0
February 5, 1997, Vol 277, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | February 5, 1997

FDA Regulation of Tobacco Advertising and Youth Smoking: Title and subTitle BreakHistorical, Social, and Constitutional Perspectives FREE

Lawrence O. Gostin, JD; Peter S. Arno, PhD; Allan M. Brandt, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprints: Lawrence O. Gostin, JD, Georgetown University Law Center, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001.

Health Law'and Ethics section editors: Lawrence O. Gostin, JD, the Georgetown/ Johns Hopkins University Program on Law and Public Health, Washington, DC and Baltimore, Md; Helene M. Cole, MD, Contributing Editor, JAMA.


JAMA. 1997;277(5):410-418. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540290062033
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

Perspectives on tobacco control in American society have shifted markedly. As the view that smoking as a voluntarily assumed health risk has declined, the social and political environment has become more conducive to industry regulation. This transformation can be traced to the mounting evidence of the health risks of secondary smoke; the addictive quality of nicotine; the vulnerability and exploitation of young people; and industry knowledge of the harmful effects of tobacco. Regulation of tobacco advertising and promotions by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raises serious concerns about constitutional protection for commercial speech. However, the minimal informational value of tobacco advertising suggests that it should be afforded a low level of constitutional protection. The FDA regulations impose reasonable "time, place, and manner" restrictions, leave open alternative channels of communication, restrict messages that are harmful to the public health, do not restrict political speech, prevent misleading messages, and help deter the unlawful sale of tobacco products to minors. The regulations meet the traditional criteria for regulating commercial speech, in that the government's asserted interest is strong, the agency's regulations directly advance that interest, and the regulations are no more extensive than necessary. Thus, the judiciary should defend the FDA's historical social and legislative mission to protect the public health.

REFERENCES

1 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Regulations restricting and sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents; Final Rule, 21 CFR Part 801, et seq; August 28, 1996.
2 +
79 Stat 283 (1965).
3 +
American Advertising Federation et al ν David Kessler and the US Food and Drug Administration, Civil Action No. 2:95CV00593 in the US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina Greensboro Division; August 10 1995
4 +
21 USC 201 et seq.
5 +
21 USC 360j(e).
6 +
Zieve AM.  FDA's proposed regulation of the sale and promotion of tobacco products to minors . Public Health Rep . 1996;;111:280-285.
7 +
Kessler DA, Witt AM, Bamett PS, et al.  The Food and Drug Administration's regulation of tobacco products . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:988-994.
8 +
Food and Drug Administration. Nicotine in Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Is a Drug and These Products Are Nicotine Delivery Devices Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Jurisdictional Determination . Rockville, Md: Food and Drug Administration; 1996;.
9 +
The Controlled Substances Act (1970), 21 USC 802(6).
10 +
The Consumer Product Safety Act (1972), 12 USC 2052(a)(1)(B), amended in 1976 to exclude tobacco, Pub L 94-284.
11 +
US ν Forty Cartons More or Less, Containing Fairfax Cigarettes, 113 F Supp 336 (1953).
12 +
US ν 35i Bulk Cartons...Trim Reducing-Aid Cigarettes, 178 F. Supp. 847 (D. N. J. 1959).
13 +
Action on Smoking and Health ν Harris, 655 F2d 236 (DC Cir 1980).
14 +
Neuberger MB. Smoke Screen: Tobacco and the Public Welfare . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1963;.
15 +
Fritschler AL. Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1989;.
16 +
Badger M. Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1980;.
17 +
US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1964. US Public Health Service publication 1103.
18 +
Thompson EL.  Smoking education programs, 1960-1976 . Am J Public Health . 1978;;68:250-257.
19 +
Brandt AM.  The cigarette, risk, and American culture . Daedalus . 1990;; 119:155-176.
20 +
Arno PS, Brandt AM, Gostin LO, Morgan J.  Tobacco industry strategies to oppose federal regulation . JAMA . 1996;;275:1258-1262.
21 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1986.
22 +
National Research Council, Committee on Passive Smoking. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986;.
