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May 28, 1997, Vol 277, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | May 28, 1997

Effects of Oral Potassium on Blood Pressure: Title and subTitle BreakMeta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials FREE

Paul K. Whelton, MD, MSc; Jiang He, MD, PhD; Jeffrey A. Cutler, MD, MPH; Frederick L. Brancati, MD, MHS; Lawrence J. Appel, MD, MPH; Dean Follmann, PhD; Michael J. Klag, MD, MPH
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprints: Paul K. Whelton, MD, MSc, Office of the Dean, 17th Floor, 1501 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112.


JAMA. 1997;277(20):1624-1632. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540440058033
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References

Objective.  —To assess the effects of supplementation with oral potassium on blood pressure in humans.

Design.  —Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Data Sources.  —English-language articles published before July 1995.

Study Selection.  —Thirty-three randomized controlled trials (2609 participants) in which potassium supplementation was the only difference between the intervention and control conditions.

Data Extraction.  —Using a standardized protocol, 2 of us independently abstracted information on sample size, duration, study design, potassium dose, participant characteristics, and treatment results.

Results.  —By means of a random-effects model, findings from individual trials were pooled, after results for each trial were weighted by the inverse of its variance. An extreme effect of potassium in lowering blood pressure was noted in 1 trial. After exclusion of this trial, potassium supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in mean (95% confidence interval) systolic and diastolic blood pressure of-3.11 mm Hg (-1.91 to-4.31 mm Hg) and-1.97 mm Hg (-0.52 to-3.42 mm Hg), respectively. Effects of treatment appeared to be enhanced in studies in which participants were concurrently exposed to a high intake of sodium.

Conclusions.  —Our results support the premise that low potassium intake may play an important role in the genesis of high blood pressure. Increased potassium intake should be considered as a recommendation for prevention and treatment of hypertension, especially in those who are unable to reduce their intake of sodium.

