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December 10, 1997, Vol 278, No. 22 >
ARTICLE | December 10, 1997

Food Allergy FREE

Hugh A. Sampson, MD
JAMA. 1997;278(22):1888-1894. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550220094013
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Article
References

The evaluation of adverse reactions to foods involving abnormal immune responses to food allergens remains an important part of the practice of allergy and immunology. Approximately 5% of children younger than 3 years and 1.5% of the general population experience food allergic disorders, indicating that about 4 million Americans suffer from food allergies. The evaluation of adverse reactions to foods depends on a careful clinical history, diagnostic studies including appropriate skin testing or in vitro testing with food extracts, and/or endoscopy and biopsy. The mainstay of therapy remains avoidance of incriminated foods and education to deal with inadvertent exposures. Experience over the past decade suggests that the ready availability and early introduction of highly allergenic foods (eg, peanuts and nuts) into the diet will only increase the number of individuals suffering from hypersensitivity reactions to foods. Research has focused on the identification and characterization of allergenic proteins and the development of new therapeutic strategies, eg, plasmid DNA vaccines, to treat these disorders.

REFERENCES

1 +
Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Ortolani C, Aas K, et al.  Adverse reactions to food: position paper . Allergy . 1995;;50:623-635.
2 +
Sampson HA, Metcalfe DD.  Food allergies . JAMA . 1992;;268:2840-2844.
3 +
Bock SA.  Prospective appraisal of complaints of adverse reactions to foods in children during the first 3 years of life . Pediatrics . 1987;;79:683-688.
4 +
Young E, Stoneham MD, Petruckevitch A, Barton J, Rona R.  A population study of food intolerance . Lancet . 1994;;343:1127-1130.
5 +
Host A, Halken S.  A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life . Allergy . 1990;;45:587-596.
6 +
Schrander JJP, van den Bogart JPH, Forget PP, Schrander-Stumpel CTRM, Kuijten RH, Kester ADM.  Cow's milk protein intolerance in infants under 1 year of age: a prospective epidemiological study . Eur J Pediatr . 1993;;152:640-644.
7 +
Hide DW, Guyer BM.  Cow milk intolerance in Isle of Wight infants . Br J Clin Pract . 1983;;37:285-287.
8 +
Burks AW, Mallory SB, Williams LW, Shirrell MA.  Atopic dermatitis: clinical relevance of food hypersensitivity reactions . J Pediatr . 1988;;113:447-451.
9 +
Novembre E, de Martino M, Vierucci A.  Foods and respiratory allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:1059-1065.
10 +
Fuglsang G, Madsen C, Saval P, Osterballe O.  Prevalence of intolerance to food additives among Danish school children . Pediatr Allergy Immunol . 1993;;4:123-129.
11 +
Niestijl Jansen JJ, Kardinaal AFM, Huijbers GH, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Martens BPM, Ockhuizen T.  Prevalence of food allergy and intolerance in the adult Dutch population . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;93:446-456.
12 +
Young E, Patel S, Stoneham MD, Rona R, Wilkinson JD.  The prevalence of reactions to food additives in a survey population . J R Coll Physicians Lond . 1987;;21:241-271.
13 +
Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Taylor S, Sampson HA.  Cross-allergenicity in the legume botanical family in children with food hypersensitivity, II: laboratory correlates . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1989;;84:701-709.
14 +
Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Scanlon SM, Sampson HA.  Fish hypersensitivity, I: in vitro and oral challenge results in fish-allergic patients . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1992;;89:730-737.
15 +
Jones SM, Magnolfi CF, Cooke SK, Sampson HA.  Immunologic cross-reactivity among cereal grains and grasses in children with food hypersensitivity . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;96:341-351.
16 +
Ahlroth M, Alenius H, Turjanmaa K, Makinen Kiljunen S, Reunala T, Palosuo T.  Cross-reacting allergens in natural rubber latex and avocado . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;96:167-173.
17 +
Walzer M.  Allergy of the abdominal organs . J Lab Clin Med . 1941;;26:1867-1877.
