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February 8, 1995, Vol 273, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | February 8, 1995

Tourette's Syndrome: Title and subTitle BreakA Model Neuropsychiatric Disorder FREE

Thomas M. Hyde, MD, PhD; Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint Request to National Institute of Mental Health, Neuroscience Center at St Elizabeths Hospital, 2700 Martin Luther King Jr Ave SE, Washington, DC 20032 (Dr Weinberger).

Section editors: John I. Gallin, PhD, MD, the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; David S. Cooper, MD, Contributing Editor, JAMA.


JAMA. 1995;273(6):498-501. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520300072040
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References

CASE REPORT  Anthony and Brian (not their real names) are monozygotic (MZ) twins who were born by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery at full term following an unremarkable pregnancy. Labor lasted 3 hours, with Brian born by breech delivery 8 minutes after Anthony, who was born head first. Both twins were healthy at birth, Brian weighing 3000 g and Anthony 3254 g. Their neurodevelopmental milestones were normal and neither had learning disabilities or problems with hyperactivity, anxiety, phobias, or memory. From about 2 years of age, Brian was felt to be easily distracted and his gross motor skills also appeared to be less refined.Brian developed motor tics at age 6 years with eye blinking as the presenting symptom, and vocal tics began with sniffing at age 9 years. Anthony developed motor tics at age 7 years with eye blinking as the presenting symptom. He has never manifested vocal tics. The