23 +
Rigotti NA, Pashos CL.  No-smoking laws in the United States: an analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces . JAMA . 1991;;266:3162-3167.
24 +
Ecobichon DJ, Wu JM. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books; 1990;.
25 +
Davis RM, Boyd GM, Schoenborn CA.  'Common courtesy' and the elimination of passive smoking . JAMA . 1990;;263:2208-2210.
26 +
Jacobson PD, Wasserman J, Raube K.  The politics of antismoking legislation . J Health Polit Policy Law . 1993;;18:787-819.
27 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking, Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1988.
28 +
Taioli E, Wynder EL.  Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood . N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:968-969.
29 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1994.
30 +
Institute of Medicine. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youth . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994;.
31 +
Glantz SA, Barnes DE, Bero L, Hanauer P, Slade J.  Looking through a keyhole at the tobacco industry: the Brown and Williamson documents . JAMA . 1995;;274:219-224.
32 +
Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero L, Hanauer P, Barnes DE. The Cigarette Papers . Berkeley: University of California Press; 1996;.
33 +
Hilts PJ. Smokescreen: The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-up . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1996;.
34 +
Meiklejohn A. Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government 65 . New York, NY: Harper; 1948;.
35 +
Law SA.  Addiction, autonomy, and advertising . Iowa Law Rev . 1992;;77: 909-955.
36 +
Beauchamp DE. The Health of the Republic: Epidemics, Medicine, and Moralism as Challenges to Democracy H7 . Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press; 1988;.
37 +
Virginia Pharmacy Board ν Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 425 US 748, 762 (1976).
38 +
Bolger ν Youngs Drug Products Ine, 463 US 60, 68 (1983).
39 +
U Liquormart Ine ν Rhode Island, 116 SCt 1495, 1507 (1996).
40 +
Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury ν Coors Brewing Co, 115 SCt 1585 (1995).
41 +
Carey ν Popidation Services Int'l, 431 US 678 (1977).
42 +
Bigelow ν Virginia, 421 US 809 (1975).
43 +
Bates ν State of Bar of Arizona, 433 US 350, 364 (1977).
44 +
RJR-MacDonald Ine ν Attorney General of Canada, 31 CRR (2d) 189 (1995).
45 +
Zieve AM, Morrison AB. Comments of Public Citizen, Ine Regarding the FDA's Proposal to Regulate the Sale and Promotion of Tobacco Products to Minors . Washington, DC: Public Citizen Litigation Group; 1996;.
46 +
Parker-Pope T.  Tough tobacco-ad rules light creative fires . Wall Street Journal . (October 9) , 1996;:B1.
47 +
Zauderer ν Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 US 626 (1985).
48 +
Pollay RW.  Targeting tactics in selling smoke: youthful aspects of 20thcentury cigarette advertising . J Market Theor Pract . 1995;;3:1-22.
49 +
United States ν Edge Broadcasting Co, 113 SCt 2696 (1993).
50 +
Jacobson ν Massachusetts, 197 US 11 (1905).
51 +
In re McCauley, 409 Mass 134, 565 NE2d 411 (1991).
52 +
Cincinnati ν Discovery Network Ine, 507 US 410 (1993).
53 +
Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Chicago, 111: University of Chicago Press; 1962;.
54 +
54. Ohralik ν Ohio State Bar Assoc, 436 US 447, 462 (1978).
55 +
Oklalioma Telecasters Assn ν Crisp, 699 F2d 490 (10th Cir 1983)
56 +
rev'd on other grounds sub nom, Capital Cities Cable ν Crisp, 467 US 691 (1984).
57 +
Blasi V, Monaghan HP.  The First Amendment and cigarette advertising . JAMA . 1986;;256:502-509.
58 +
Meyers ML, Iscoe C, Jennings C, Lenox W, Minxky E, Sacks A. Federal Trade Commission Staff Report on the Cigarette Advertising Investigation . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1981;.
59 +
Federal Trade Commission. Report to Congress Pursuant to the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, for the Year 1978 . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1979;.
60 +
Pittsburgh Press Co ν Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, 413 US 376 (1973).
