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February 14, 1996, Vol 275, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | February 14, 1996

Emerging Bacterial Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases: Title and subTitle BreakEcological and Epidemiological Factors FREE

David H. Walker, MD; Alan G. Barbour, MD; James H. Oliver, PhD; Robert S. Lane, PhD; J. Stephen Dumler, MD; David T. Dennis, MD; David H. Persing, MD, PhD; Abdu F. Azad, PhD; Edward McSweegan, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

This article is one of a series addressing emerging and reemerging global microbial threats.

This article evolved from discussions at the Scientific Workshop on Emerging Bacterial Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, May 8-9, 1995, Galveston, Tex.

Reprint requests to the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-0609 (Dr Walker).


JAMA. 1996;275(6):463-469. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530300047039
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References

Among the etiologic agents of emerging infectious diseases are several bacterial organisms that naturally reside in animal and arthropod hosts. The most compelling emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the United States are Lyme disease; a Southern erythema migrans—like illness; human monocytic ehrlichiosis; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; a novel cat flea—associated typhus group rickettsiosis; bartonelloses of immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons, particularly with AIDS; and sylvatic plague. Some of these antimicrobial-treatable infections are life threatening. During the acute stage of illness when antimicrobial agents are most effective, the flulike clinical signs and symptoms and available laboratory tests frequently do not point to a particular diagnosis. Epidemiological factors determined by the ecology of the bacteria are often the most useful diagnostic clues. The recognition of these evolving problems emphasizes the need for development of better laboratory diagnostic methods, for surveillance for and tracking of disease, and for continued research into factors contributing to transmission of the organisms. The continual appearance of previously unidentified bacterial infections requires prospective national strategies for timely recognition of the syndrome, identification of the agent, establishment of criteria and methods for diagnosis, optimization of the treatment regimen, and determination of successful approaches to prevention and control.

(JAMA. 1996;275:463-469)

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2 +
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Schoeler GB, Lane RS.  Efficiency of transovarial transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol . 1993;;30:80-86.
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Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Barbour AG, Fish D.  The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science . 1993;;260: 1610-1616.
2 +
Barbour AG. Lyme Disease: The Cause, The Cure, The Controversy . Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press. In press.
3 +
Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA.  Epizootiology of Lyme disease—causing borreliae. Clin Dermatol . 1993;; 11:339-351.
4 +
Oliver JH, Chandler FW, James AM, et al.  Natural occurrence and characterization of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) from Georgia and Florida. J Parasitol . 1995;;81:30-36.
5 +
Lane RS, Brown RN, Piesman J, Peavey CA.  Vector competence of Ixodes pacificus and Dermacentor occidentalis (Acari: Ixodidae) for various isolates of Lyme disease spirochetes. J Med Entomol . 1994;;31:417-424.
6 +
Schoeler GB, Lane RS.  Efficiency of transovarial transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol . 1993;;30:80-86.
7 +
Maupin GO, Gage KL, Piesman J, et al.  Discovery of an enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi in Neotoma mexicana and Ixodes spinipalpis from northern Colorado, an area where Lyme disease is non-endemic. J Infect Dis . 1994;;170:636-643.
8 +
Sanders FH, Oliver JH.  Evaluation of Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) from Georgia as vectors of a Florida strain of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. J Med Entomol . 1995;; 32:402-406.
9 +
Brown RN, Lane RS.  Lyme disease in California. Science . 1992;;256:1439-1442.
10 +
Oliver JH, Chandler FW, Luttrell MP, et al.  Isolation and transmission of the Lyme disease spirochetes from southeastern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1993;;90:7371-7375.
11 +
Oliver JH.  Arthropod research in the southeastern US. J Agromedicine . 1995;;2:79-84.
12 +
Oliver JH.  Importance of systematics to public health: ticks, microbes, and disease. Ann Mo Botanical Garden . 1996;;83:37-46.
13 +
Hutcheson HJ, Oliver JH, Houck MA, Strauss RE.  Multivariate morphometric discrimination of postlarval stages of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), principal vector of the agent of Lyme disease in eastern North America. J Med Entomol . 1995;;32:827-842.
14 +
Norris DE, Klompen JSH, Keirans JE, Black WC.  Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis based on mitochondrial 12S and 16S genes. J Med Entomol . In press.
15 +
Lane RS, Piesman J, Burgdorfer W.  Lyme borreliosis. Annu Rev Entomol . 1991;;36:587-609.
16 +
Van Dam AP, Kuiper H, Vos K, et al.  Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Infect Dis . 1993;;17:708-717.
17 +
Masters EJ, Donnell HD.  Lyme and/or Lyme-like disease in Missouri. Mo Med . 1995;;92:346-353.
18 +
Campbell GL, Paul WS, Schriefer ME, Craven RB, Robbins KE, Dennis DT.  Epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early Lyme disease, Missouri, 1990-1993. J Infect Dis . 1995;; 172:470-480.
19 +
Anderson BE, Dawson JE, Jones DC, Wilson KH.  Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol . 1991;;29: 2838-2842.
20 +
Dawson JE, Anderson BE, Fishbein DB, et al.  Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol . 1991;;29:2741-2745.
21 +
Chen S-M, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH.  Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol . 1994;;32:589-595.
22 +
Bakken JS, Dumler JS, Chen S-M, Eckman MR, Van Etta LL, Walker DH.  Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper Midwest United States: a new species emerging? JAMA . 1994;;272:212-218.
23 +
Morais JD, Dawson JE, Greene C, Filipe AR, Galhardas LC, Bacellar F.  First European case of ehrlichiosis. Lancet . 1991;;338:633-634.
24 +
Uhaa IJ, Maclean JD, Greene CR, Fishbein DB.  A case of human ehrlichiosis acquired in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg . 1992;;46:161-164.
25 +
Harkess JR, Ewing SA, Crutcher JM, Kudlac J, McKee G, Istre GR.  Human ehrlichiosis in Oklahoma. J Infect Dis . 1989;;159:576-579.
26 +
Fishbein DB, Kemp A, Dawson JE, Greene NR, Redus MA, Fields DH.  Human ehrlichiosis: prospective active surveillance in febrile hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis . 1989;;160:803-809.
27 +
Standaert SM, Dawson JE, Schaffner W, et al.  Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. N Engl J Med . 1995;;333:420-425.
28 +
Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE.  Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985 to 1990. Ann Intern Med . 1994;;120:736-743.
29 +
Anderson BE, Sims KG, Olson JG, et al.  Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg . 1993;;49: 239-244.
30 +
Ewing SA, Dawson JE, Kocan AA, et al.  Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer by Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol . 1995;;32:368-374.
31 +
Dawson JE, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW, et al.  Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol . 1994;;32:2725-2728.
32 +
Dumler JS, Dawson JE, Walker DH.  Human ehrlichiosis: hematopathology and immunohistologic detection of Ehrilichia chaffeensis. Hum Pathol . 1993;; 24:391-396.
33 +
Yu X-J, Brouqui P, Dumler JS, Raoult D.  Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in human tissue by using a species-specific monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol . 1993;;31:3284-3288.
34 +
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