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July 17, 1996, Vol 276, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | July 17, 1996

Performance-Enhancing Drugs, Fair Competition, and Olympic Sport FREE

Don H. Catlin, MD; Thomas H. Murray, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprints: Don H. Catlin, MD, UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, 2122 Granville Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90025-6106.


JAMA. 1996;276(3):231-237. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540030065034
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Article
References

Drug control has become an important component of Olympic sport. At the Atlanta Centennial Olympic Games, urine samples will be tested for prohibited substances, including stimulants, narcotics, anabolic agents, diuretics, peptides, and glycoprotein hormones as well as prohibited methods of enhancing performance, including blood doping and pharmacological, chemical, and physical manipulation of the urine. Drug testing programs must address short-acting stimulants, β-blockers, and diuretics; training drugs such as anabolic steroids; and drugs affecting the detectability of other drugs. Programs include short- or no-notice testing during training periods, testing at qualifying competitions, and testing at the Olympic Games. Procedures and disposition that occur when a prohibited substance is found in an athlete competing in an Olympic sport are discussed. An analysis of the ethics of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports and of drug control in terms of fair competition and the impact of enhancement technologies of the meaning of sports also is presented.

REFERENCES

1 +
IOC Medical Code. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Olympic Committee; 1995.
2 +
Beckett AH, Cowan DA.  Misuse of drugs in sport . Br J Sports Med . 1979;;12:185-194.
3 +
Beckett AH, Tucker GT, Moffat AC.  Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport . J Pharm Pharmacol . 1967;;19:273-294.
4 +
Donike M.  Erfahrungen mit dem Stickstoffdetektor (N-FID) bei der Dopingkontrolle . Meditsinskaia Tekhnika . 1972;;92:153-157.
5 +
Laties VG, Weiss B.  The amphetamine margin in sport . Fed Proc . 1981;;40:2689-2692.
6 +
Catlin DH, Hatton CK.  Use and abuse of anabolic and other drugs for athletic enhancement . Adv Intern Med . 1990;;36:381-405.
7 +
Martin WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, Jasinski DR.  Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1971;;12:245-258.
8 +
Wade N.  Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren't listening . Science . 1972;;176:1399-1403.
9 +
de Mérode A.  Doping tests at the Olympic Games in 1976 . J Sports Med . 1979;;19:91-96.
10 +
Bertrand M, Massé  R, Dugal R. GC-MS approach for the detection and characterization of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids at major international sporting events . Farmaceutische Tijdschrift Belgie . 1978;;3:85-101.
11 +
Catlin DH, Kammerer RC, Hatton CK, Sekera MH, Merdink JM.  Analytical chemistry at the games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984 . Clin Chem . 1987;;33:319-327.
12 +
Donike M, Bärwald KR, Klosterman K, Schänzer W, Zimmermann J.  The detection of exogenous testosterone . In: Heck H, Hollmann W, Liesen H, Rost R, eds. Sport: Leistung und Gesundheit: Kongressbd Deutsch Sportarztekongress, 1982 . Cologne, Germany: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 1983;:293-298.
13 +
Kicman AT, Oftebro H, Walker C, Norman N, Cowan DA.  Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone use by athletes . Clin Chem . 1993;;39:1798-1803.
14 +
Namba O, Miyachi, Kawahara M, Kuroda I, Kuroda Y.  Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone secretion in a doping positive subject . In: Laron Z, Rogol AD, eds. Hormones and Sport . Serono Symposia Publications; 1989;:275-283.
15 +
Raynaud E, Audran M, Brun JF, Fedou C, Chantal JL, Orsetti A.  False-positive cases in detection of testosterone doping . Lancet . 1992;;340:1468-1469.
16 +
Brooks RV, Jeremiah G, Webb WA, Wheeler M.  Detection of anabolic steroid administration to athletes . J Steroid Biochem . 1979;;11:913-917.
17 +
Catlin DH, Cowan DA.  Detecting testosterone administration . Clin Chem . 1992;;38:1685-1686.
18 +