61 +
RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company.  We don't advertise to children . Time Magazine . (April 9) , 1984;:91.
62 +
Dubow JS.  A camel wronged . Food Bever Market . (February) 1992;;11:13.
63 +
Fischer PM, Richards JW Jr, Berman EJ, Krugman DM.  Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements . JAMA . 1989;; 261:84-89.
64 +
DiFranza JR, Richards JW, Paulman PM, et al.  RJR Nabisco's cartoon camel promotes camel cigarettes to children . JAMA . 1991;;266:3149-3153.
65 +
Pierce JP, Gilpin E, Burn DM, Whalen E, et al.  Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? evidence from California . JAMA . 1991;; 266:3154-3158.
66 +
Levin G.  Poll shows Camel ads are effective with kids . Advertising Age . 1992;,63:12.
67 +
DiFranza JR, Aisquith BF.  Does the Joe Camel campaign preferentially reach 18-24-year-old adults? Tobacco Control . 1995;;4:367-371.
68 +
George H.  Gallup International Institute . Teenage Attitudes and Behavior Concerning Tobacco: Report of the Findings . Princeton, NJ: George H Gallup International Institute; 1992;.
69 +
Schwartz J.  1973 cigarette company memo proposed new brand for teens . Washington Post . (October 4) , 1995;:A2.
70 +
Kwechansky Marketing Research. Project Plus/Minus-3 or Cry 11 . Montreal, Quebec: Imperial Tobacco; May 7, 1982;.
71 +
Anheuser-Busch ν Schmoke, F 3d (4th Cir 1996), affirming, 63 F3d 1305 (1995).
72 +
Penn Advertising of Baltimore ν Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, F.3d (4th Cir 1996), affirming, 63 F3d 1318 (1995).
73 +
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp ν Public Service Commission of New York, 447 US 557 (1980).
74 +
Florida Bar ν Went for It Ine, 115 SCt 2371, 2376 (1995).
75 +
Posadas de Puerto Rico ν Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 478 US 328 (1986).
76 +
Edenfield ν Fane, 507 US 761, 770-771 (1993).
77 +
Ibanez ν Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Board of Accountancy, 512 US 136 (1994).
78 +
Board of Trustees of the State University of New York ν Fox, 498 US 887 (1989).
79 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Cigarette smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost: United States, 1990 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1993;;42:645-649.
80 +
Lynch BS, Bonnie RI, eds. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths . Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 1994;.
81 +
US Food and Drug Administration. Executive Summary: The Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents . Rockville, Md: Food and Drug Administration; 1996;.
82 +
Nelson DI, Giovino, Shopland DR, Mowery PD, Mills SL, Eriksen MP.  Trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents, 1974 through 1991 . Am J Public Health . 1995;;85:34-40.
83 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  Office of Smoking and Health and Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Tobacco use and usual source of cigarettes among high school students: United States, 1995 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1996;;45:413-418.
84 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State Tobacco Control Highlights, 1996 . Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Function and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health; 1996;. CDC publication 099-4895.
85 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Cigarette smoking among adults: United States, 1993 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:925-929.
86 +
DiFranza JR, Tye JB.  Who profits from tobacco sales to children? JAMA . 1990;;263:2784-2787.
87 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress, A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1989. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 89-8411.
88 +
Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Health C. Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950-2000 . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1994;.
89 +
Gold DR, Wang X, Wypij D, Speizer FE, Ware JH, Dockery DW.  Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:931-937.
90 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Medical-care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking: 1993 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;434:469-472.
91 +
Hearings Before The US Senate Finance Committee, April 28,1994 (statement of Clyde Behney and Maria Hewift on smoking-related deaths and financial costs, Office of Technology Assessment).
92 +
Cummings KM, Sciandra E, Pechacek TF, et al.  Comparison of the cigarette brand preferences of adult and teenaged smokers, United States, 1989, and 10 US communities, 1988 and 1990 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1992;;41:169-173, 179-181.
93 +
Chapman S.  The limitations in econometric analysis in cigarette advertising studies . Br J Addict . 1989;;84:1267-1274.