18 +
Brunner M, Walzer M.  Absorption of undigested proteins in human beings: the absorption of unaltered fish protein in adults . Arch Intern Med . 1928;;42:173-179.
19 +
Host A.  Cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance in infancy . Pediatr Allergy Immunol . 1994;;5:5-36.
20 +
Hanson DG, Vaz N, Maia L, Hornbrook M, Lynch J, Roy C.  Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigen . Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol . 1977;;55:1518-1524.
21 +
Husby S, Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z, Holland S, Elson CO.  Oral tolerance in humans: T cell but not B cell tolerance after antigen feeding . J Immunol . 1994;;152:4663-4670.
22 +
Ramsdell F, Fowlkes B.  Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role of the thymus in inducing self-tolerance . Science . 1991;;248:1342-1348.
23 +
Mowat AM.  The regulation of immune responses to dietary protein antigens . Immunol Today . 1987;;8:93-98.
24 +
Bruce MG, Strobel S, Hanson DG, et al.  Irradiated mice lose the capacity to 'process' fed antigen for systemic tolerance of delayed-type hypersensitivity . Clin Exp Immunol . 1987;;70:611-618.
25 +
Furrie E, Turner M, Strobel S.  Failure of SCID mice to generate an oral tolerogen after a feed of ovalbumin: a role for a functioning gut-associated lymphoid system . Immunology . 1994;;83:562-567.
26 +
Miller A, Lider O, Roberts A, Sporn M, Weiner H.  Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor beta after antigen-specific triggering . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1992;;89:421-423.
27 +
Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B.  Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestation, skin-prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:735-739.
28 +
Zeiger R, Heller S.  The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;95:1179-1190.
29 +
Zeiger R.  Breast-feeding and dietary avoidance . In: de Weck A, Sampson H, eds. Intestinal Immunology and Food Allergy . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995;:203-222.
30 +
Hide D, Matthews S, Matthews L, et al.  Effect of allergen avoidance in infancy on allergic manifestations at age two years . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;93:842-846.
31 +
Hoffman K, Ho D, Sampson H.  Evaluation of the usefulness of lymphocyte proliferation assays in the diagnosis of cow milk allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1997;;99:360-366.
32 +
Sampson HA, MacDonald SM.  IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factors . Springer Semin Immunopathol . 1993;;15:89-98.
33 +
Mudde G, Bheekha R, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C.  Consequences of IgE/CD23-mediated antigen presentation in allergy . Immunol Today: 1995;;16:380-383.
34 +
Mudde G, van Reijsen F, Boland G, de Gast G, Bruijnzeel P, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C.  Allergen presentation by epidermal Langerhan's cells from patients with atopic dermatitis is mediated by IgE . Immunology . 1990;;69:335-341.
35 +
Abernathy-Carver K, Sampson H, Picker L, Leung D.  Milk-induced eczema is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen . J Clin Invest . 1995;;95:913-918.
36 +
Jones SM, Sampson HA.  The role of allergens in atopic dermatitis . In: Leung DYM, ed. Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment . Georgetown, Tex: RG Landes Co; 1996;:41-112.
37 +
James JM, Eigenmann PA, Eggleston PA, Sampson HA.  Airway reactivity changes in food-allergic, asthmatic children undergoing double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges . Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 1996;;153:597-603.
38 +
Sampson H, Eigenmann PA.  Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: food allergy and intolerance . In: Myrgaand N, Naclerio R, eds. Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis . Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard; 1996;.
39 +
Yunginger JW, Sweeney KG, Sturner WQ, et al.  Fatal food-induced anaphylaxis . JAMA . 1988;;260:1450-1452.
40 +
Sampson HA, Mendelson LM, Rosen JP.  Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents . N Engl J Med . 1992;;327:380-384.
41 +
Yocum MW, Khan DA.  Assessment of patients who have experienced anaphylaxis: a 3-year survey . Mayo Clin Proc . 1994;;69:16-23.
42 +
Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Wolf BL, et al.  Anaphylaxis: a review of 266 cases . Arch Intern Med . 1995;;155:1749-1754.
