0
December 25, 1996, Vol 276, No. 24 >
ARTICLE | December 25, 1996

Controversies in Prostate Cancer Screening: Title and subTitle BreakAnalogies to the Early Lung Cancer Screening Debate FREE

Michael J. Barry, MD; Mary McNaughton Collins, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Presented in part at the Eastern American Federation for Clinical Research Regional Meeting, Boston, Mass, October 28, 1995.

Reprints: Michael J. Barry, MD, Medical Practices Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Ninth Floor, Boston, MA 02114.


JAMA. 1996;276(24):1976-1979. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540240054031
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Published online
Article
References

The current debate regarding early detection and aggressive treatment of prostate cancer is fueled by the absence of controlled studies defining the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening, and by the lack of adequately powered trials demonstrating the benefit of curative treatment for early-stage prostate cancer. Pending the results of clinical trials in 10 to 15 years, advocates of early detection of prostate cancer with digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen have compared prostate cancer screening with the effective strategy of breast cancer screening, implying that prostate cancer screening should similarly reduce cancer mortality. They have also cited the high burden of disease, the acceptable operating characteristics of digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen, a stage shift among cases detected by screening, and the theoretical curability of early-stage disease as sufficient reasons to proceed with screening. These arguments, however, are reminiscent of earlier arguments in favor of lung cancer screening with chest x-ray examination and sputum cytology, a practice ultimately proven ineffective in clinical trials. We reviewed published articles on lung and prostate cancer screening and identified many parallels. While prostate cancer screening may one day prove effective, analogies between the current prostate cancer screening controversy and the older lung cancer screening debate should inject some caution regarding widespread dissemination of prostate cancer screening without experimental evidence that such screening does more good than harm.

REFERENCES

1 +
Andriole GL.  The case for prostate cancer screening . Semin Urol . 1993;;11:50-53.
2 +
Partin AW, Oesterling JE.  The clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen: update 1994 . J Urol . 1994;;152:1358-1368.
3 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  An economic rationale for prostate cancer screening . Urology . 1994;;44:795-803.
4 +
Mettlin C, Jones G, Averett H, Gusberg SB, Murphy GP.  Defining and updating the American Cancer Society guidelines for the cancer-related checkup: prostate and endometrial cancers . CA Cancer J Clin . 1993;;43:42-47.
5 +
Miller AB.  What is the role of early detection and screening in cancer control? J Public Health Policy . 1993;;14:403-412.
6 +
Krahn MD, Mahoney JE, Eckman MH, Trachtenberg J, Pauker SG, Detsky AS.  Screening for prostate cancer: a decision-analytic view . JAMA . 1994;;272:773-780.
7 +
Woolf SH.  Public health perspective: the health policy implications of screening for prostate cancer . J Urol . 1994;;152:1685-1688.
8 +
Adami HO, Baron JA, Rothman KJ.  Ethics of a prostate cancer screening trial . Lancet . 1994;;343:958-960.
9 +
Sackett DL, Holland WW.  Controversy in the detection of disease . Lancet . 1975;;2:357-359.
10 +
Eddy DM.  Three battles to watch in the 1990s . JAMA . 1993;;270:520-526.
11 +
Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1991;:153-170.
12 +
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al.  Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1156-1161.
13 +
Walsh PC.  Why make an early diagnosis of prostate cancer? J Urol . 1992;;147:853-854.
14 +
Scardino PT.  Afterword: the perspective of a prostate cancer doctor . In: Martin W. My Prostate and Me . New York, NY: Cadell & Davies; 1994;: 209-235.
15 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  Detection of latent prostate cancer from routine screening: comparison with breast cancer screening . Urology . 1995;; 46:533-537.
16 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  An economic rationale for prostate cancer screening . Urology . 1994;;44:795-803.
17 +
Fletcher SW, Black W, Harris R, Rimer BK, Shapiro S.  Report of the International Workshop on Screening for Breast Cancer . J Nati Cancer Inst . 1993;;85:1644-1656.
18 +
Boucot KR.  Mass surveys in case-finding techniques for pulmonary neoplasms . J Am Med Wom Assoc . 1948;;3:485-492.
19 +
Overholt RH.  Cancer detected in surveys . Am Rev Tuberc . 1950;;62:491-500.
20 +
Victor AB.  The early diagnosis of primary lung cancer . Dis Chest . 1955;;27:389-409.