94 +
Warner KE, Ernster VL, Holbrook JH, et al.  Public policy on smoking and health: toward a smoke-free generation by the year 2000 . Circulation . 1986;; 73:381A-395A.
95 +
Federal Trade Commission. Report to Congress for 1993, Pursuant to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1995;.
96 +
Evans N, Farkas A, Gilpin E, Berry C, Pierce JP.  Influence of tobacco marketing and exposure to smokers on adolescent susceptibility to smoking . J Nati Cancer Inst . 1995;;87:1538-1545.
97 +
Pollay RW, Siddarth S, Siegel M, et al.  The last straw? cigarette advertising and realized market shares among youths and adults, 1979-1993 . Market . 1996;;60:1-16.
98 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Changes in cigarette brand preferences of adolescent smokers: United States, 1989-1993 . MMWR . 1994;; 43:577-588.
99 +
Fischer PM, Schwartz MP, Richards JW Jr, Goldstein AO, Rojas TH.  Brand logo recognition by children aged 3 to 6 years: Mickey Mouse and Old Joe the Camel . JAMA . 1991;;266:3145-3148.
100 +
Mizerski R.  The relationship between cartoon trade character recognition and attitude toward product category in young children . J Market . 1995;;59: 58-70.
101 +
Henke LL.  Young children's perceptions of cigarette brand advertising symbols: awareness, affect and target market identification . In: King KW, ed. Proceedings of the 1994 American Academy of Advertising . Athens: University of Georgia Press; 1994;.
102 +
Chapman S.  The ethics of tobacco advertising and advertising bans . Br Med Bull . 1996;;52:121-131.
103 +
Tye JB, Warner KE, Glantz SA.  Tobacco advertising and consumption: evidence of a causal relationship . Public Health Policy . 1987;;8:492-509.
104 +
Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Survey of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use Among Ninth-Grade Students in Erie County, 1992 . Buffalo, NY: Roswell Park Cancer Institute; 1993;.
105 +
Coytaus R, Altman D, Slade J.  Tobacco promotion in the hands of youth . Tobacco Control . 1995;;4:253-257.
106 +
Blum A.  The Marlboro Grand Prix: circumvention of the television ban on tobacco advertising . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:913-917.
107 +
Meier KS.  Tobacco truths: the impact of role models on children's attitudes toward smoking . Health Educ Q . 1991;;18:173-182.
108 +
Ledwith F.  Does tobacco sports sponsorship on television act as advertising to children? Health Educ Q . 1984;;10:85-88.
109 +
Slade J.  Tobacco product advertising during motorsport broadcasts . In: Slama K, ed. Tobacco and Health . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1995;:925-927.
110 +
In re BMJ, Ahí, US 191, 203 (1982).

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Regulations restricting and sale and distribution of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco to protect children and adolescents; Final Rule, 21 CFR Part 801, et seq; August 28, 1996.
2 +
79 Stat 283 (1965).
3 +
American Advertising Federation et al ν David Kessler and the US Food and Drug Administration, Civil Action No. 2:95CV00593 in the US District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina Greensboro Division; August 10 1995
4 +
21 USC 201 et seq.
5 +
21 USC 360j(e).
6 +
Zieve AM.  FDA's proposed regulation of the sale and promotion of tobacco products to minors . Public Health Rep . 1996;;111:280-285.
7 +
Kessler DA, Witt AM, Bamett PS, et al.  The Food and Drug Administration's regulation of tobacco products . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:988-994.
8 +
Food and Drug Administration. Nicotine in Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco Is a Drug and These Products Are Nicotine Delivery Devices Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Jurisdictional Determination . Rockville, Md: Food and Drug Administration; 1996;.
9 +
The Controlled Substances Act (1970), 21 USC 802(6).
10 +
The Consumer Product Safety Act (1972), 12 USC 2052(a)(1)(B), amended in 1976 to exclude tobacco, Pub L 94-284.
11 +
US ν Forty Cartons More or Less, Containing Fairfax Cigarettes, 113 F Supp 336 (1953).
12 +
US ν 35i Bulk Cartons...Trim Reducing-Aid Cigarettes, 178 F. Supp. 847 (D. N. J. 1959).