Carlstrom K, Palonek E, Garle M, Oftebro H, Stanghelle J, Bjorkhem I.  Detection of testosterone administration by increased ratio between serum concentrations of testosterone and 17 alphahydroxyprogesterone . Clin Chem . 1992;;38:1779-1784.
19 +
Aguilera R, Becchi M, Casabianca H, et al.  Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids . J Mass Spectrom . 1996;;31:169-176.
20 +
Spann C, Winter ME.  Effect of clenbuterol on athletic performance . Ann Pharmacother . 1995;;29:75-77.
21 +
Salleras L, Dominguez A, Mata E, Taberner JL, Moro I, Salva P.  Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain . Public Health Rep . 1995;;110:338-342.
22 +
Croyle PH, Place RA, Hilgenberg AD.  Massive pulmonary embolism in a high school wrestler . JAMA . 1979;;241:827-828.
23 +
Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Keane A, Kicman AT.  Tryptic mapping of human chorionic gonadotropin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom . 1995;;9:1021-1026.
24 +
Gareau R, Audran M, Baynes RD, et al.  Erythropoietin abuse in athletes . Nature . 1996;;380:113.
25 +
Simon TL.  Induced erythrocythemia and athletic performance . Semin Hematol . 1994;;31:128-133.
26 +
de Pencier JC.  Blood analysis and doping control: legal, social and organizational issues . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:3-16.
27 +
Donike M, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, et al.  Blood analysis in doping control: advantages and disadvantages . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:75-92.
28 +
Fagerol M, Heier HE.  Detection of transfused allogenic blood . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:161-162.
29 +
De la Torre X, Segura J, Polettini A, Montagna M.  Detection of testosterone esters in human plasma . J Mass Spect . 1995;;30:1393-1404.
30 +
Ryu JC, Kwon OS, Song YS, Yang JS, Park J.  The effects of probenecid on the excretion kinetics of stanozolol, an anabolic steroid, in rats . J Appl Toxicol . 1992;;12:385-391.
31 +
Dehennin L.  Detection of simultaneous selfadministration of testosterone and epitestosterone in healthy men . Clin Chem . 1994;;40:106-109.
32 +
Kruse P, Ladefoged J, Nielsen U, Paulev PE, Sorensen P.  β-Blockade used in precision sports: effect on pistol shooting performance . J Appl Physiol . 1986;;417-420.
33 +
Adapted from data published in The NCAA News. Overland Park, Kan: NCAA Publishing; September 2, 1992
34 +
June 9, 1993
35 +
September 27, 1993
36 +
June 8, 1994
37 +
June 14, 1995.
38 +
Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Geyer H, Machnik M, Horning S. Longterm detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography/high resolution mas spectrometry (GC/HRMS). J Chromatogr. In press.
39 +
Fost N.  Banning drugs in sports: a skeptical view . Hastings Cent Rep . 1986;;16:5-10.
40 +
Murray TH.  The coercive power of drugs in sports . Hastings Cent Rep . 1983;;13:24-30.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
IOC Medical Code. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Olympic Committee; 1995.
2 +
Beckett AH, Cowan DA.  Misuse of drugs in sport . Br J Sports Med . 1979;;12:185-194.
3 +
Beckett AH, Tucker GT, Moffat AC.  Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport . J Pharm Pharmacol . 1967;;19:273-294.
4 +
Donike M.  Erfahrungen mit dem Stickstoffdetektor (N-FID) bei der Dopingkontrolle . Meditsinskaia Tekhnika . 1972;;92:153-157.
5 +
Laties VG, Weiss B.  The amphetamine margin in sport . Fed Proc . 1981;;40:2689-2692.
6 +
Catlin DH, Hatton CK.  Use and abuse of anabolic and other drugs for athletic enhancement . Adv Intern Med . 1990;;36:381-405.
7 +
Martin WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, Jasinski DR.  Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1971;;12:245-258.
8 +
Wade N.  Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them, but athletes aren't listening . Science . 1972;;176:1399-1403.
9 +
de Mérode A.  Doping tests at the Olympic Games in 1976 . J Sports Med . 1979;;19:91-96.
10 +
Bertrand M, Massé  R, Dugal R. GC-MS approach for the detection and characterization of anabolic steroids and their metabolites in biological fluids at major international sporting events . Farmaceutische Tijdschrift Belgie . 1978;;3:85-101.
11 +