21 +
Boucot KR, Sokoloff MJ.  Is survey cancer of the lung curable? Dis Chest . 1955;;27:369-388.
22 +
Boucot KR, Horie U, Sokoloff MJ.  Survival in lung cancer . N Engl J Med . 1959;;260:742-746.
23 +
Overholt RH, Woods FM.  Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the lung . N Engl J Med . 1951;;245:555-559.
24 +
Bean IW.  Practitioner's responsibility in cancer detection . CA Cancer J Clin . 1967;;17:215-218.
25 +
Scamman CL.  Follow-up study of lung cancer suspects in a mass chest x-ray survey . N Engl J Med . 1951;;244:541-544.
26 +
Berlin NI, Buncher CR, Fontana RS, Frost JK, Melamed MR.  The National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection program . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:545-549.
27 +
Taylor WF, Fontana RS, Uhlenhopp MA, Davis CS.  Some results of screening for early lung cancer . Cancer . 1981;;47:1114-1120.
28 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, et al.  Screening for lung cancer: a critique of the Mayo Lung Project . Cancer . 1991;;67:1155-1164.
29 +
ACS Workshop and Organizing Committee.  Summary of recommendations for early detection . Cancer . 1974;;33( (suppl) ):1759-1761.
30 +
Berlin NI.  Summary and recommendations of the workshop on lung cancer . Cancer . 1974;;33( (suppl) ):1744-1746.
31 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, et al.  The Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma: a status report . Chest . 1975;;67:511-522.
32 +
Woolner LB, Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, et al.  Mayo Lung Project: evaluation of lung cancer screening through December 1979 . Mayo Clin Proc . 1981;;56:544-555.
33 +
National Cancer Institute. Mass Screening for Lung Cancer: NCI Consensus Conference, September 18-20, 1978 . Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institutes; 1978;:32-34.
34 +
American Cancer Society.  Guidelines for the cancer-related check-up . CA Cancer J Clin . 1980;; 30:199-207.
35 +
Frost JK, Ball WC, Levin ML, et al.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:549-554.
36 +
Flehinger BJ, Melamed MR, Zaman MB, Heelan RT, Perchick WB, Martini N.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:555-560.
37 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Taylor WF, et al.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;; 130:561-565.
38 +
Early Lung Cancer Cooperative Study.  Early lung cancer detection: summary and conclusions . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:565-570.
39 +
Melamed MR, Flehinger BJ, Zaman MB, Heelan RT, Perchick WA, Martini N.  Screening for early lung cancer: results of Memorial Sloan-Kettering study in New York . Chest . 1984;;86:44-53.
40 +
Tockman MS.  Survival and mortality from lung cancer in a screened population: the Johns Hopkins Study . Chest . 1986;;89( (suppl) ):324S-325S.
41 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson Dr, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE, Muhm JR.  Lung cancer screening: the Mayo program . J Occup Med . 1986;;28:746-750.
42 +
Eddy DM.  Screening for lung cancer . Ann Intern Med . 1989;;111:232-237.
43 +
Reich JM.  Dysutility of screening chest roentgenograms for lung cancer: the Ulysses syndrome . Arch Intern Med . 1993;;153:1933, 1937.
44 +
Bailar JC III.  Screening for lung cancer: where are we now? Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:541-542.
45 +
Black WC, Welch HG.  Advances in diagnostic imaging and overestimations of disease prevalence and the benefits of therapy . N Engl J Med . 1993;; 328:1237-1243.
46 +
Catalona WJ.  Screening for prostate cancer: enthusiasm . Urology . 1993;;42:113-115.
47 +
Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al.  Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6630 men . J Urol . 1994;;151:1283-1290.
48 +
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Basler JW.  Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening . JAMA . 1993;;270:948-954.
49 +
Mettlin C, Murphy GP, Lee F, et al.  Characteristics of prostate cancers detected in a multimodality early detection program . Cancer . 1993;; 72:1701-1708.
50 +
Prorok P.  The National Cancer Institute Multi-Screening Trial . Can J Oncol . 1994;;4( (suppl) ):98-101.
51 +
Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, Kramer BS, Cornett JE.  Prostate cancer screening in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian screening trial of the National Cancer Institute . J Urol . 1994;;152:1905-1909.
52 +
Wilt TJ, Brawer MK.  The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer . J Urol . 1994;;152:1910-1914.
53 +
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA.  Cancer statistics, 1996 . CA Cancer J Clin . 1996;;46:5-27.