REFERENCES

1 +
Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group.  Definitions and classifications of tic disorders. Arch Neurol . 1993;;50:1013-1016.
2 +
Comings DE, Comings BG.  Tourette's syndrome: clinical and psychological aspects of 250 cases. Am J Hum Genet . 1985;;37:435-450.
3 +
Shapiro E, Shapiro AK.  Semiology, nosology, and criteria for tic disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) . 1986;;142:824-832.
4 +
Robertson MM.  The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Br J Psychiatry . 1989;; 154:147-169.
5 +
Bruun RD.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: an overview of clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry . 1984;;23:126-133.
6 +
Itard JMG.  Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension, et de la voix. Arch Gén Méd (Paris) . 1825;;8:385-407.
7 +
Gilles de la Tourette G.  Étude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'echolalie et de copralalie. Arch Neurol (Paris) . 1885;;9:19-42,158-200.
8 +
Caine ED, McBride MC, Chiverton P, Bamford KA, Rediess S, Shiao L.  Tourette's syndrome in Monroe County school children. Neurology . 1988;; 38:472-475.
9 +
Shapiro AK, Shapiro E.  Tourette syndrome: clinical aspects, treatment, and etiology. Semin Neurol . 1982;;2:373-385.
10 +
Burd L, Kerbeshlan J, Wikenheiser M, Fisher W.  Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in North Dakota adults. Am J Psychiatry . 1986;; 143:787-788.
11 +
Bruun RD, Budman CL.  The natural history of Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;;58:1-6.
12 +
Kidd KK, Prusoff BA, Cohen DJ.  Familial pattern of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1980;;37:1336-1339.
13 +
Pauls DL, Leckman JF.  The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors: evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med . 1986;;315:993-997.
14 +
Pauls DL, Towbin KE, Leckman JF, et al.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;;43:1180-1182.
15 +
Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Leckman JF.  A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1985;;42:815-820.
16 +
Hyde TM, Aaronson BA, Randolph C, Rickler KC, Weinberger DR.  Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology . 1992;;42:652-658.
17 +
Klawans HL, Falk DK, Nausieda PA, et al.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology . 1978;;28:1064-1068.
18 +
Lundh H, Tunving K.  An extrapyramidal choreiform syndrome caused by amphetamine addiction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1981;;44: 728-730.
19 +
Bonthala CM, West A.  Pemoline-induced chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br J Psychiatry . 1983;;143:300-302.
20 +
Leckman JF, Price RA, Walkup JT, Ort S, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ.  Nongenetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1987;; 44:100.
21 +
Randolph C, Hyde TM, Gold JM, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR.  Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins: relationship of tic severity to neuropsychological function. Arch Neurol . 1993;;50:725-728.
22 +
Bornstein RA.  Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res . 1990;;33:73-81.
23 +
Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL.  Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci . 1986;;9:357-381.
24 +
Hyde TM, Emesellem HA, Randolph C, Rickler KC, Weinberger DR.  EEG abnormalities in monozygotic twins with Tourette's syndrome: relationship between EEG findings, neuropsychological performance, and severity of illness. Br J Psychiatry . 1994;;164:811-817.
25 +
Jankovic J.  Diagnosis and classification of tics and Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;;58:7-14.
26 +
Balthasar K.  Über das anatomische Substrat der generalisierten Tic-Krankheit (maladie des tics Gilles de la Tourette): Entwicklungshemmung des corpus striatum. Arch Psychiatry Nervenkr (Berlin) . 1957;;195:531-549.
27 +
Dewulf A, van Bogaert L.  Études anatomocliniques de syndrômes hypercinétiques complexes, III: une observation anatomo-clinique de maladie des tics (Gilles de la Tourette). Monatsschr Psychiat Neurol . 1941;;104:53-61.
28 +
Haber SN, Wolfer D.  Basal ganglia peptidergic staining in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;; 58:145-150.
29 +
Singer HS, Hahn I-H, Moran TH.  Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome. Ann Neurol . 1991;;30:558-562.
30 +
Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, et al.  Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology . 1993;; 43:941-949.
31 +
Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, et al.  Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurology . 1993;;43:950-956.
32 +
Hyde, TM, Stacey, ML, Coppola, R, et al.  Cerebral morphometric abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome: a quantitative MRI study of monozygotic twins. Neurology . In press.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group.  Definitions and classifications of tic disorders. Arch Neurol . 1993;;50:1013-1016.
2 +
Comings DE, Comings BG.  Tourette's syndrome: clinical and psychological aspects of 250 cases. Am J Hum Genet . 1985;;37:435-450.
3 +
Shapiro E, Shapiro AK.  Semiology, nosology, and criteria for tic disorders. Rev Neurol (Paris) . 1986;;142:824-832.
4 +
Robertson MM.  The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Br J Psychiatry . 1989;; 154:147-169.
5 +
Bruun RD.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: an overview of clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry . 1984;;23:126-133.
6 +
Itard JMG.  Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension, et de la voix. Arch Gén Méd (Paris) . 1825;;8:385-407.
7 +
Gilles de la Tourette G.  Étude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'echolalie et de copralalie. Arch Neurol (Paris) . 1885;;9:19-42,158-200.
8 +
Caine ED, McBride MC, Chiverton P, Bamford KA, Rediess S, Shiao L.  Tourette's syndrome in Monroe County school children. Neurology . 1988;; 38:472-475.
9 +
Shapiro AK, Shapiro E.  Tourette syndrome: clinical aspects, treatment, and etiology. Semin Neurol . 1982;;2:373-385.
10 +
Burd L, Kerbeshlan J, Wikenheiser M, Fisher W.  Prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in North Dakota adults. Am J Psychiatry . 1986;; 143:787-788.
11 +
Bruun RD, Budman CL.  The natural history of Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;;58:1-6.
12 +
Kidd KK, Prusoff BA, Cohen DJ.  Familial pattern of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1980;;37:1336-1339.
13 +
Pauls DL, Leckman JF.  The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors: evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med . 1986;;315:993-997.
14 +
Pauls DL, Towbin KE, Leckman JF, et al.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1986;;43:1180-1182.
15 +
Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, Pauls DL, Leckman JF.  A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1985;;42:815-820.
16 +
Hyde TM, Aaronson BA, Randolph C, Rickler KC, Weinberger DR.  Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology . 1992;;42:652-658.
17 +
Klawans HL, Falk DK, Nausieda PA, et al.  Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology . 1978;;28:1064-1068.
18 +
Lundh H, Tunving K.  An extrapyramidal choreiform syndrome caused by amphetamine addiction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1981;;44: 728-730.
19 +
Bonthala CM, West A.  Pemoline-induced chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br J Psychiatry . 1983;;143:300-302.
20 +
Leckman JF, Price RA, Walkup JT, Ort S, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ.  Nongenetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1987;; 44:100.
21 +
Randolph C, Hyde TM, Gold JM, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR.  Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins: relationship of tic severity to neuropsychological function. Arch Neurol . 1993;;50:725-728.
22 +
Bornstein RA.  Neuropsychological performance in children with Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatry Res . 1990;;33:73-81.
23 +
Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL.  Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci . 1986;;9:357-381.
24 +
Hyde TM, Emesellem HA, Randolph C, Rickler KC, Weinberger DR.  EEG abnormalities in monozygotic twins with Tourette's syndrome: relationship between EEG findings, neuropsychological performance, and severity of illness. Br J Psychiatry . 1994;;164:811-817.
25 +
Jankovic J.  Diagnosis and classification of tics and Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;;58:7-14.
26 +
Balthasar K.  Über das anatomische Substrat der generalisierten Tic-Krankheit (maladie des tics Gilles de la Tourette): Entwicklungshemmung des corpus striatum. Arch Psychiatry Nervenkr (Berlin) . 1957;;195:531-549.
27 +
Dewulf A, van Bogaert L.  Études anatomocliniques de syndrômes hypercinétiques complexes, III: une observation anatomo-clinique de maladie des tics (Gilles de la Tourette). Monatsschr Psychiat Neurol . 1941;;104:53-61.
28 +
Haber SN, Wolfer D.  Basal ganglia peptidergic staining in Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol . 1992;; 58:145-150.
29 +
Singer HS, Hahn I-H, Moran TH.  Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome. Ann Neurol . 1991;;30:558-562.
30 +
Peterson B, Riddle MA, Cohen DJ, et al.  Reduced basal ganglia volumes in Tourette's syndrome using three-dimensional reconstruction techniques from magnetic resonance images. Neurology . 1993;; 43:941-949.
31 +
Singer HS, Reiss AL, Brown JE, et al.  Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurology . 1993;;43:950-956.
32 +
Hyde, TM, Stacey, ML, Coppola, R, et al.  Cerebral morphometric abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome: a quantitative MRI study of monozygotic twins. Neurology . In press.

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