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January 17, 1996, Vol 275, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | January 17, 1996

Measles Elimination in the Americas: Title and subTitle BreakEvolving Strategies FREE

Ciro A. de Quadros, MD, MPH; Jean Marc Olivé, MD, MPH; Bradley S. Hersh, MD, MPH; Marc A. Strassburg, MPH, DrPH; Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH; David Brandling-Bennett, MD, DTPH; George A. O. Alleyne, MD, FRCP, DSc
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization, Pan American Health Organization, 525 E 23rd St NW, Washington, DC 20037 (Dr de Quadros).


JAMA. 1996;275(3):224-229. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530270064033
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References

The strategy currently used to control measles in most countries has been to immunize each successive birth cohort through the routine health services delivery system. While measles vaccine coverage has increased markedly, significant measles outbreaks have continued to recur. During the past 5 years, experience in the Americas suggests that measles transmission has been interrupted in a number of countries (Cuba, Chile, and countries in the English-speaking Caribbean and successfully controlled in all remaining countries. Since 1991 these countries have implemented one-time "catch-up" vaccination campaigns (conducted during a short period, usually 1 week to 1 month, and targeting all children 9 months through 14 years of age, regardless of previous vaccination status or measles disease history). These campaigns have been followed by improvements in routine vaccination services and in surveillance systems, so that the progress of the measles elimination efforts can be sustained and monitored. Follow-up mass vaccination campaigns for children younger than 5 years are planned to take place every 3 to 5 years.

(JAMA. 1996;275:224-229)