54 +
Lilienfeld A, Archer PG, Burnett CH, et al.  An evaluation of radiologic and cytologic screening for the early detection of lung cancer: a cooperative pilot study of the American Cancer Society and the Veterans Administration . Cancer Res . 1966;;26:2083-2121.
55 +
Ruckle HC, Klee GG, Oesterling JE.  Prostate-specific antigen: critical issues for the practicing physician . Mayo Clin Proc . 1994;;69:59-68.
56 +
Ritchie JP, Catalona WJ, Ahmann FR, et al.  Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination . Urology . 1993;;42:365-374.
57 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? I: framing the debate . Urology . 1995;;46:2-13.
58 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? II: early detection strategies . Urology . 1995;;46:125-141.
59 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? III: management strategies and outcomes . Urology . 1995;; 46:277-289.
60 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? IV: estimating the risks and benefits of an early detection program . Urology . 1995;;46:445-461.
61 +
Lederle FA, Niewoehner DE.  Lung cancer surgery: a critical review of the evidence . Arch Intern Med . 1994;;154:2397-2400.
62 +
Wasson JH, Cushman CC, Bruskewitz RC, Littenberg B, Mulley AG Jr, Wennberg JE.  A structured literature review of treatment for localized prostate cancer . Arch Fam Med . 1993;;2:487-493.
63 +
Brett AS.  The mammography and prostate-specific antigen controversies: implications for patient-physician encounters and public policy . J Gen Intern Med . 1995;;10:266-270.
64 +
Littrup PJ.  Prostate cancer screening: appropriate choices? Cancer . 1994;;74:2016-2022.
65 +
Hahn DL, Roberts RG.  PSA screening for asymptomatic prostate cancer: truth in advertising . J Fam Pract . 1993;;37:432-436.
66 +
Stone NN, DeAntoni EP, Crawford ED.  Screening for prostate cancer by digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen: results of Prostate Cancer Awareness Week, 1989-1992 . Urology . 1994;;44:18-25.
67 +
US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Screening for Prostate Cancer . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996;:119-134.
68 +
Woolf SH.  Current concepts: screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen: an examination of the evidence . N Engl J Med . 1995;; 333:1401-1405.
69 +
Chodak GW.  Questioning the value of screening for prostate cancer in asymptomatic men . Urotogy . 1993;;42:116-118.
70 +
Chodak GW.  Screening for prostate cancer in 1993: is it appropriate, or not? Semin Urol . 1993;;11:47-49.
71 +
Barry MB.  Proving early detection and treatment of prostate cancer does more good than harm: the need to support randomized trials actively . J Urol . 1994;;152:1903-1904.
72 +
Jacobsen SJ, Katusic SK, Bergstralh EJ, et al.  Incidence of prostate cancer diagnosis in the eras before and after serum prostate-specific antigen testing . JAMA . 1995;;274:1445-1449.
73 +
Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS.  The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer . JAMA . 1995;;273:548-552.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Andriole GL.  The case for prostate cancer screening . Semin Urol . 1993;;11:50-53.
2 +
Partin AW, Oesterling JE.  The clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen: update 1994 . J Urol . 1994;;152:1358-1368.
3 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  An economic rationale for prostate cancer screening . Urology . 1994;;44:795-803.
4 +
Mettlin C, Jones G, Averett H, Gusberg SB, Murphy GP.  Defining and updating the American Cancer Society guidelines for the cancer-related checkup: prostate and endometrial cancers . CA Cancer J Clin . 1993;;43:42-47.
5 +
Miller AB.  What is the role of early detection and screening in cancer control? J Public Health Policy . 1993;;14:403-412.
6 +
Krahn MD, Mahoney JE, Eckman MH, Trachtenberg J, Pauker SG, Detsky AS.  Screening for prostate cancer: a decision-analytic view . JAMA . 1994;;272:773-780.
7 +
Woolf SH.  Public health perspective: the health policy implications of screening for prostate cancer . J Urol . 1994;;152:1685-1688.
8 +
Adami HO, Baron JA, Rothman KJ.  Ethics of a prostate cancer screening trial . Lancet . 1994;;343:958-960.
9 +
Sackett DL, Holland WW.  Controversy in the detection of disease . Lancet . 1975;;2:357-359.
10 +
Eddy DM.  Three battles to watch in the 1990s . JAMA . 1993;;270:520-526.
11 +
Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1991;:153-170.
12 +
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al.  Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer . N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1156-1161.
