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June 7, 1995, Vol 273, No. 21 >
ARTICLE | June 7, 1995

Rheumatology FREE

Graciela S. Alarcón, MD, MPH; Karin V. Straaton, MD
JAMA. 1995;273(21):1721-1723. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520450091048
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References

The existence of rheumatology as a subspecialty has recently been questioned. How rheumatology care will be provided in the future largely depends on the demonstration that rheumatologists are more able than generalists to treat patients afflicted with rheumatic disorders effectively. Thus, rheumatologists have joined the ranks of "outcome researchers" and are increasingly involved in this type of research.

Several arthritis-specific instruments have been developed; the ones most commonly used in the United States include the Health Assessment Questionnaire, the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales.1 In addition, generic disease instruments, such as Short Form 36, are being recommended to complement the arthritis-specific instruments because they are better at ascertaining patients' overall quality of life. The Health Assessment Questionnaire, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, and the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire have been used primarily in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but adaptations of these instruments to other

REFERENCES

1 +
Ramey DR, Raynauld J-P, Fries JF.  The Health Assessment Questionnaire: 1992 status and review. Arthritis Care Res . 1992;;5:119-129.
2 +
Liang MH, Fortin PR, Isenberg DA, Snaith L.  Quantitative clinical assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: progress report and research agenda. Rheum Int . 1991;;11:133-136.
3 +
Gladman D, Ginzler B, Goldsmith C, et al.  Systemic lupus international collaborative clinics: development of a damage index in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol . 1992;;19:1820-1821.
4 +
Callahan LF, Pincus T.  Reassessment of twelve traditional paradigms concerning the diagnosis, prevalence, morbidity and mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol . 1989;;79( (suppl) ):67-95.
5 +
Harris EDJ.  Rheumatoid arthritis: pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med . 1990;;322:1277-1289.
6 +
Willkens RF, Nepom GT, Marks CR, Nettles JW, Nepom BS.  Association of HLA-Dw16 with rheumatoid arthritis in Yallima Indians: further evidence for the 'shared epitope' hypothesis. Arthritis Rheum . 1991;;34:43-47.
7 +
Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Conn DL, Goronzy JJ.  The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med . 1992;;117:801-806.
8 +
Nepom GT, Nepom BS.  Prediction of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by human leukocyte antigen genotyping. Rheum Dis Clin North Am . 1992;;18:785-792.
9 +
Gough A, Faint J, Salmon M, et al.  Genetic typing of patients with inflammatory arthritis at presentation can be used to predict outcome. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37: 1166-1170.
10 +
McDaniel 0, Reveille JD, Pratt PW, Alarcón GS.  The large majority of African-American patients with seropositive RA do not possess the 'rheumatoid epitope.' Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:S169.
11 +
Yanagawa A, Takano K, Nishioka K, Shimada J, Mizushima Y, Ashida H.  Clinical staging and gadolinium-DTPA enhanced images of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol . 1993;;20:781-784.
12 +
Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD.  Measurement of hand bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: development of the method, and its application in normal volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis . 1994;;53:685-690.
13 +
Kloppenburg M, Breedveld FC, Terwiel JP, Mallee C, Dijkmans AC.  Minocycline in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:629-636.
14 +
Tilley BC, Alarcón GS, Heyse SP, et al, for the MIRA Trial Group.  Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a 48-week controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;; 122:81-89.
15 +
Trentham DE, Dynesius-Trentham RA, Orav EJ, et al.  Effects of oral administration of type II collagen on rheumatoid arthritis. Science . 1993;;261:1727-1730.
16 +
Moreland LW, Heck LWJ, Sullivan W, Pratt PW, Koopman WJ.  New approaches to the therapy of autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis as a paradigm. Am J Med Sci . 1993;;30S:40-51.
17 +
Pun YL, Moskowitz RW, Lie S, et al.  Clinical correlations of osteoarthritis associated with a single-base mutation (arginine 519 to cysteine) in type II procollagen gene: a newly defined pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:264-269.
18 +
Fries JF, Singh G, Morfeld D, Hubert HB, Lane NE, Brown BWJ.  Running and the development of disability with age. Ann Intern Med . 1994;;121:502-509.
19 +
Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ.  Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. Ann Intern Med . 1992;;116: 535-539.
20 +
Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI.  Comparison of an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen, and analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:87-91.
21 +
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Egger MJ, et al.  Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum . 1993;;36:1196-1206.
22 +
Altman RD, Aven A, Holmburg CE, Pfeifer LM, Sack M, Young GT.  Capsaicin cream 0.025% as monotherapy for osteoarthritis: a double-blind study. Semin Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;23:25-33.
23 +
