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January 8, 1997, Vol 277, No. 2 >
ARTICLE | January 8, 1997

Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice: Title and subTitle BreakThe Role of Continuing Medical Education FREE

William Campbell Felch, MD; Donald M. Scanlon, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Dr Felch is the former editor of The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions; Dr Scanlon is chief of cardiology and director of continuing education at the Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula, Monterey, Calif.

Reprints: Donald M. Scanlon, MD, PO Box HH, Monterey, Calif 93942.


JAMA. 1997;277(2):155-156. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540260069039
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References

The dream of medicine for the new millennium1—that the care of patients will be evidence based, supported by carefully designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and validated by focused outcomes studies—will only be fully realized when the major players in the health care arena find improved ways to work together.

See also p 115.

The first player is the research community, that mix of academia, industry, and government that supplies innovations in medical science and technology, including new drugs, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic devices.

The second is the practicing community, mostly physician providers of medical care. This seemingly homogeneous group is in truth a diverse lot, made up of women and men, of soloists and partners, of generalists and specialists, of neophytes and old hands. There are abundant anecdotes suggesting that physicians are unique individuals with widely different characteristics and goals.

The issue confronting us is this: How can

REFERENCES

1 +
Eddy DM. Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice . Sudbury, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 1996;.
2 +
Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Thibault G, Goldman L.  Adverse outcomes of underuse of β-blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction . JAMA . 1997;;277:115-121.
3 +
Brand DA, Newburger LN, Freiburger A, Tain H.  Cardiologists' practices compared with practice guidelines: use of beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1995;;26:1432-1446.
4 +
Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, Chandra NC, et al.  Treatment of myocardial infarction in the United States (1990 to 1993): observations from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction . Circulation . 1994;;90:2103-2114.
5 +
Bertram DA, Brooks-Bertram PA.  The evaluation of continuing medical education: a literature review . Health Educ Monogr . 1977;;5:330-362.
6 +
Stein LS.  The effectiveness of continuing medical education: eight research reports . J Med Educ . 1980;;56:103-110.
7 +
Lloyd JS, Abrahamson S.  Effectiveness of continuing medical education: a review of the evidence . Eval Health Prof . 1979;;2:251-280.
8 +
Sibley JC, Sackett DL, Neufeld V, Gerard B, Rudnick KV, Fraser W.  A randomized controlled trial of continuing medical education . N Engl J Med . 1982;;306:511-515.
9 +
Haynes RB, Davis DA, McKibbon A, Tugwell P.  A critical appraisal of the efficacy of continuing medical education . JAMA . 1984;;251:61-64.
10 +
Knowles M. Self-directed Learning: A Guide for Ledrners and Teachers . New York, NY: Association Press; 1980;.
11 +
Schön DA. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action . New York, NY: Basic Books; 1983;.
12 +
Manning PR.  Continuing medical education: the next step . JAMA . 1983;;249:1042-1045.
13 +
Richards RK. Continuing Medical Education . New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1978;.
14 +
Fox RD, Mazmanian PE, Putnam RW. Changing and Learning in the Lives of Physicians . New York, NY: Praeger; 1989;.
15 +
Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovation . New York, NY: Free Press; 1969;.
16 +
Jennett PA, Swanson RW.  Traditional and new approaches to CME: perception of a variety of CME activities . J Cont Educ Health Prof . 1994;;14:75-82.
17 +
Lockyer J, Parboosingh J, McDougall G, Chugh U.  How physicians integrate advances into clinical practices . Möbius . 1985;;5( (2) ):5-12.
18 +
Maxwell JA, Cohen RM, Reinhard JD.  Effect of a medical care evaluation program on physician knowledge and performance . J Med Educ . 1984;;59:33-38.