13 +
Walsh PC.  Why make an early diagnosis of prostate cancer? J Urol . 1992;;147:853-854.
14 +
Scardino PT.  Afterword: the perspective of a prostate cancer doctor . In: Martin W. My Prostate and Me . New York, NY: Cadell & Davies; 1994;: 209-235.
15 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  Detection of latent prostate cancer from routine screening: comparison with breast cancer screening . Urology . 1995;; 46:533-537.
16 +
Benoit RM, Naslund MJ.  An economic rationale for prostate cancer screening . Urology . 1994;;44:795-803.
17 +
Fletcher SW, Black W, Harris R, Rimer BK, Shapiro S.  Report of the International Workshop on Screening for Breast Cancer . J Nati Cancer Inst . 1993;;85:1644-1656.
18 +
Boucot KR.  Mass surveys in case-finding techniques for pulmonary neoplasms . J Am Med Wom Assoc . 1948;;3:485-492.
19 +
Overholt RH.  Cancer detected in surveys . Am Rev Tuberc . 1950;;62:491-500.
20 +
Victor AB.  The early diagnosis of primary lung cancer . Dis Chest . 1955;;27:389-409.
21 +
Boucot KR, Sokoloff MJ.  Is survey cancer of the lung curable? Dis Chest . 1955;;27:369-388.
22 +
Boucot KR, Horie U, Sokoloff MJ.  Survival in lung cancer . N Engl J Med . 1959;;260:742-746.
23 +
Overholt RH, Woods FM.  Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the lung . N Engl J Med . 1951;;245:555-559.
24 +
Bean IW.  Practitioner's responsibility in cancer detection . CA Cancer J Clin . 1967;;17:215-218.
25 +
Scamman CL.  Follow-up study of lung cancer suspects in a mass chest x-ray survey . N Engl J Med . 1951;;244:541-544.
26 +
Berlin NI, Buncher CR, Fontana RS, Frost JK, Melamed MR.  The National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection program . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:545-549.
27 +
Taylor WF, Fontana RS, Uhlenhopp MA, Davis CS.  Some results of screening for early lung cancer . Cancer . 1981;;47:1114-1120.
28 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, et al.  Screening for lung cancer: a critique of the Mayo Lung Project . Cancer . 1991;;67:1155-1164.
29 +
ACS Workshop and Organizing Committee.  Summary of recommendations for early detection . Cancer . 1974;;33( (suppl) ):1759-1761.
30 +
Berlin NI.  Summary and recommendations of the workshop on lung cancer . Cancer . 1974;;33( (suppl) ):1744-1746.
31 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, et al.  The Mayo Lung Project for early detection and localization of bronchogenic carcinoma: a status report . Chest . 1975;;67:511-522.
32 +
Woolner LB, Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, et al.  Mayo Lung Project: evaluation of lung cancer screening through December 1979 . Mayo Clin Proc . 1981;;56:544-555.
33 +
National Cancer Institute. Mass Screening for Lung Cancer: NCI Consensus Conference, September 18-20, 1978 . Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institutes; 1978;:32-34.
34 +
American Cancer Society.  Guidelines for the cancer-related check-up . CA Cancer J Clin . 1980;; 30:199-207.
35 +
Frost JK, Ball WC, Levin ML, et al.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:549-554.
36 +
Flehinger BJ, Melamed MR, Zaman MB, Heelan RT, Perchick WB, Martini N.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:555-560.
37 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Taylor WF, et al.  Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;; 130:561-565.
38 +
Early Lung Cancer Cooperative Study.  Early lung cancer detection: summary and conclusions . Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:565-570.
39 +
Melamed MR, Flehinger BJ, Zaman MB, Heelan RT, Perchick WA, Martini N.  Screening for early lung cancer: results of Memorial Sloan-Kettering study in New York . Chest . 1984;;86:44-53.
40 +
Tockman MS.  Survival and mortality from lung cancer in a screened population: the Johns Hopkins Study . Chest . 1986;;89( (suppl) ):324S-325S.
41 +
Fontana RS, Sanderson Dr, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE, Muhm JR.  Lung cancer screening: the Mayo program . J Occup Med . 1986;;28:746-750.
42 +
Eddy DM.  Screening for lung cancer . Ann Intern Med . 1989;;111:232-237.
43 +
Reich JM.  Dysutility of screening chest roentgenograms for lung cancer: the Ulysses syndrome . Arch Intern Med . 1993;;153:1933, 1937.
44 +
Bailar JC III.  Screening for lung cancer: where are we now? Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:541-542.
45 +
Black WC, Welch HG.  Advances in diagnostic imaging and overestimations of disease prevalence and the benefits of therapy . N Engl J Med . 1993;; 328:1237-1243.
46 +
Catalona WJ.  Screening for prostate cancer: enthusiasm . Urology . 1993;;42:113-115.
47 +
Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al.  Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6630 men . J Urol . 1994;;151:1283-1290.
48 +
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Basler JW.  Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening . JAMA . 1993;;270:948-954.
49 +
Mettlin C, Murphy GP, Lee F, et al.  Characteristics of prostate cancers detected in a multimodality early detection program . Cancer . 1993;; 72:1701-1708.
50 +
Prorok P.  The National Cancer Institute Multi-Screening Trial . Can J Oncol . 1994;;4( (suppl) ):98-101.
51 +
Gohagan JK, Prorok PC, Kramer BS, Cornett JE.  Prostate cancer screening in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian screening trial of the National Cancer Institute . J Urol . 1994;;152:1905-1909.
52 +
Wilt TJ, Brawer MK.  The Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer . J Urol . 1994;;152:1910-1914.
53 +
Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, Wingo PA.  Cancer statistics, 1996 . CA Cancer J Clin . 1996;;46:5-27.
54 +
Lilienfeld A, Archer PG, Burnett CH, et al.  An evaluation of radiologic and cytologic screening for the early detection of lung cancer: a cooperative pilot study of the American Cancer Society and the Veterans Administration . Cancer Res . 1966;;26:2083-2121.
55 +
Ruckle HC, Klee GG, Oesterling JE.  Prostate-specific antigen: critical issues for the practicing physician . Mayo Clin Proc . 1994;;69:59-68.
56 +
Ritchie JP, Catalona WJ, Ahmann FR, et al.  Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination . Urology . 1993;;42:365-374.
57 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? I: framing the debate . Urology . 1995;;46:2-13.
58 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? II: early detection strategies . Urology . 1995;;46:125-141.
59 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? III: management strategies and outcomes . Urology . 1995;; 46:277-289.
60 +
Barry MJ, Fleming C, Coley CM, Wasson JH, Fahs MC, Oesterling JE.  Should Medicare provide reimbursement for prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer? IV: estimating the risks and benefits of an early detection program . Urology . 1995;;46:445-461.
61 +
Lederle FA, Niewoehner DE.  Lung cancer surgery: a critical review of the evidence . Arch Intern Med . 1994;;154:2397-2400.
62 +
Wasson JH, Cushman CC, Bruskewitz RC, Littenberg B, Mulley AG Jr, Wennberg JE.  A structured literature review of treatment for localized prostate cancer . Arch Fam Med . 1993;;2:487-493.
63 +
Brett AS.  The mammography and prostate-specific antigen controversies: implications for patient-physician encounters and public policy . J Gen Intern Med . 1995;;10:266-270.
64 +
Littrup PJ.  Prostate cancer screening: appropriate choices? Cancer . 1994;;74:2016-2022.
65 +
Hahn DL, Roberts RG.  PSA screening for asymptomatic prostate cancer: truth in advertising . J Fam Pract . 1993;;37:432-436.
66 +
Stone NN, DeAntoni EP, Crawford ED.  Screening for prostate cancer by digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen: results of Prostate Cancer Awareness Week, 1989-1992 . Urology . 1994;;44:18-25.
67 +
US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Screening for Prostate Cancer . Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996;:119-134.
68 +
Woolf SH.  Current concepts: screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen: an examination of the evidence . N Engl J Med . 1995;; 333:1401-1405.
69 +
Chodak GW.  Questioning the value of screening for prostate cancer in asymptomatic men . Urotogy . 1993;;42:116-118.
70 +
Chodak GW.  Screening for prostate cancer in 1993: is it appropriate, or not? Semin Urol . 1993;;11:47-49.
71 +
Barry MB.  Proving early detection and treatment of prostate cancer does more good than harm: the need to support randomized trials actively . J Urol . 1994;;152:1903-1904.
72 +
Jacobsen SJ, Katusic SK, Bergstralh EJ, et al.  Incidence of prostate cancer diagnosis in the eras before and after serum prostate-specific antigen testing . JAMA . 1995;;274:1445-1449.
73 +
Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS.  The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer . JAMA . 1995;;273:548-552.

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