Grecomoro G, Piccione F, Letizia G.  Therapeutic synergism between hyaluronic acid and dexamethasone in the intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary open study. Curr Med Res Opin . 1992;;13:49-55.
24 +
Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT, et al.  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:1583-1592.
25 +
Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, et al.  Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37: 1593-1601.
26 +
Mountz JM, Alexander RN, Bradley LA, et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow in caudate nuclei is associated with pain thresholds in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum . In press.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Ramey DR, Raynauld J-P, Fries JF.  The Health Assessment Questionnaire: 1992 status and review. Arthritis Care Res . 1992;;5:119-129.
2 +
Liang MH, Fortin PR, Isenberg DA, Snaith L.  Quantitative clinical assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: progress report and research agenda. Rheum Int . 1991;;11:133-136.
3 +
Gladman D, Ginzler B, Goldsmith C, et al.  Systemic lupus international collaborative clinics: development of a damage index in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol . 1992;;19:1820-1821.
4 +
Callahan LF, Pincus T.  Reassessment of twelve traditional paradigms concerning the diagnosis, prevalence, morbidity and mortality of rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol . 1989;;79( (suppl) ):67-95.
5 +
Harris EDJ.  Rheumatoid arthritis: pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med . 1990;;322:1277-1289.
6 +
Willkens RF, Nepom GT, Marks CR, Nettles JW, Nepom BS.  Association of HLA-Dw16 with rheumatoid arthritis in Yallima Indians: further evidence for the 'shared epitope' hypothesis. Arthritis Rheum . 1991;;34:43-47.
7 +
Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Conn DL, Goronzy JJ.  The influence of HLA-DRB1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med . 1992;;117:801-806.
8 +
Nepom GT, Nepom BS.  Prediction of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis by human leukocyte antigen genotyping. Rheum Dis Clin North Am . 1992;;18:785-792.
9 +
Gough A, Faint J, Salmon M, et al.  Genetic typing of patients with inflammatory arthritis at presentation can be used to predict outcome. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37: 1166-1170.
10 +
McDaniel 0, Reveille JD, Pratt PW, Alarcón GS.  The large majority of African-American patients with seropositive RA do not possess the 'rheumatoid epitope.' Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:S169.
11 +
Yanagawa A, Takano K, Nishioka K, Shimada J, Mizushima Y, Ashida H.  Clinical staging and gadolinium-DTPA enhanced images of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol . 1993;;20:781-784.
12 +
Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD.  Measurement of hand bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: development of the method, and its application in normal volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis . 1994;;53:685-690.
13 +
Kloppenburg M, Breedveld FC, Terwiel JP, Mallee C, Dijkmans AC.  Minocycline in active rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:629-636.
14 +
Tilley BC, Alarcón GS, Heyse SP, et al, for the MIRA Trial Group.  Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a 48-week controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;; 122:81-89.
15 +
Trentham DE, Dynesius-Trentham RA, Orav EJ, et al.  Effects of oral administration of type II collagen on rheumatoid arthritis. Science . 1993;;261:1727-1730.
16 +
Moreland LW, Heck LWJ, Sullivan W, Pratt PW, Koopman WJ.  New approaches to the therapy of autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis as a paradigm. Am J Med Sci . 1993;;30S:40-51.
17 +
Pun YL, Moskowitz RW, Lie S, et al.  Clinical correlations of osteoarthritis associated with a single-base mutation (arginine 519 to cysteine) in type II procollagen gene: a newly defined pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:264-269.
18 +
Fries JF, Singh G, Morfeld D, Hubert HB, Lane NE, Brown BWJ.  Running and the development of disability with age. Ann Intern Med . 1994;;121:502-509.
19 +
Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ.  Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. Ann Intern Med . 1992;;116: 535-539.
20 +
Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI.  Comparison of an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen, and analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:87-91.
21 +
Williams HJ, Ward JR, Egger MJ, et al.  Comparison of naproxen and acetaminophen in a two-year study of treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum . 1993;;36:1196-1206.
22 +
Altman RD, Aven A, Holmburg CE, Pfeifer LM, Sack M, Young GT.  Capsaicin cream 0.025% as monotherapy for osteoarthritis: a double-blind study. Semin Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;23:25-33.
23 +
Grecomoro G, Piccione F, Letizia G.  Therapeutic synergism between hyaluronic acid and dexamethasone in the intra-articular treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary open study. Curr Med Res Opin . 1992;;13:49-55.
24 +
Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT, et al.  Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37:1583-1592.
25 +
Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, et al.  Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum . 1994;;37: 1593-1601.
26 +
Mountz JM, Alexander RN, Bradley LA, et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow in caudate nuclei is associated with pain thresholds in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum . In press.

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