REFERENCES

1 +
Bianchine PJ, Russo TA.  The role of epidemic infectious diseases in the discovery of America. Allergy Proc . 1992;;13:225-232.
2 +
Borgoño JM.  Current impact of measles in Latin America. Rev Infect Dis . 1983;;5:417-421.
3 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Measles elimination by the year 2000. EPI Newsletter . (October) 1994;;16:1-2.
4 +
de Quadros CA, Andrus JK, Olive JM, et al.  Polio eradication from the Western Hemisphere. Annu Rev Public Health . 1992;;13:239-252.
5 +
Clements CJ, Strassburg M, Cutts FT, et al.  Challenges for the global control of measles in the 1990's.  In: Kurstak E, ed. Measles and Poliomyelitis: Vaccines, Immunization, and Control . Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag; 1993:13-24.
6 +
World Health Organization.  Expanded program on immunization-accelerated measles strategies. Wkly Epidemiol Rec . 1994;;69( (31) ):229-234.
7 +
Smith EA, Foster SO.  Measles in areas of malnutrition. J Nigeria Med Assoc . 1970;;7:16-18.
8 +
World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993;:60-64.
9 +
Hope-Simpson RE.  Infectiousness of communicable diseases in the household. Lancet . 1952;;2:549-554.
10 +
Fine PEM.  Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev . 1993;;15:265-302.
11 +
Chen RT, Goldbaum GM, Wassilak SGF, Markowitz LE, Orenstein WA.  An explosive point-source outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. Am J Epidemiol . 1989;;129:173-182.
12 +
Hersh BS, Markowitz LE, Hoffman RE, et al.  A measles outbreak at a college with a prematriculation immunization requirement. Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:360-364.
13 +
Krugman S, Katz SL, Gershon AA, Wilfert C. Infectious Diseases of Children . 8th ed. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1985;.
14 +
Krugman S, Giles JP, Jacobs AM, Friedman H.  Studies with a further attenuated live measlesvirus vaccine. Pediatrics . 1963;;31:919-928.
15 +
Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Fine PEM, et al.  Duration of measles vaccine-induced immunity. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1990;;9:101-110.
16 +
Bellini WJ, Rota JS, Rota PA.  Virology of measles virus. J Infect Dis . 1994;;170( (suppl 1) ):S15-S23.
17 +
Fine PEM, Clarkson JA.  Measles in England and Wales, I: an analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. Int J Epidemiol . 1982;;11:5-14.
18 +
Mclean AR, Anderson RM.  Measles in developing countries, part I: epidemiological parameters and patterns. Epidemiol Infect . 1988;;100:111-133.
19 +
Chen RT, Weierbach R, Bisoffi Z, et al.  A 'post-honeymoon period' measles outbreak in Muyinga sector, Burundi. Int J Epidemiol . 1994;;23:185-193.
20 +
Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Orenstein WA, et al.  Patterns of transmission in measles outbreaks in the United States, 1985-1986. N Engl J Med . 1989;; 320:75-81.
21 +
Hersh BS, Markowitz LE, Maes EF, et al.  The geographic distribution of measles in the United States, 1980-1989. JAMA . 1992;;267:1936-1941.
22 +
Clements CG, Strassburg M, Cutts FT, et al.  The epidemiology of measles. World Health Stat Q . 1992;;45:285-291.
23 +
Foster SO, Pifer JM.  Mass measles control in West and Central Africa. Afr J Med Med Sci . 1971;; 2:151-158.
24 +
Foege WH.  Measles vaccination in Africa.  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Application of Vaccines Against Viral, Rickettsial, and Bacterial Diseases of Man . Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 1971;:207-212. Scientific publication 226.
25 +
Williams PJ, Hull HF.  Status of measles in the Gambia, 1981. Rev Infect Dis . 1983;;5:391-394.
26 +
Thacker SB, Millar JD.  Mathematical modeling and attempts to eliminate measles: a tribute to the late Professor George Macdonald. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;133:517-525.
27 +
Sabin AB.  My last will and testament on rapid elimination and ultimate global eradication of poliomyelitis and measles. Pediatrics . 1992;;90:162-169.
28 +
Hinman AR, Brandling-Bennett AD, Nieburg PI.  The opportunity and obligation to eliminate measles from the United States. JAMA . 1979;;242: 1157-1162.
29 +
Atkinson WL, Orenstein WA, Krugman S.  The resurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-90. Annu Rev Med . 1992;;43:451-463.
30 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Measles prevention: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1989;;38:S-9.
31 +
The National Vaccine Advisory Committee.  The measles epidemic: the problems, barriers, and recommendations. JAMA . 1991;;266:1547-1552.
32 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  State and national vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-15 months: United States, April-December 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1995;;44:613, 619-623.
33 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Absence of reported measles: United States, November 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1993;; 42:925-926.
34 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Measles: United States, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1995;;44:486-487, 493-494.
35 +
Molinert HT, Rodriguez R, Galindo M. Principales Aspectos Del Programa Nacional de Inmunizacion de la Republica de Cuba . Havana, Cuba: Ministry of Health; 1993;.
36 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Surveillance in the Americas. Wkly Bull . November 25, 1995;;1( (47) ).
37 +
Rota PA, Bloom AE, Vanchiere JA, Bellini WJ.  Evolution of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes of wild-type strains of measles virus isolated from recent epidemics. Virology . 1994;;198:724-730.
38 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Weekly measles bulletin is launched. EPI Newsletter . (December) 1994;;16:8.
39 +
Hospedales CJ.  Update on elimination of measles in the Caribbean. West Indian Med J . 1992;;41:43-44.
40 +
Jiménez de la Jara J, Fanta E, Ajjan N, et al. Control del Sarampion en Chile . Santiago, Chile: Dolmen Ediciones; 1995;.
41 +
Pan American Health Organization.  The fight against measles continues: Brazil and Chile carry out mass vaccination campaigns. EPI Newsletter . (June) 1992;;14:2-5.
42 +
Pan American Health Organization.  International importations of measles from the Americas into the United States. EPI Newsletter . (February) 1995;;17:1-2.
43 +
 Children's vaccine initiative: measles control— resetting the agenda: a report of the Children's Vaccine Initiative's Ad Hoc Committee on an Investment Strategy for Measles Control, Bellagio, Italy, March 15-19, 1993. J Infect Dis . 1994;;170 ( (suppl 1) ):S63-S64.
44 +
Brunell PA, Weigle K, Murphy MD, et al.  Antibody response following measles-mumps-rubella vaccine under conditions of customary use. JAMA . 1983;;250:1409-1412.
45 +
Peltola H, Heinonen OP, Valle M, et al.  The elimination of indigenous measles, mumps and rubella from Finland by a 12-year, two-dose vaccination program. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:1397-1402.
46 +
Hopkins DR, Koplan JP, Hinman AR, Lane JM.  The case for global measles eradication. Lancet . 1982;;1:1396-1398.
47 +
Foege WH.  The global elimination of measles. Public Health Rep . 1982;;97:402-405.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Bianchine PJ, Russo TA.  The role of epidemic infectious diseases in the discovery of America. Allergy Proc . 1992;;13:225-232.
2 +
Borgoño JM.  Current impact of measles in Latin America. Rev Infect Dis . 1983;;5:417-421.
3 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Measles elimination by the year 2000. EPI Newsletter . (October) 1994;;16:1-2.
4 +
de Quadros CA, Andrus JK, Olive JM, et al.  Polio eradication from the Western Hemisphere. Annu Rev Public Health . 1992;;13:239-252.
5 +
Clements CJ, Strassburg M, Cutts FT, et al.  Challenges for the global control of measles in the 1990's.  In: Kurstak E, ed. Measles and Poliomyelitis: Vaccines, Immunization, and Control . Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag; 1993:13-24.
6 +
World Health Organization.  Expanded program on immunization-accelerated measles strategies. Wkly Epidemiol Rec . 1994;;69( (31) ):229-234.
7 +
Smith EA, Foster SO.  Measles in areas of malnutrition. J Nigeria Med Assoc . 1970;;7:16-18.
8 +
World Bank. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health . New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993;:60-64.
9 +
Hope-Simpson RE.  Infectiousness of communicable diseases in the household. Lancet . 1952;;2:549-554.
10 +
Fine PEM.  Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev . 1993;;15:265-302.
11 +
Chen RT, Goldbaum GM, Wassilak SGF, Markowitz LE, Orenstein WA.  An explosive point-source outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. Am J Epidemiol . 1989;;129:173-182.
12 +
Hersh BS, Markowitz LE, Hoffman RE, et al.  A measles outbreak at a college with a prematriculation immunization requirement. Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:360-364.
13 +
Krugman S, Katz SL, Gershon AA, Wilfert C. Infectious Diseases of Children . 8th ed. St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1985;.
14 +
Krugman S, Giles JP, Jacobs AM, Friedman H.  Studies with a further attenuated live measlesvirus vaccine. Pediatrics . 1963;;31:919-928.
15 +
Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Fine PEM, et al.  Duration of measles vaccine-induced immunity. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1990;;9:101-110.
16 +
Bellini WJ, Rota JS, Rota PA.  Virology of measles virus. J Infect Dis . 1994;;170( (suppl 1) ):S15-S23.
17 +
Fine PEM, Clarkson JA.  Measles in England and Wales, I: an analysis of factors underlying seasonal patterns. Int J Epidemiol . 1982;;11:5-14.
18 +
Mclean AR, Anderson RM.  Measles in developing countries, part I: epidemiological parameters and patterns. Epidemiol Infect . 1988;;100:111-133.
19 +
Chen RT, Weierbach R, Bisoffi Z, et al.  A 'post-honeymoon period' measles outbreak in Muyinga sector, Burundi. Int J Epidemiol . 1994;;23:185-193.
20 +
Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Orenstein WA, et al.  Patterns of transmission in measles outbreaks in the United States, 1985-1986. N Engl J Med . 1989;; 320:75-81.
21 +
Hersh BS, Markowitz LE, Maes EF, et al.  The geographic distribution of measles in the United States, 1980-1989. JAMA . 1992;;267:1936-1941.
22 +
Clements CG, Strassburg M, Cutts FT, et al.  The epidemiology of measles. World Health Stat Q . 1992;;45:285-291.
23 +
Foster SO, Pifer JM.  Mass measles control in West and Central Africa. Afr J Med Med Sci . 1971;; 2:151-158.
24 +
Foege WH.  Measles vaccination in Africa.  In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Application of Vaccines Against Viral, Rickettsial, and Bacterial Diseases of Man . Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 1971;:207-212. Scientific publication 226.
25 +
Williams PJ, Hull HF.  Status of measles in the Gambia, 1981. Rev Infect Dis . 1983;;5:391-394.
26 +
Thacker SB, Millar JD.  Mathematical modeling and attempts to eliminate measles: a tribute to the late Professor George Macdonald. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;133:517-525.
27 +
Sabin AB.  My last will and testament on rapid elimination and ultimate global eradication of poliomyelitis and measles. Pediatrics . 1992;;90:162-169.
28 +
Hinman AR, Brandling-Bennett AD, Nieburg PI.  The opportunity and obligation to eliminate measles from the United States. JAMA . 1979;;242: 1157-1162.
29 +
Atkinson WL, Orenstein WA, Krugman S.  The resurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-90. Annu Rev Med . 1992;;43:451-463.
30 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Measles prevention: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1989;;38:S-9.
31 +
The National Vaccine Advisory Committee.  The measles epidemic: the problems, barriers, and recommendations. JAMA . 1991;;266:1547-1552.
32 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  State and national vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-15 months: United States, April-December 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1995;;44:613, 619-623.
33 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Absence of reported measles: United States, November 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1993;; 42:925-926.
34 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Measles: United States, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 1995;;44:486-487, 493-494.
35 +
Molinert HT, Rodriguez R, Galindo M. Principales Aspectos Del Programa Nacional de Inmunizacion de la Republica de Cuba . Havana, Cuba: Ministry of Health; 1993;.
36 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Surveillance in the Americas. Wkly Bull . November 25, 1995;;1( (47) ).
37 +
Rota PA, Bloom AE, Vanchiere JA, Bellini WJ.  Evolution of the nucleoprotein and matrix genes of wild-type strains of measles virus isolated from recent epidemics. Virology . 1994;;198:724-730.
38 +
Pan American Health Organization.  Weekly measles bulletin is launched. EPI Newsletter . (December) 1994;;16:8.
39 +
Hospedales CJ.  Update on elimination of measles in the Caribbean. West Indian Med J . 1992;;41:43-44.
40 +
Jiménez de la Jara J, Fanta E, Ajjan N, et al. Control del Sarampion en Chile . Santiago, Chile: Dolmen Ediciones; 1995;.
41 +
Pan American Health Organization.  The fight against measles continues: Brazil and Chile carry out mass vaccination campaigns. EPI Newsletter . (June) 1992;;14:2-5.
42 +
Pan American Health Organization.  International importations of measles from the Americas into the United States. EPI Newsletter . (February) 1995;;17:1-2.
43 +
 Children's vaccine initiative: measles control— resetting the agenda: a report of the Children's Vaccine Initiative's Ad Hoc Committee on an Investment Strategy for Measles Control, Bellagio, Italy, March 15-19, 1993. J Infect Dis . 1994;;170 ( (suppl 1) ):S63-S64.
44 +
Brunell PA, Weigle K, Murphy MD, et al.  Antibody response following measles-mumps-rubella vaccine under conditions of customary use. JAMA . 1983;;250:1409-1412.
45 +
Peltola H, Heinonen OP, Valle M, et al.  The elimination of indigenous measles, mumps and rubella from Finland by a 12-year, two-dose vaccination program. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:1397-1402.
46 +
Hopkins DR, Koplan JP, Hinman AR, Lane JM.  The case for global measles eradication. Lancet . 1982;;1:1396-1398.
47 +
Foege WH.  The global elimination of measles. Public Health Rep . 1982;;97:402-405.

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