REFERENCES

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2 +
Whelton PK.  Epidemiology of hypertension . Lancet . 1994;;344:101-106.
3 +
Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.  Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion . BMJ . 1988;;297:319-328.
4 +
Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Cohen NM, Wale CJ, Thomson AG.  British Regional Heart Study: cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men in 24 towns . BMJ . 1981;;283:179-186.
5 +
Bruce N, Wannamethee G, Shaper AG.  Lifestyle factors associated with geographic blood pressure variations among men and women in the UK . J Hum Hypertens . 1993;;7:229-238.
6 +
Smith WC, Crombie IK, Tavendale RT, Gulland SK, Tunstall-Pedoe H.  Urinary electrolyte excretion, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure in the Scottish Heart Health Study . BMJ . 1988;;297:329-330.
7 +
Prior IAM, Stanhope JM, Evans JG, Salmond CE.  The Tokelau Island Migrant Study . Int J Epidemiol . 1974;;3:225-232.
8 +
Sever PS, Gordon D, Peart WS, Beighton P.  Blood pressure and its correlates in urban and tribal Africa . Lancet . 1980;;2:60-64.
9 +
Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, et al.  The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure . BMJ . 1990;;300: 967-972.
10 +
He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, et al.  Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension . Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134:1085-1101.
11 +
Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension.  Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension . Arch Intern Med . 1993;; 153:186-208.
12 +
Beilin LJ.  Diet and hypertension: critical concepts and controversies . J Hypertens . 1987;;5( (suppl 5) ):S447-S457.
13 +
Walker WG, Whelton PK, Saito H, Russell RP, Hermann J.  Relation between blood pressure and renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium in 574 ambulatory subjects . Hypertension . 1979;;1:287-291.
14 +
Lever AF, Beretta-Piccoli C, Brown JJ, Davies DL, Fraser R, Robertson JS.  Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension . BMJ . 1981;;283:463-468.
15 +
Khaw KT, Rose G.  Population study of blood pressure and associated factors in St Lucia, West Indies . Int J Epidemiol . 1982;;11:372-377.
16 +
Langford HG.  Dietary potassium and hypertension: epidemiologic data . Ann Intern Med . 1983;;98: 770-772.
17 +
Dai WS, Kuller LH, Miller G.  Arterial blood pressure and urinary electrolytes . J Chronic Dis . 1984;; 37:75-84.
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Simpson FO.  Monovalent and divalent cations in hypertension . Prev Med . 1985;;14:436-450.
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Reed D, McGee D, Yano K, Hankin J.  Diet, blood pressure, and multicollinearity . Hypertension . 1985;; 7:405-410.
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Priddle WW.  Observations on the management of hypertension . Can Med Assoc J . 1931;;25:5-8.
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McQuarrie I, Thompson WH, Anderson JA.  Effects of excessive ingestion of sodium and potassium salts on carbohydrate metabolism and blood pressure in diabetic children . J Nutr . 1936;;11:77-101.
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Burstyn P, Hornall D, Watchorn C.  Sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure . BMJ . 1980;;2: 537-539.
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Parfrey PS, Wright P, Holly JMP, et al.  Blood pressure and hormonal changes following alteration in dietary sodium and potassium in young men with and without a familial predisposition to hypertension . Lancet . 1981;;1:113-117.
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Parfrey PS, Wright P, Goodwin FJ, et al.  Blood pressure and hormonal changes following alteration in dietary sodium and potassium in mild essential hypertension . Lancet . 1981;;1:59-63.
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Holly JMP, Goodwin FJ, Evans SJW, Vandenburg MJ, Ledingham JM.  Re-analysis of data in two Lancet papers on the effect of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure . Lancet . 1981;;2:1384-1386.
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Gillum RF, Prineas RJ, Kebede J.  Independent effects of Na reduction and K supplementation on blood pressure . Am Heart J . 1982;;103:449.
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Morgan TO.  The effect of potassium and bicarbonate ions on the rise in blood pressure caused by sodium chloride . Clin Sci . 1982;;63:407s-409s.
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Smith SJ, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Poston L, Hilton PJ, MacGregor GA.  Does potassium lower blood pressure by increasing sodium excretion? a metabolic study in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension . J Hypertens . 1983;;1:27-30.
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Overlack A, Muller H-M, Kolloch R, et al.  Long-term antihypertensive effect of oral potassium in essential hypertension . J Hypertens . 1983;;1( (suppl 2) ): 165-167.
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Fujita T, Ando K.  Hemodynamic and endocrine changes associated with potassium supplementation in sodium-loaded hypertensive . Hypertension . 1984;; 6:184-192.
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Jeffery RW, Pirie PL, Elmer PJ, et al.  Low-sodium, high-potassium diet: feasibility and acceptability in a normotensive population . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:492-494.
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Tabuchi Y, Ogihara T, Gotoh S, Masuo K, Hashizume K, Kumahara Y.  Hypotensive mechanism of potassium supplementation in salt-loaded patients with essential hypertension . J Clin Hypertens . 1985;; 2:145-152.
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Weissberg PL, West MJ, Kendall MJ, Ingram M, Woods KL.  Effect of changes in dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure and cellular electrolyte handling in young normotensive subjects . J Hypertens . 1985;;3:475-480.
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Budrikis G.  Potassium supplements for hypertension: lessons learned from a trial in general practice . Aust Fam Phys . 1985;;14:1340-1341.
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Os I, Kjeldsen SE, Westheim A, et al.  The effect of sodium depletion and potassium supplementation on vasopressin, renin and catecholamines in hypertensive men . Acta Med Scand . 1986;;220:195-203.
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Miller JZ, Weinberger MH.  Blood pressure response to sodium restriction and potassium supplementation in healthy normotensive children . Clin Exp Theory Pract . 1986;;4-5:823-827.
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Arzilli F, Taddei S, Graziadei L, Bichisao E, Giovannetti R, Salvetti A.  Potassium-rich and sodiumpoor salt reduces blood pressure in hospitalized patients . J Hypertens . 1986;;4:S347-S350.
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Miller JZ, Weinberger MH, Christian JC.  Blood pressure response to potassium supplementation in normotensive adults and children . Hypertension . 1987;; 10:437-442.
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Forrester TE, Grell GAC.  Changes in red cell sodium content and blood pressure levels with potassium supplementation in black hypertensive patients . West Indian Med J . 1988;;37:92-96.
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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
References 21, 23, 29-32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42.
2 +
Whelton PK.  Epidemiology of hypertension . Lancet . 1994;;344:101-106.
3 +
Intersalt Cooperative Research Group.  Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion . BMJ . 1988;;297:319-328.
4 +
Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Cohen NM, Wale CJ, Thomson AG.  British Regional Heart Study: cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men in 24 towns . BMJ . 1981;;283:179-186.
5 +
Bruce N, Wannamethee G, Shaper AG.  Lifestyle factors associated with geographic blood pressure variations among men and women in the UK . J Hum Hypertens . 1993;;7:229-238.
6 +
Smith WC, Crombie IK, Tavendale RT, Gulland SK, Tunstall-Pedoe H.  Urinary electrolyte excretion, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure in the Scottish Heart Health Study . BMJ . 1988;;297:329-330.
7 +
Prior IAM, Stanhope JM, Evans JG, Salmond CE.  The Tokelau Island Migrant Study . Int J Epidemiol . 1974;;3:225-232.
8 +
Sever PS, Gordon D, Peart WS, Beighton P.  Blood pressure and its correlates in urban and tribal Africa . Lancet . 1980;;2:60-64.
9 +
Poulter NR, Khaw KT, Hopwood BE, et al.  The Kenyan Luo migration study: observations on the initiation of a rise in blood pressure . BMJ . 1990;;300: 967-972.
10 +
He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, et al.  Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension . Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134:1085-1101.
11 +
Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension.  Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Primary Prevention of Hypertension . Arch Intern Med . 1993;; 153:186-208.
12 +
Beilin LJ.  Diet and hypertension: critical concepts and controversies . J Hypertens . 1987;;5( (suppl 5) ):S447-S457.
13 +
Walker WG, Whelton PK, Saito H, Russell RP, Hermann J.  Relation between blood pressure and renin, renin substrate, angiotensin II, aldosterone and urinary sodium and potassium in 574 ambulatory subjects . Hypertension . 1979;;1:287-291.
14 +
Lever AF, Beretta-Piccoli C, Brown JJ, Davies DL, Fraser R, Robertson JS.  Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension . BMJ . 1981;;283:463-468.
15 +
Khaw KT, Rose G.  Population study of blood pressure and associated factors in St Lucia, West Indies . Int J Epidemiol . 1982;;11:372-377.
16 +
Langford HG.  Dietary potassium and hypertension: epidemiologic data . Ann Intern Med . 1983;;98: 770-772.
17 +
Dai WS, Kuller LH, Miller G.  Arterial blood pressure and urinary electrolytes . J Chronic Dis . 1984;; 37:75-84.
18 +
Simpson FO.  Monovalent and divalent cations in hypertension . Prev Med . 1985;;14:436-450.
19 +
Reed D, McGee D, Yano K, Hankin J.  Diet, blood pressure, and multicollinearity . Hypertension . 1985;; 7:405-410.
20 +
Addison WLT.  The use of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bromide and potassium bromide in cases of arterial hypertension which are amenable to potassium chloride . Can Med Assoc J . 1928;; 18:281-285.
21 +
Priddle WW.  Observations on the management of hypertension . Can Med Assoc J . 1931;;25:5-8.
22 +
McQuarrie I, Thompson WH, Anderson JA.  Effects of excessive ingestion of sodium and potassium salts on carbohydrate metabolism and blood pressure in diabetic children . J Nutr . 1936;;11:77-101.
23 +
Gros G, Weller JM, Hoobler SW.  Relationship of sodium and potassium intake to blood pressure . Am J Clin Nutr . 1971;;24:605-608.
24 +
Mickelson O, Makdani D, Gill JL, Frank RL.  Sodium and potassium intakes and excretions of normal men consuming sodium chloride or a 1:1 mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides . Am J Clin Nutr . 1977;;30:2033-2040.
25 +
Burstyn P, Hornall D, Watchorn C.  Sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure . BMJ . 1980;;2: 537-539.
26 +
Iimura O, Kijima T, Kikuchi K, et al.  Studies on the hypotensive effect of high potassium intake in patients with essential hypertension . Clin Sci . 1981;; 61( (suppl 7) ):77s-80s.
27 +
Parfrey PS, Wright P, Holly JMP, et al.  Blood pressure and hormonal changes following alteration in dietary sodium and potassium in young men with and without a familial predisposition to hypertension . Lancet . 1981;;1:113-117.
28 +
Parfrey PS, Wright P, Goodwin FJ, et al.  Blood pressure and hormonal changes following alteration in dietary sodium and potassium in mild essential hypertension . Lancet . 1981;;1:59-63.
29 +
Holly JMP, Goodwin FJ, Evans SJW, Vandenburg MJ, Ledingham JM.  Re-analysis of data in two Lancet papers on the effect of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure . Lancet . 1981;;2:1384-1386.
30 +
Gillum RF, Prineas RJ, Kebede J.  Independent effects of Na reduction and K supplementation on blood pressure . Am Heart J . 1982;;103:449.
31 +
Morgan TO.  The effect of potassium and bicarbonate ions on the rise in blood pressure caused by sodium chloride . Clin Sci . 1982;;63:407s-409s.
32 +
Smith SJ, Markandu ND, Sagnella GA, Poston L, Hilton PJ, MacGregor GA.  Does potassium lower blood pressure by increasing sodium excretion? a metabolic study in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension . J Hypertens . 1983;;1:27-30.
33 +
Overlack A, Muller H-M, Kolloch R, et al.  Long-term antihypertensive effect of oral potassium in essential hypertension . J Hypertens . 1983;;1( (suppl 2) ): 165-167.
34 +
Fujita T, Ando K.  Hemodynamic and endocrine changes associated with potassium supplementation in sodium-loaded hypertensive . Hypertension . 1984;; 6:184-192.
35 +
Jeffery RW, Pirie PL, Elmer PJ, et al.  Low-sodium, high-potassium diet: feasibility and acceptability in a normotensive population . Am J Public Health . 1984;;74:492-494.
36 +
Tabuchi Y, Ogihara T, Gotoh S, Masuo K, Hashizume K, Kumahara Y.  Hypotensive mechanism of potassium supplementation in salt-loaded patients with essential hypertension . J Clin Hypertens . 1985;; 2:145-152.
37 +
Weissberg PL, West MJ, Kendall MJ, Ingram M, Woods KL.  Effect of changes in dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure and cellular electrolyte handling in young normotensive subjects . J Hypertens . 1985;;3:475-480.
38 +
Budrikis G.  Potassium supplements for hypertension: lessons learned from a trial in general practice . Aust Fam Phys . 1985;;14:1340-1341.
39 +
Os I, Kjeldsen SE, Westheim A, et al.  The effect of sodium depletion and potassium supplementation on vasopressin, renin and catecholamines in hypertensive men . Acta Med Scand . 1986;;220:195-203.
40 +
Miller JZ, Weinberger MH.  Blood pressure response to sodium restriction and potassium supplementation in healthy normotensive children . Clin Exp Theory Pract . 1986;;4-5:823-827.
41 +
Arzilli F, Taddei S, Graziadei L, Bichisao E, Giovannetti R, Salvetti A.  Potassium-rich and sodiumpoor salt reduces blood pressure in hospitalized patients . J Hypertens . 1986;;4:S347-S350.
42 +
Miller JZ, Weinberger MH, Christian JC.  Blood pressure response to potassium supplementation in normotensive adults and children . Hypertension . 1987;; 10:437-442.
43 +
Forrester TE, Grell GAC.  Changes in red cell sodium content and blood pressure levels with potassium supplementation in black hypertensive patients . West Indian Med J . 1988;;37:92-96.
44 +
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