13 +
Action on Smoking and Health ν Harris, 655 F2d 236 (DC Cir 1980).
14 +
Neuberger MB. Smoke Screen: Tobacco and the Public Welfare . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1963;.
15 +
Fritschler AL. Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1989;.
16 +
Badger M. Prosperity Road: The New Deal, Tobacco, and North Carolina . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1980;.
17 +
US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare. Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1964. US Public Health Service publication 1103.
18 +
Thompson EL.  Smoking education programs, 1960-1976 . Am J Public Health . 1978;;68:250-257.
19 +
Brandt AM.  The cigarette, risk, and American culture . Daedalus . 1990;; 119:155-176.
20 +
Arno PS, Brandt AM, Gostin LO, Morgan J.  Tobacco industry strategies to oppose federal regulation . JAMA . 1996;;275:1258-1262.
21 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1986.
22 +
National Research Council, Committee on Passive Smoking. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986;.
23 +
Rigotti NA, Pashos CL.  No-smoking laws in the United States: an analysis of state and city actions to limit smoking in public places and workplaces . JAMA . 1991;;266:3162-3167.
24 +
Ecobichon DJ, Wu JM. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Proceedings of the International Symposium at McGill University . Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books; 1990;.
25 +
Davis RM, Boyd GM, Schoenborn CA.  'Common courtesy' and the elimination of passive smoking . JAMA . 1990;;263:2208-2210.
26 +
Jacobson PD, Wasserman J, Raube K.  The politics of antismoking legislation . J Health Polit Policy Law . 1993;;18:787-819.
27 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking, Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1988.
28 +
Taioli E, Wynder EL.  Effect of the age at which smoking begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood . N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:968-969.
29 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1994.
30 +
Institute of Medicine. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youth . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994;.
31 +
Glantz SA, Barnes DE, Bero L, Hanauer P, Slade J.  Looking through a keyhole at the tobacco industry: the Brown and Williamson documents . JAMA . 1995;;274:219-224.
32 +
Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero L, Hanauer P, Barnes DE. The Cigarette Papers . Berkeley: University of California Press; 1996;.
33 +
Hilts PJ. Smokescreen: The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-up . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1996;.
34 +
Meiklejohn A. Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government 65 . New York, NY: Harper; 1948;.
35 +
Law SA.  Addiction, autonomy, and advertising . Iowa Law Rev . 1992;;77: 909-955.
36 +
Beauchamp DE. The Health of the Republic: Epidemics, Medicine, and Moralism as Challenges to Democracy H7 . Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press; 1988;.
37 +
Virginia Pharmacy Board ν Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, 425 US 748, 762 (1976).
38 +
Bolger ν Youngs Drug Products Ine, 463 US 60, 68 (1983).
39 +
U Liquormart Ine ν Rhode Island, 116 SCt 1495, 1507 (1996).
40 +
Rubin, Secretary of the Treasury ν Coors Brewing Co, 115 SCt 1585 (1995).
41 +
Carey ν Popidation Services Int'l, 431 US 678 (1977).
42 +
Bigelow ν Virginia, 421 US 809 (1975).
43 +
Bates ν State of Bar of Arizona, 433 US 350, 364 (1977).
44 +
RJR-MacDonald Ine ν Attorney General of Canada, 31 CRR (2d) 189 (1995).
45 +
Zieve AM, Morrison AB. Comments of Public Citizen, Ine Regarding the FDA's Proposal to Regulate the Sale and Promotion of Tobacco Products to Minors . Washington, DC: Public Citizen Litigation Group; 1996;.
46 +
Parker-Pope T.  Tough tobacco-ad rules light creative fires . Wall Street Journal . (October 9) , 1996;:B1.
47 +
Zauderer ν Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 US 626 (1985).
48 +
Pollay RW.  Targeting tactics in selling smoke: youthful aspects of 20thcentury cigarette advertising . J Market Theor Pract . 1995;;3:1-22.
49 +
United States ν Edge Broadcasting Co, 113 SCt 2696 (1993).
50 +
Jacobson ν Massachusetts, 197 US 11 (1905).