43 +
Romano A, Fonso M, Giuffreda F, et al.  Diagnostic work-up for food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis . Allergy . 1995;;50:817-824.
44 +
Dohi M, Suko M, Sugiyama H, et al.  Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a study on 11 Japanese cases . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87:34-40.
45 +
Ortolani C, Ispano M, Pastorello EA, Ansaloni R, Magri GC.  Comparison of results of skin prick tests (with fresh foods and commercial food extracts) and RAST in 100 patients with oral allergy syndrome . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1989;;83:683-690.
46 +
Champion R, Roberts S, Carpenter R, Roger J.  Urticaria and angioedema: a review of 554 patients . Br J Dermatol . 1969;;81:588-597.
47 +
Sampson HA.  Atopic dermatitis . Ann Allergy . 1992;;69:469-479.
48 +
Sampson HA.  The role of food allergy and mediator release in atopic dermatitis . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:635-645.
49 +
Powell GK.  Milk- and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy . J Pediatr . 1978;;93:553-560.
50 +
Odze R, Wershil B, Leichtner A.  Allergic colitis in infants . J Pediatr . 1995;;126:163-170.
51 +
Kuitunen P, Visakorpi J, Savilahti E, Pelkonen P.  Malabsorption syndrome with cow's milk intolerance: clinical findings and course in 54 cases . Arch Dis Child . 1975;;50:351-356.
52 +
Trier J.  Celiac sprue . In: Sleisenger M, Fordtran J, Scharschmidt B, Feldman M, eds. Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1993;:1078-1096.
53 +
McNeish AS, Harms HK, Rey T, Shmerling D, Visakorpi J, Walker-Smith J.  Re-evaluation of diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease . Arch Dis Child . 1979;;54:783-786.
54 +
Walker-Smith J, Guandalini S, Schmitz J, Schmerling D, Viskorpi J.  Revised criteria for diagnosis of coeliac disease . Arch Dis Child . 1990;;65:909-911.
55 +
Iacono G, Carroccio A, Cavataio F, et al.  Gastroesophageal reflux and cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective study . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1996;;97:822-827.
56 +
Lee C, Changchien C, Chen P, et al.  Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience . Am J Gastroenterol . 1993;;88:70-74.
57 +
Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, Yardley JH, Perman JA, Sampson HA.  Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino-acid based formula . Gastroenterology . 1995;;109:1503-1512.
58 +
Hall RP.  The pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis: recent advances . J Am Acad Dermatol . 1987;;16:1129-1144.
59 +
Heiner DC, Sears JW.  Chronic respiratory disease associated with multiple circulating precipitins to cow's milk . AJDC . 1960;;100:500-502.
60 +
Panush RS.  Food induced ('allergic') arthritis: clinical and serologic studies . J Rheumatol . 1990;;17:291-294.
61 +
Weber RW, Vaughan TR.  Food and migraine headache . Immunol Allergy Clin North Am . 1991;;11:831-841.
62 +
Sampson HA.  Differential diagnosis in adverse reactions to foods . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1986;;78:212-219.
63 +
Hoffman KM, Ho DG, Sampson HA.  Evaluation of the usefulness of lymphocyte proliferation assays in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1996;;99:360-366.
64 +
Dreborg S, Foucard T.  Allergy to apple, carrot, and potato in children with birch-pollen allergy . Allergy . 1983;;38:167-172.
65 +
Sampson H.  In vitro diagnosis and mediator assays for food allergies . Allergy Proc . 1993;;14:259-261.
66 +
Sampson H.  Immunologically mediated food allergy: the importance of food challenge procedures . Ann Allergy . 1988;;60:262-269.
67 +
Sampson HA.  Diagnosing food allergy . In: Spector SL, ed. Provocation Testing in Clinical Practice . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1995;:623-646.
68 +
Bock SA, Sampson HA, Atkins FM, et al.  Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as an office procedure: a manual . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;82:986-997.
69 +
Metcalfe D, Sampson H.  Workshop on experimental methodology for clinical studies of adverse reactions to foods and food additives . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1990;;86:421-442.