Catlin DH, Kammerer RC, Hatton CK, Sekera MH, Merdink JM.  Analytical chemistry at the games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad in Los Angeles, 1984 . Clin Chem . 1987;;33:319-327.
12 +
Donike M, Bärwald KR, Klosterman K, Schänzer W, Zimmermann J.  The detection of exogenous testosterone . In: Heck H, Hollmann W, Liesen H, Rost R, eds. Sport: Leistung und Gesundheit: Kongressbd Deutsch Sportarztekongress, 1982 . Cologne, Germany: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag; 1983;:293-298.
13 +
Kicman AT, Oftebro H, Walker C, Norman N, Cowan DA.  Potential use of ketoconazole in a dynamic endocrine test to differentiate between biological outliers and testosterone use by athletes . Clin Chem . 1993;;39:1798-1803.
14 +
Namba O, Miyachi, Kawahara M, Kuroda I, Kuroda Y.  Urinary testosterone and epitestosterone secretion in a doping positive subject . In: Laron Z, Rogol AD, eds. Hormones and Sport . Serono Symposia Publications; 1989;:275-283.
15 +
Raynaud E, Audran M, Brun JF, Fedou C, Chantal JL, Orsetti A.  False-positive cases in detection of testosterone doping . Lancet . 1992;;340:1468-1469.
16 +
Brooks RV, Jeremiah G, Webb WA, Wheeler M.  Detection of anabolic steroid administration to athletes . J Steroid Biochem . 1979;;11:913-917.
17 +
Catlin DH, Cowan DA.  Detecting testosterone administration . Clin Chem . 1992;;38:1685-1686.
18 +
Carlstrom K, Palonek E, Garle M, Oftebro H, Stanghelle J, Bjorkhem I.  Detection of testosterone administration by increased ratio between serum concentrations of testosterone and 17 alphahydroxyprogesterone . Clin Chem . 1992;;38:1779-1784.
19 +
Aguilera R, Becchi M, Casabianca H, et al.  Improved method of detection of testosterone abuse by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids . J Mass Spectrom . 1996;;31:169-176.
20 +
Spann C, Winter ME.  Effect of clenbuterol on athletic performance . Ann Pharmacother . 1995;;29:75-77.
21 +
Salleras L, Dominguez A, Mata E, Taberner JL, Moro I, Salva P.  Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain . Public Health Rep . 1995;;110:338-342.
22 +
Croyle PH, Place RA, Hilgenberg AD.  Massive pulmonary embolism in a high school wrestler . JAMA . 1979;;241:827-828.
23 +
Laidler P, Cowan DA, Hider RC, Keane A, Kicman AT.  Tryptic mapping of human chorionic gonadotropin by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom . 1995;;9:1021-1026.
24 +
Gareau R, Audran M, Baynes RD, et al.  Erythropoietin abuse in athletes . Nature . 1996;;380:113.
25 +
Simon TL.  Induced erythrocythemia and athletic performance . Semin Hematol . 1994;;31:128-133.
26 +
de Pencier JC.  Blood analysis and doping control: legal, social and organizational issues . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:3-16.
27 +
Donike M, Geyer H, Gotzmann A, et al.  Blood analysis in doping control: advantages and disadvantages . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:75-92.
28 +
Fagerol M, Heier HE.  Detection of transfused allogenic blood . In: Hemmersbach P, Birkeland KI, eds. Blood Samples in Doping Control . Oslo, Norway: Pensumtjeneste (On Demand Publishing); 1994;:161-162.
29 +
De la Torre X, Segura J, Polettini A, Montagna M.  Detection of testosterone esters in human plasma . J Mass Spect . 1995;;30:1393-1404.
30 +
Ryu JC, Kwon OS, Song YS, Yang JS, Park J.  The effects of probenecid on the excretion kinetics of stanozolol, an anabolic steroid, in rats . J Appl Toxicol . 1992;;12:385-391.
31 +
Dehennin L.  Detection of simultaneous selfadministration of testosterone and epitestosterone in healthy men . Clin Chem . 1994;;40:106-109.
32 +
Kruse P, Ladefoged J, Nielsen U, Paulev PE, Sorensen P.  β-Blockade used in precision sports: effect on pistol shooting performance . J Appl Physiol . 1986;;417-420.
33 +
Adapted from data published in The NCAA News. Overland Park, Kan: NCAA Publishing; September 2, 1992
34 +
June 9, 1993
35 +
September 27, 1993
36 +
June 8, 1994
37 +
June 14, 1995.
38 +
Schänzer W, Delahaut P, Geyer H, Machnik M, Horning S. Longterm detection and identification of metandienone and stanozolol abuse in athletes by gas chromatography/high resolution mas spectrometry (GC/HRMS). J Chromatogr. In press.
39 +
Fost N.  Banning drugs in sports: a skeptical view . Hastings Cent Rep . 1986;;16:5-10.
40 +
Murray TH.  The coercive power of drugs in sports . Hastings Cent Rep . 1983;;13:24-30.

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