51 +
In re McCauley, 409 Mass 134, 565 NE2d 411 (1991).
52 +
Cincinnati ν Discovery Network Ine, 507 US 410 (1993).
53 +
Kuhn TS. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Chicago, 111: University of Chicago Press; 1962;.
54 +
54. Ohralik ν Ohio State Bar Assoc, 436 US 447, 462 (1978).
55 +
Oklalioma Telecasters Assn ν Crisp, 699 F2d 490 (10th Cir 1983)
56 +
rev'd on other grounds sub nom, Capital Cities Cable ν Crisp, 467 US 691 (1984).
57 +
Blasi V, Monaghan HP.  The First Amendment and cigarette advertising . JAMA . 1986;;256:502-509.
58 +
Meyers ML, Iscoe C, Jennings C, Lenox W, Minxky E, Sacks A. Federal Trade Commission Staff Report on the Cigarette Advertising Investigation . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1981;.
59 +
Federal Trade Commission. Report to Congress Pursuant to the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, for the Year 1978 . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1979;.
60 +
Pittsburgh Press Co ν Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, 413 US 376 (1973).
61 +
RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company.  We don't advertise to children . Time Magazine . (April 9) , 1984;:91.
62 +
Dubow JS.  A camel wronged . Food Bever Market . (February) 1992;;11:13.
63 +
Fischer PM, Richards JW Jr, Berman EJ, Krugman DM.  Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements . JAMA . 1989;; 261:84-89.
64 +
DiFranza JR, Richards JW, Paulman PM, et al.  RJR Nabisco's cartoon camel promotes camel cigarettes to children . JAMA . 1991;;266:3149-3153.
65 +
Pierce JP, Gilpin E, Burn DM, Whalen E, et al.  Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? evidence from California . JAMA . 1991;; 266:3154-3158.
66 +
Levin G.  Poll shows Camel ads are effective with kids . Advertising Age . 1992;,63:12.
67 +
DiFranza JR, Aisquith BF.  Does the Joe Camel campaign preferentially reach 18-24-year-old adults? Tobacco Control . 1995;;4:367-371.
68 +
George H.  Gallup International Institute . Teenage Attitudes and Behavior Concerning Tobacco: Report of the Findings . Princeton, NJ: George H Gallup International Institute; 1992;.
69 +
Schwartz J.  1973 cigarette company memo proposed new brand for teens . Washington Post . (October 4) , 1995;:A2.
70 +
Kwechansky Marketing Research. Project Plus/Minus-3 or Cry 11 . Montreal, Quebec: Imperial Tobacco; May 7, 1982;.
71 +
Anheuser-Busch ν Schmoke, F 3d (4th Cir 1996), affirming, 63 F3d 1305 (1995).
72 +
Penn Advertising of Baltimore ν Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, F.3d (4th Cir 1996), affirming, 63 F3d 1318 (1995).
73 +
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp ν Public Service Commission of New York, 447 US 557 (1980).
74 +
Florida Bar ν Went for It Ine, 115 SCt 2371, 2376 (1995).
75 +
Posadas de Puerto Rico ν Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, 478 US 328 (1986).
76 +
Edenfield ν Fane, 507 US 761, 770-771 (1993).
77 +
Ibanez ν Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Board of Accountancy, 512 US 136 (1994).
78 +
Board of Trustees of the State University of New York ν Fox, 498 US 887 (1989).
79 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Cigarette smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost: United States, 1990 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1993;;42:645-649.
80 +
Lynch BS, Bonnie RI, eds. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths . Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 1994;.
81 +
US Food and Drug Administration. Executive Summary: The Regulations Restricting the Sale and Distribution of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco to Protect Children and Adolescents . Rockville, Md: Food and Drug Administration; 1996;.
82 +
Nelson DI, Giovino, Shopland DR, Mowery PD, Mills SL, Eriksen MP.  Trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents, 1974 through 1991 . Am J Public Health . 1995;;85:34-40.
83 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  Office of Smoking and Health and Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Tobacco use and usual source of cigarettes among high school students: United States, 1995 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1996;;45:413-418.