70 +
Barnes Koerner C, Sampson HA.  Diets and nutrition . In: Metcalfe DD, Sampson HA, Simon RA, eds. Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Food Additives . Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991;:332-354.
71 +
Steinman HA. ' Hidden' allergens in foods . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1996;;98:241-250.
72 +
Bernhisel-Broadbent J.  Allergenic cross-reactivity of foods and characterization of food allergens and extracts . Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol . 1995;;75:295-303.
73 +
Bock SA.  The natural history of food sensitivity . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1982;;69:173-177.
74 +
Sampson HA, Scanlon SM.  Natural history of food hypersensitivity in children with atopic dermatitis . J Pediatr . 1989;;115:23-27.
75 +
Pastorello E, Stocchi L, Pravetonni, V, et al.  Role of the food elimination diet in adults with food allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1989;;84:475-483.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Ortolani C, Aas K, et al.  Adverse reactions to food: position paper . Allergy . 1995;;50:623-635.
2 +
Sampson HA, Metcalfe DD.  Food allergies . JAMA . 1992;;268:2840-2844.
3 +
Bock SA.  Prospective appraisal of complaints of adverse reactions to foods in children during the first 3 years of life . Pediatrics . 1987;;79:683-688.
4 +
Young E, Stoneham MD, Petruckevitch A, Barton J, Rona R.  A population study of food intolerance . Lancet . 1994;;343:1127-1130.
5 +
Host A, Halken S.  A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life . Allergy . 1990;;45:587-596.
6 +
Schrander JJP, van den Bogart JPH, Forget PP, Schrander-Stumpel CTRM, Kuijten RH, Kester ADM.  Cow's milk protein intolerance in infants under 1 year of age: a prospective epidemiological study . Eur J Pediatr . 1993;;152:640-644.
7 +
Hide DW, Guyer BM.  Cow milk intolerance in Isle of Wight infants . Br J Clin Pract . 1983;;37:285-287.
8 +
Burks AW, Mallory SB, Williams LW, Shirrell MA.  Atopic dermatitis: clinical relevance of food hypersensitivity reactions . J Pediatr . 1988;;113:447-451.
9 +
Novembre E, de Martino M, Vierucci A.  Foods and respiratory allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:1059-1065.
10 +
Fuglsang G, Madsen C, Saval P, Osterballe O.  Prevalence of intolerance to food additives among Danish school children . Pediatr Allergy Immunol . 1993;;4:123-129.
11 +
Niestijl Jansen JJ, Kardinaal AFM, Huijbers GH, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Martens BPM, Ockhuizen T.  Prevalence of food allergy and intolerance in the adult Dutch population . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;93:446-456.
12 +
Young E, Patel S, Stoneham MD, Rona R, Wilkinson JD.  The prevalence of reactions to food additives in a survey population . J R Coll Physicians Lond . 1987;;21:241-271.
13 +
Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Taylor S, Sampson HA.  Cross-allergenicity in the legume botanical family in children with food hypersensitivity, II: laboratory correlates . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1989;;84:701-709.
14 +
Bernhisel-Broadbent J, Scanlon SM, Sampson HA.  Fish hypersensitivity, I: in vitro and oral challenge results in fish-allergic patients . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1992;;89:730-737.
15 +
Jones SM, Magnolfi CF, Cooke SK, Sampson HA.  Immunologic cross-reactivity among cereal grains and grasses in children with food hypersensitivity . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;96:341-351.
16 +
Ahlroth M, Alenius H, Turjanmaa K, Makinen Kiljunen S, Reunala T, Palosuo T.  Cross-reacting allergens in natural rubber latex and avocado . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;96:167-173.
17 +
Walzer M.  Allergy of the abdominal organs . J Lab Clin Med . 1941;;26:1867-1877.
18 +
Brunner M, Walzer M.  Absorption of undigested proteins in human beings: the absorption of unaltered fish protein in adults . Arch Intern Med . 1928;;42:173-179.
19 +
Host A.  Cow's milk protein allergy and intolerance in infancy . Pediatr Allergy Immunol . 1994;;5:5-36.
20 +
Hanson DG, Vaz N, Maia L, Hornbrook M, Lynch J, Roy C.  Inhibition of specific immune responses by feeding protein antigen . Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol . 1977;;55:1518-1524.
21 +
Husby S, Mestecky J, Moldoveanu Z, Holland S, Elson CO.  Oral tolerance in humans: T cell but not B cell tolerance after antigen feeding . J Immunol . 1994;;152:4663-4670.
22 +
Ramsdell F, Fowlkes B.  Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role of the thymus in inducing self-tolerance . Science . 1991;;248:1342-1348.
23 +
Mowat AM.  The regulation of immune responses to dietary protein antigens . Immunol Today . 1987;;8:93-98.
24 +
Bruce MG, Strobel S, Hanson DG, et al.  Irradiated mice lose the capacity to 'process' fed antigen for systemic tolerance of delayed-type hypersensitivity . Clin Exp Immunol . 1987;;70:611-618.
25 +
Furrie E, Turner M, Strobel S.  Failure of SCID mice to generate an oral tolerogen after a feed of ovalbumin: a role for a functioning gut-associated lymphoid system . Immunology . 1994;;83:562-567.
26 +
Miller A, Lider O, Roberts A, Sporn M, Weiner H.  Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor beta after antigen-specific triggering . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1992;;89:421-423.
27 +
Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B.  Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestation, skin-prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years . Pediatrics . 1992;;89:735-739.
28 +
Zeiger R, Heller S.  The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1995;;95:1179-1190.
29 +
Zeiger R.  Breast-feeding and dietary avoidance . In: de Weck A, Sampson H, eds. Intestinal Immunology and Food Allergy . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995;:203-222.
30 +
Hide D, Matthews S, Matthews L, et al.  Effect of allergen avoidance in infancy on allergic manifestations at age two years . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1994;;93:842-846.
31 +
Hoffman K, Ho D, Sampson H.  Evaluation of the usefulness of lymphocyte proliferation assays in the diagnosis of cow milk allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1997;;99:360-366.
32 +
Sampson HA, MacDonald SM.  IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factors . Springer Semin Immunopathol . 1993;;15:89-98.
33 +
Mudde G, Bheekha R, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C.  Consequences of IgE/CD23-mediated antigen presentation in allergy . Immunol Today: 1995;;16:380-383.
34 +
Mudde G, van Reijsen F, Boland G, de Gast G, Bruijnzeel P, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C.  Allergen presentation by epidermal Langerhan's cells from patients with atopic dermatitis is mediated by IgE . Immunology . 1990;;69:335-341.
35 +
Abernathy-Carver K, Sampson H, Picker L, Leung D.  Milk-induced eczema is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen . J Clin Invest . 1995;;95:913-918.
36 +
Jones SM, Sampson HA.  The role of allergens in atopic dermatitis . In: Leung DYM, ed. Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment . Georgetown, Tex: RG Landes Co; 1996;:41-112.
37 +
James JM, Eigenmann PA, Eggleston PA, Sampson HA.  Airway reactivity changes in food-allergic, asthmatic children undergoing double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges . Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 1996;;153:597-603.
38 +
Sampson H, Eigenmann PA.  Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: food allergy and intolerance . In: Myrgaand N, Naclerio R, eds. Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis . Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard; 1996;.
39 +
Yunginger JW, Sweeney KG, Sturner WQ, et al.  Fatal food-induced anaphylaxis . JAMA . 1988;;260:1450-1452.
40 +
Sampson HA, Mendelson LM, Rosen JP.  Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents . N Engl J Med . 1992;;327:380-384.
41 +
Yocum MW, Khan DA.  Assessment of patients who have experienced anaphylaxis: a 3-year survey . Mayo Clin Proc . 1994;;69:16-23.
42 +
Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Wolf BL, et al.  Anaphylaxis: a review of 266 cases . Arch Intern Med . 1995;;155:1749-1754.
43 +
Romano A, Fonso M, Giuffreda F, et al.  Diagnostic work-up for food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis . Allergy . 1995;;50:817-824.
44 +
Dohi M, Suko M, Sugiyama H, et al.  Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a study on 11 Japanese cases . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87:34-40.
45 +
Ortolani C, Ispano M, Pastorello EA, Ansaloni R, Magri GC.  Comparison of results of skin prick tests (with fresh foods and commercial food extracts) and RAST in 100 patients with oral allergy syndrome . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1989;;83:683-690.
46 +
Champion R, Roberts S, Carpenter R, Roger J.  Urticaria and angioedema: a review of 554 patients . Br J Dermatol . 1969;;81:588-597.
47 +
Sampson HA.  Atopic dermatitis . Ann Allergy . 1992;;69:469-479.
48 +
Sampson HA.  The role of food allergy and mediator release in atopic dermatitis . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:635-645.
49 +
Powell GK.  Milk- and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy . J Pediatr . 1978;;93:553-560.
50 +
Odze R, Wershil B, Leichtner A.  Allergic colitis in infants . J Pediatr . 1995;;126:163-170.
51 +
Kuitunen P, Visakorpi J, Savilahti E, Pelkonen P.  Malabsorption syndrome with cow's milk intolerance: clinical findings and course in 54 cases . Arch Dis Child . 1975;;50:351-356.
52 +
Trier J.  Celiac sprue . In: Sleisenger M, Fordtran J, Scharschmidt B, Feldman M, eds. Gastrointestinal Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1993;:1078-1096.
53 +
McNeish AS, Harms HK, Rey T, Shmerling D, Visakorpi J, Walker-Smith J.  Re-evaluation of diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease . Arch Dis Child . 1979;;54:783-786.
54 +
Walker-Smith J, Guandalini S, Schmitz J, Schmerling D, Viskorpi J.  Revised criteria for diagnosis of coeliac disease . Arch Dis Child . 1990;;65:909-911.
55 +
Iacono G, Carroccio A, Cavataio F, et al.  Gastroesophageal reflux and cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective study . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1996;;97:822-827.
56 +
Lee C, Changchien C, Chen P, et al.  Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: 10 years experience . Am J Gastroenterol . 1993;;88:70-74.
57 +
Kelly KJ, Lazenby AJ, Rowe PC, Yardley JH, Perman JA, Sampson HA.  Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: improvement with an amino-acid based formula . Gastroenterology . 1995;;109:1503-1512.
58 +
Hall RP.  The pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis: recent advances . J Am Acad Dermatol . 1987;;16:1129-1144.
59 +
Heiner DC, Sears JW.  Chronic respiratory disease associated with multiple circulating precipitins to cow's milk . AJDC . 1960;;100:500-502.
60 +
Panush RS.  Food induced ('allergic') arthritis: clinical and serologic studies . J Rheumatol . 1990;;17:291-294.
61 +
Weber RW, Vaughan TR.  Food and migraine headache . Immunol Allergy Clin North Am . 1991;;11:831-841.
62 +
Sampson HA.  Differential diagnosis in adverse reactions to foods . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1986;;78:212-219.
63 +
Hoffman KM, Ho DG, Sampson HA.  Evaluation of the usefulness of lymphocyte proliferation assays in the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1996;;99:360-366.
64 +
Dreborg S, Foucard T.  Allergy to apple, carrot, and potato in children with birch-pollen allergy . Allergy . 1983;;38:167-172.
65 +
Sampson H.  In vitro diagnosis and mediator assays for food allergies . Allergy Proc . 1993;;14:259-261.
66 +
Sampson H.  Immunologically mediated food allergy: the importance of food challenge procedures . Ann Allergy . 1988;;60:262-269.
67 +
Sampson HA.  Diagnosing food allergy . In: Spector SL, ed. Provocation Testing in Clinical Practice . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1995;:623-646.
68 +
Bock SA, Sampson HA, Atkins FM, et al.  Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as an office procedure: a manual . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;82:986-997.
69 +
Metcalfe D, Sampson H.  Workshop on experimental methodology for clinical studies of adverse reactions to foods and food additives . J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1990;;86:421-442.
70 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
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Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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