DH, Korelitz BI, Wisch N, Glass JL, Sachar DB, Paternack BS.  Treatment of Crohn's disease with 6-mercaptopurine . N Engl J Med . 1980;;302:981-987.
6 +
Sullivan KM, Mori M, Sanders J.  Late complications of allogeneic and autologous marrow transplantation . Bone Marrow Transplant . 1992;;10:127-134.
7 +
Zaharko DS, Fung W-P, Yang F-H.  Relative biochemical aspects of low and high doses of methotrexate in mice . Cancer Res . 1977;;37:1602-1607.
8 +
Roenigk HH, Auerbach R, Maibach HI.  Methotrexate in psoriasis: revised guidelines . J Am Acad Dermatol . 1988;;19:145-156.
9 +
Mullarkey M.  Immunosupppressive therapy for asthma . Allergy Proc . 1995;;16:81-84.
10 +
Stewart GE II, Diaz JD, Lockey RF, Seleznick MJ, Trudeau WL, Ledford DK.  Comparison of oral pulse methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of severe glucocorticosteroid-dependent asthma . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;94:482-489.
11 +
Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N.  Methotrexate in resistant juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: results of the USA-USSR double-blind, placebocontrolled trial . N Engl J Med . 1992;;326:1043-1049.
12 +
Gilbert SC, Klintmalm G, Menter A.  Methotrexate-induced cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation in three patients with psoriasis: a word of caution in light of the expanding use of this 'steroid sparing' agent . Arch Intern Med . 1990;;150:889-891.
13 +
Calabresi P, Chabner BA.  Antineoplastic agents . In: Gilman AG, Pall RN, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacologic Basis of Therapeutics . New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1993;.
14 +
Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Fessler BJ.  Systemic lupus erythematosus: emerging concepts, I: renal, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic disease . Ann Intern Med . 1995;;122:940-950.
15 +
Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P.  Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years . Ann Intern Med . 1983;;98:76-85.
16 +
Mattila PS.  The actions of cyclosporin A and FK 506 on T-lymphocyte activation . Biochem Soc Trans . 1996;;24:45-49.
17 +
Ellis CN, Fradin MS, Messana JM.  Cyclosporine for plague-type psoriasis: results of a multidose, double-blind trial . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:277-284.
18 +
Masuda K, Nakajima A, Urayama A, Kogure M.  Double-masked trial of cyclosporin versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporin in Behcet's disease . Lancet . 1989;;1:1093-1096.
19 +
Bougneres PF, Landais P, Boisson C.  Limited duration of remission of insulin dependency in children with recent overt type 1 diabetes treated with low-dose cyclosporin . Diabetes . 1990;;39:1264-1272.
20 +
Muraoka K, Fujimoto K, Sun X, et al.  Immunosuppressant FK506 induces interleukin-6 production through the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB . J Clin Invest . 1996;;97:2433-2439.
21 +
Sehgal S, Camardo J, Scarola J, Maida B.  Rapamycin (sirolimus,rapamune) . Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens . 1995;;4:482-487.
22 +
Brazelton T, Morris R.  Molecular mechanisms of action of new xenobiotic immunosuppressive drugs: tacrolimus (FK506), sirolimus (rapamycin), mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide . Curr Opin Immunol . 1996;;8:710-720.
23 +
Yocum D.  Cyclosporine, FK506, rapamycin, and other immunomodulators . Rheumatol Dis Clin North Am . 1996;;22:133-154.
24 +
Morris R.  New immunosuppressive drugs: mycophenolate mofetil . New Dev Transplant Med . 1995;;2:10-12.
25 +
Siemasko K, Chong A, Williams J, Bremer E, Finnegan A.  Regulation of B-cell function by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide . Transplantation . 1996;;61:635-642.
26 +
Vallera DA.  Immunotoxins: will their clinical promise be fulfilled? Blood . 1994;;83:309-317.
27 +
Vitetta ES, Thorpe PE, Uhr JW.  Immunotoxins: magic bullets or misguided missiles? Immunol Today . 1993;;14:252-259.
28 +
Mayforth RD, Quintans J.  Designer and catalytic antibodies . N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:173-178.
29 +
Chatenoud L, Bach J-F.  Monoclonal antibodies to CD3 as immunosuppressants . Semin Immunol . 1990;;2:437-447.
30 +
Horneff G, Emmrich F, Burmester GR.  Advances in immunotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and immunological findings following treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies . Br J Rheumatol . 1993;;32:39-47.
31 +
Herzog C, Walker C, Miller W.  Anti-CD4 antibody treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, I: effect on clinical course and circulating T cells . J Autoimmun . 1989;;2:627-642.