84 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State Tobacco Control Highlights, 1996 . Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Function and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health; 1996;. CDC publication 099-4895.
85 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Cigarette smoking among adults: United States, 1993 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;43:925-929.
86 +
DiFranza JR, Tye JB.  Who profits from tobacco sales to children? JAMA . 1990;;263:2784-2787.
87 +
US Dept of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress, A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1989. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 89-8411.
88 +
Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Health C. Mortality From Smoking in Developed Countries, 1950-2000 . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1994;.
89 +
Gold DR, Wang X, Wypij D, Speizer FE, Ware JH, Dockery DW.  Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls . N Engl J Med . 1996;;335:931-937.
90 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Medical-care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking: 1993 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1994;;434:469-472.
91 +
Hearings Before The US Senate Finance Committee, April 28,1994 (statement of Clyde Behney and Maria Hewift on smoking-related deaths and financial costs, Office of Technology Assessment).
92 +
Cummings KM, Sciandra E, Pechacek TF, et al.  Comparison of the cigarette brand preferences of adult and teenaged smokers, United States, 1989, and 10 US communities, 1988 and 1990 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1992;;41:169-173, 179-181.
93 +
Chapman S.  The limitations in econometric analysis in cigarette advertising studies . Br J Addict . 1989;;84:1267-1274.
94 +
Warner KE, Ernster VL, Holbrook JH, et al.  Public policy on smoking and health: toward a smoke-free generation by the year 2000 . Circulation . 1986;; 73:381A-395A.
95 +
Federal Trade Commission. Report to Congress for 1993, Pursuant to the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission; 1995;.
96 +
Evans N, Farkas A, Gilpin E, Berry C, Pierce JP.  Influence of tobacco marketing and exposure to smokers on adolescent susceptibility to smoking . J Nati Cancer Inst . 1995;;87:1538-1545.
97 +
Pollay RW, Siddarth S, Siegel M, et al.  The last straw? cigarette advertising and realized market shares among youths and adults, 1979-1993 . Market . 1996;;60:1-16.
98 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Changes in cigarette brand preferences of adolescent smokers: United States, 1989-1993 . MMWR . 1994;; 43:577-588.
99 +
Fischer PM, Schwartz MP, Richards JW Jr, Goldstein AO, Rojas TH.  Brand logo recognition by children aged 3 to 6 years: Mickey Mouse and Old Joe the Camel . JAMA . 1991;;266:3145-3148.
100 +
Mizerski R.  The relationship between cartoon trade character recognition and attitude toward product category in young children . J Market . 1995;;59: 58-70.
101 +
Henke LL.  Young children's perceptions of cigarette brand advertising symbols: awareness, affect and target market identification . In: King KW, ed. Proceedings of the 1994 American Academy of Advertising . Athens: University of Georgia Press; 1994;.
102 +
Chapman S.  The ethics of tobacco advertising and advertising bans . Br Med Bull . 1996;;52:121-131.
103 +
Tye JB, Warner KE, Glantz SA.  Tobacco advertising and consumption: evidence of a causal relationship . Public Health Policy . 1987;;8:492-509.
104 +
Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Survey of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use Among Ninth-Grade Students in Erie County, 1992 . Buffalo, NY: Roswell Park Cancer Institute; 1993;.
105 +
Coytaus R, Altman D, Slade J.  Tobacco promotion in the hands of youth . Tobacco Control . 1995;;4:253-257.
106 +
Blum A.  The Marlboro Grand Prix: circumvention of the television ban on tobacco advertising . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:913-917.
107 +
Meier KS.  Tobacco truths: the impact of role models on children's attitudes toward smoking . Health Educ Q . 1991;;18:173-182.
108 +
Ledwith F.  Does tobacco sports sponsorship on television act as advertising to children? Health Educ Q . 1984;;10:85-88.
109 +
Slade J.  Tobacco product advertising during motorsport broadcasts . In: Slama K, ed. Tobacco and Health . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1995;:925-927.
110 +
In re BMJ, Ahí, US 191, 203 (1982).

Letters

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Response

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems