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June 7, 1995, Vol 273, No. 21 >
ARTICLE | June 7, 1995

Obstetrics and Gynecology FREE

Edward J. Quilligan, MD
JAMA. 1995;273(21):1700-1702. doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520450070036
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References

The incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is increasing in the heterosexual population.1 A significant proportion of this increase is due to injecting drug use. Nwanyanwu et al2 stated that of all the cases of AIDS reported to the Center for Communicable Diseases, Atlanta, Ga, up to June 1, 1991, 32% were associated with drug abuse; of this group of cases, 70% were in women and heterosexual men. From 1989 to 1990, the increased incidence of AIDS in drug-abusing women was 15% and in women who were sexual partners of drug-abusing men, 29%. This makes for a large pool of potentially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—infected pregnant women and presents the obstetrician with the challenge of identifying and treating these patients. Identifying HIV-infected pregnant patients is not always easy; the only way to identify all patients is to offer HIV screening to all pregnant patients. The need for universal

REFERENCES

1 +
de Vincenzi I.  A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:342-346.
2 +
Nwanyanwu OC, Chu SY, Green TA, Buehler JW, Berkelman RL.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States associated with injecting drug use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1993;;19:399-408.
3 +
Mofenson L.  Epidemiology and determinants of vertical HIV transmission. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis . 1994;;5:252-265.
4 +
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al.  Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:1173-1180.
5 +
Patrizio P, Ord T, Silber SJ, Asch RH.  Cystic fibrosis mutations impair the fertilization rate of epididymal sperm from men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hum Reprod . 1993;;8:1259-1263.
6 +
Patrizio P, Ord T, Silber SJ, Asch RH.  Correlation between epididymal length and fertilization rate in women with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Fertil Steril . 1994;;61:265-268.
7 +
Gabay M, Wolfe SM. Unnecessary Cesarean Sections: Curing a National Epidemic . Washington, DC: Public Citizen's Health Research Group, Public Citizens Publications; May 1994;.
8 +
Miller DA, Diaz FG, Paul RH.  Vaginal birth after cesarean section: a ten year experience. Obstet Gynecol . 1994;;84:255-258.
9 +
Carr BR, Marshburn PB, Weatherall PT, et al.  An evaluation of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and medroxyprogesterone acetate on uterine leiomyomata volume by magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1993;;76:1217-1223.
10 +
Friedman AJ, Daly M, Juneau Norcross M, et al.  A prospective, randomized trial of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus estrogen-progestin or progestin 'add-back' regimens for women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1993;;76:1439-1445.
11 +
Stovall TG, Ling FW.  Single-dose methotrexate: an expanded clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1993;;168:1759-1765.
12 +
Findlay I, Cunningham D, Dargie H.  Coronary heart disease, the menopause, and hormone replacement therapy. Br Heart J . 1994;;71:213-214.
13 +
The Writing Group for the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial.  Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. JAMA . 1995;;273:199-208.
14 +
Nachtigall MJ, Smilen SW, Nachtigall RD, et al.  Incidence of breast cancer in a 22-year study of women receiving estrogen-progestin replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol . 1992;;80:827-830.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
de Vincenzi I.  A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:342-346.
2 +
Nwanyanwu OC, Chu SY, Green TA, Buehler JW, Berkelman RL.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States associated with injecting drug use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse . 1993;;19:399-408.
3 +
Mofenson L.  Epidemiology and determinants of vertical HIV transmission. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis . 1994;;5:252-265.
4 +
Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, et al.  Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med . 1994;;331:1173-1180.
5 +
Patrizio P, Ord T, Silber SJ, Asch RH.  Cystic fibrosis mutations impair the fertilization rate of epididymal sperm from men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hum Reprod . 1993;;8:1259-1263.
6 +
Patrizio P, Ord T, Silber SJ, Asch RH.  Correlation between epididymal length and fertilization rate in women with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Fertil Steril . 1994;;61:265-268.
7 +
Gabay M, Wolfe SM. Unnecessary Cesarean Sections: Curing a National Epidemic . Washington, DC: Public Citizen's Health Research Group, Public Citizens Publications; May 1994;.
8 +
Miller DA, Diaz FG, Paul RH.  Vaginal birth after cesarean section: a ten year experience. Obstet Gynecol . 1994;;84:255-258.
9 +
Carr BR, Marshburn PB, Weatherall PT, et al.  An evaluation of the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and medroxyprogesterone acetate on uterine leiomyomata volume by magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1993;;76:1217-1223.
10 +
Friedman AJ, Daly M, Juneau Norcross M, et al.  A prospective, randomized trial of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus estrogen-progestin or progestin 'add-back' regimens for women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 1993;;76:1439-1445.
11 +
Stovall TG, Ling FW.  Single-dose methotrexate: an expanded clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1993;;168:1759-1765.
12 +
Findlay I, Cunningham D, Dargie H.  Coronary heart disease, the menopause, and hormone replacement therapy. Br Heart J . 1994;;71:213-214.
13 +
The Writing Group for the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial.  Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. JAMA . 1995;;273:199-208.
14 +
Nachtigall MJ, Smilen SW, Nachtigall RD, et al.  Incidence of breast cancer in a 22-year study of women receiving estrogen-progestin replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol . 1992;;80:827-830.

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