32 +
Moreland LW, Bucy RP, Tilden A.  Use of a chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum . 1993;;36:307-318.
33 +
Choy EH, Chikanza IC, Kingsley GH, Corrigall V, Panayi GS.  Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with single dose or weekly pulses of chimaeric antiCD4 monoclonal antibody . Scand J Immunol . 1992;;36:291-298.
34 +
van der Lubbe PA, Dijkmans BA, Markusse HM, Nassander U, Breedveld FC.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum . 1995;;38:1097-1106.
35 +
Cush JJ, A F Kavanaugh M.  Biologic interventions in rheumatoid arthritis . Rheum Dis Clin North Am . 1995;;21:797-816.
36 +
Kavanaugh AF, Davis LS, Nichols LA, et al.  Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 . Arthr Rheum . 1994;;37:992-999.
37 +
Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly P, Haynes N, Letts LG, Rothlein R.  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma . Science . 1990;;247:456-459.
38 +
Lefkovits J, Plow EG, Topol EJ.  Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors in cardiovascular medicine . N Engl J Med . 1995;;332:1553-1559.
39 +
Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, Ellis SG, Tcheng JE, Worley S.  Randomised trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months . Lancet . 1994;;343:881-886.
40 +
Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M.  Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor a (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis . Lancet . 1994;;344:1105-1110.
41 +
Rankin EC, Choy EH, Kassimos D, Kingsley GH, Sopwith AM, Isenberg DA.  The therapeutic effects of an engineered human anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha antibody (CDP571) in rheumatoid arthritis . Br J Rheumatol . 1995;;34:334-342.
42 +
Dinarello CA, Gelfand JA, Wolff SM.  Anticytokine strategies in the treatment of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome . JAMA . 1993;;269:1829-1835.
43 +
Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, et al.  Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome: a randomized, controlled, double-blind multicenter clinical trial . JAMA . 1995;;273:934-941.
44 +
Fernandez-Botran R.  Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation . FASEB J . 1991;;5:2567-2574.
45 +
Rubin LA, Nelson DL.  The soluble interleukin-2 receptor: biology, function, and clinical application . Ann Intern Med . 1990;;113:619-627.
46 +
Arend WP.  Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a new member of the interleukin-1 family . J Clin Invest . 1991;;54:1445-1451.
47 +
Fisher CJ, Dhainaut J-FA, Opal SM.  Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome: results from a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . JAMA . 1994;;271:1836-1843.
48 +
van der Meer JWM, Barza M, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA.  A low dose of recombinant interleukin 1 protects granulocytopenic mice from lethal gramnegative infection . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1988;;85:1620-1623.
49 +
Wallach D, Holtmann H, Engelmann H, Nophar Y.  Sensitization and desensitization to lethal effects of tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 . J Immunol . 1988;;140:2994-2999.
50 +
Fisher CJ, Agosti JM, Opal SM, et al.  Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein . N Engl J Med . 1996;;334:1697-702.
51 +
Beato M.  Gene regulation by steroid hormones . Cell . 1989;;56:335-344.
52 +
Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin AS.  Role of transcriptional activation of 1 kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids . Science . 1995;;270:283-286.
53 +
Flower RJ.  Glucocorticoids and the inhibition of phospholipase A2 . In: Schleimer RP, ed. Anti-inflammatory Steroid Action: Basic and Clinical Aspects . San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1989;.
54 +
Sorensen RU, Polmar SH.  Efficacy and safety of high dose immune globulin therapy for antibody deficiency syndromes . Am J Med . 1984;;76:83-90.
55 +
Burks AW, Sampson HA, Buckley RH.  Anaphylactic reactions after gammaglobulin administration in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia: defection of IgE antibodies to IgA . N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:560-564.
56 +
Kressebuch H, Schaad UB, Hirt A.  Cerebrospinal fluid inflammation induced by intravenous immunoglobulins . Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1992;;11:894-895.
57 +
 Outbreak of hepatitis C associated with intravenous immunoglobulin administration-United States, October 1993-June 1994 . JAMA . 1994;;272:424-425.
58 +
Originally published in: MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:505-509.
59 +
Bjorkander J, Cunningham-Rundles C, Lundin P.  Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis causing liver damage in 16 of 77 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or IgG subclass deficiency . Am J Med . 1988;;84:107-111.
60 +
Ballow M.  Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1997;;100:151-157.
61 +
Imbach P, Wagner H, Berchtold W.  Intravenous immunoglobulin versus oral corticosteroids in acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood . Lancet . 1985;;2:464-468.