19 +
Hiss RG, MacDonald R, Davis WK.  Identification of physician educational influentials in small community hospitals . Proc Annu Conf Red Med Educ . 1978;;17:283-288.
20 +
Richards RK.  Physician self-directed learning: a new perspective for CME, III: the physician and self-directed learning projects . Möbius . 1986;;6( (4) ):1-19.
21 +
Field MJ, Loh KN, eds. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990;.
22 +
Pestonik SL, Classen DC, Evans RS, Burke JP.  Implementing antibiotic practice guidelines through computer-assisted decision support: clinical and financial outcomes . Ann Intern Med . 1996;;124:884-890.
23 +
Tierney WM, Miller ME, Overhage JM, McDonald CJ.  Physician inpatient order writing on microcomputer workstations: effects on resource utiization . JAMA . 1993;;269:379-383.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Eddy DM. Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice . Sudbury, Mass: Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 1996;.
2 +
Soumerai SB, McLaughlin TJ, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Thibault G, Goldman L.  Adverse outcomes of underuse of β-blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction . JAMA . 1997;;277:115-121.
3 +
Brand DA, Newburger LN, Freiburger A, Tain H.  Cardiologists' practices compared with practice guidelines: use of beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1995;;26:1432-1446.
4 +
Rogers WJ, Bowlby LJ, Chandra NC, et al.  Treatment of myocardial infarction in the United States (1990 to 1993): observations from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction . Circulation . 1994;;90:2103-2114.
5 +
Bertram DA, Brooks-Bertram PA.  The evaluation of continuing medical education: a literature review . Health Educ Monogr . 1977;;5:330-362.
6 +
Stein LS.  The effectiveness of continuing medical education: eight research reports . J Med Educ . 1980;;56:103-110.
7 +
Lloyd JS, Abrahamson S.  Effectiveness of continuing medical education: a review of the evidence . Eval Health Prof . 1979;;2:251-280.
8 +
Sibley JC, Sackett DL, Neufeld V, Gerard B, Rudnick KV, Fraser W.  A randomized controlled trial of continuing medical education . N Engl J Med . 1982;;306:511-515.
9 +
Haynes RB, Davis DA, McKibbon A, Tugwell P.  A critical appraisal of the efficacy of continuing medical education . JAMA . 1984;;251:61-64.
10 +
Knowles M. Self-directed Learning: A Guide for Ledrners and Teachers . New York, NY: Association Press; 1980;.
11 +
Schön DA. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action . New York, NY: Basic Books; 1983;.
12 +
Manning PR.  Continuing medical education: the next step . JAMA . 1983;;249:1042-1045.
13 +
Richards RK. Continuing Medical Education . New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1978;.
14 +
Fox RD, Mazmanian PE, Putnam RW. Changing and Learning in the Lives of Physicians . New York, NY: Praeger; 1989;.
15 +
Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovation . New York, NY: Free Press; 1969;.
16 +
Jennett PA, Swanson RW.  Traditional and new approaches to CME: perception of a variety of CME activities . J Cont Educ Health Prof . 1994;;14:75-82.
17 +
Lockyer J, Parboosingh J, McDougall G, Chugh U.  How physicians integrate advances into clinical practices . Möbius . 1985;;5( (2) ):5-12.
18 +
Maxwell JA, Cohen RM, Reinhard JD.  Effect of a medical care evaluation program on physician knowledge and performance . J Med Educ . 1984;;59:33-38.
19 +
Hiss RG, MacDonald R, Davis WK.  Identification of physician educational influentials in small community hospitals . Proc Annu Conf Red Med Educ . 1978;;17:283-288.
20 +
Richards RK.  Physician self-directed learning: a new perspective for CME, III: the physician and self-directed learning projects . Möbius . 1986;;6( (4) ):1-19.
21 +
Field MJ, Loh KN, eds. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990;.
22 +
Pestonik SL, Classen DC, Evans RS, Burke JP.  Implementing antibiotic practice guidelines through computer-assisted decision support: clinical and financial outcomes . Ann Intern Med . 1996;;124:884-890.
23 +
Tierney WM, Miller ME, Overhage JM, McDonald CJ.  Physician inpatient order writing on microcomputer workstations: effects on resource utiization . JAMA . 1993;;269:379-383.

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