62 +
Furusho K, Kamiya T, Nakano H.  High-dose intravenous gamma-globulin for Kawasaki disease . Lancet . 1984;;2:1055-1058.
63 +
Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP.  A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis . N Engl J Med . 1993;;329:1993-2000.
64 +
Ratko TA, Burnett DA, Foulke GE, Matuszewski KA, Sacher RA, and the University Hospital  Consortium Expert Panel for Off-Label Use of Polyvalent Intravenously Administered Immunoglobulin Preparations Recommendations for off-label use of intravenously administered immunoglobulin preparations . JAMA . 1995;;273:1865-1870.
65 +
Balkwill FR.  Interferons . Lancet . 1989;;1:1060-1063.
66 +
Kimchi A.  Autocrine interferon and the suppression of the c-myc nuclear oncogene . Interferon . 1987;;8:86-110.
67 +
Dorr RT.  Interferon-α in malignant and viral diseases . Drugs . 1993;;45:177-211.
68 +
Davis G, Balart L, Schiff E.  Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial . N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:1501-1506.
69 +
Perrillo R, Schiff E, Davis G.  A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B . N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:295-301.
70 +
Sibley W, Ebers G, Panitch H.  Interferon betaIb is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, I: clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial . Neurology . 1993;;43:655-661.
71 +
International Chronic Granulomatous Disease Cooperative Study Group:  a controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:509-516.
72 +
Rosenberg S, Lotze M, Muul L.  Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer . N Engl J Med . 1985;;313:1485-1492.
73 +
Lotze M, Matory Y, Rayner A.  Clinical effects and toxicity of interleukin-2 in patients with cancer . Cancer . 1986;;58:1764-1772.
74 +
Rosenberg S, Lotze M, Yang J.  Experience with the use of high dose interleukin-2 based therapies in the treatment of 652 patients with cancer . Ann Surg . 1989;;210:474-484.
75 +
Rosenberg S.  Adoptive cellular therapy: clinical applications . In: DeVita V, ed. Biologic Therapy of Cancer . Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott; 1991;.
76 +
Caligiuri M, Murray C, Soiffer R.  Extended continuous infusion low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in advanced cancer: prolonged immunomodulation without significant toxicity . J Clin Oncol . 1991;;9:2110-2119.
77 +
Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Albert JM, et al.  Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:1350-1356.
78 +
Cunningham-Rundles C, Kazbay K, Zhou Z, Mayer L.  Immunologic effects of low-dose polyethylene glycol-conjugated recombinant human interleukin-2 in common variable immunodeficiency . J Int Cytol Res . 1995;;15:269-276.
79 +
Chehimi J, Trinchieri G.  Interleukin-12: a bridge between innate resistance and adaptive immunity with a role in infection and acquired immunodeficiency . J Clin Immunol . 1994;;14:149-161.
80 +
Grant SM, Heel RC.  Recombinant granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF): a review of its pharmacological properties and prospective role in the management of myelosuppression . Drugs . 1992;;43:516-560.
81 +
Nemanaitis J, Rabinowe SN, Singer JW, Bierman PJ, Vose JM.  Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid cancer . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1773-1778.
82 +
Antman KS, Griffin JD, Elias A.  Effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression . N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:593-598.
83 +
Greenberg PL, Negrin R, Nagler A.  The use of haemopoietic growth factors in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes . Cancer Surv . 1990;;9:199-212.
84 +
Welte K, Zeidler C, Reiter A, et al.  Differential effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with severe congenital neutropenia . Blood . 1990;;75:1056-1063.
85 +
Rosen FS, Cooper MD, Wedgwood RJ.  The primary immunodeficiencies . N Engl J Med . 1995;;333:431-440.
86 +
Hirschhorn R.  Overview of biochemical abnormalities and molecular genetics of adenosine deaminase deficiency . Pediatr Res . 1993;;33:35-41.
87 +
Hershfield MS.  PEG-ADA replacement therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency: an update after 8.5 years . Clin Immunol Immunopathol . 1995;;76:228-232.
88 +
Kohn DB, Weinberg KI, Nolta JA.  Engraftment of gene-modified umbilical cord blood cells in neonates with adenosine deaminase deficiency . Nat Med . 1995;;1:1017-1023.
89 +
Blaese RM, Culver KW, Miller AD, et al.  T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA-SCID: initial trial results after 4 years . Science . 1995;;270:475-480.
90 +
Candotti F, Johnston JA, Puck JM, Sugamura K, O'Shea JJ, Blaese RM.  Retroviral-mediated gene correction for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency . Blood . 1996;;87:3097-3102.

Letters

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Comment

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems