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August 11, 1993, Vol 270, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | August 11, 1993

Preventing HIV/AIDS Among Adolescents: Title and subTitle BreakSchools as Agents of Behavior Change FREE

Ralph J. DiClemente, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, 74 New Montgomery St, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105.


JAMA. 1993;270(6):760-762. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510060106042
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References

Although adolescents currently account for less than 1% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in the United States, recent data indicate that the rate of adolescent AIDS cases has increased markedly,1 especially among African-American adolescents.2 Moreover, given the long latency period between infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and clinical symptoms, reliance on AIDS case surveillance data severely underestimates the serious health threat to adolescents posed by the AIDS epidemic. More relevant indices, such as HIV seroprevalence in selected adolescent populations2 and the high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and sexual risk behaviors,3,4 emphasize the need for the urgent development and implementation of programs that effectively reduce HIV-related risk behaviors, particularly unprotected sexual intercourse.

See also p 725.

Although sexual abstinence is the most effective method to prevent transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, many adolescents are sexually active, with the age of

REFERENCES

1 +
Hein K.  Adolescents at risk for HIV infection.  In: DiClemente RJ, ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;:3-16.
2 +
DiClemente RJ.  Epidemiology of AIDS, HIV seroprevalence and HIV incidence among adolescents. J Sch Health . 1992;;62:325-330.
3 +
Cates W, Rauh JL.  Adolescents and sexually transmitted disease: an expanding problem. J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:257-261.
4 +
DiClemente RJ.  The emergence of adolescents as a risk group for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Adolesc Res . 1990;;5:7-17.
5 +
Hein K.  'Getting real' about HIV in adolescents. Am J Public Health . 1993;;83: 492-494.
6 +
Roper WL, Peterson HB, Curran JW.  Commentary: condoms and HIV/STD prevention—clarifying the message. Am J Public Health . 1993;;83:501-503.
7 +
DiClemente RJ.  Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents: the interplay of health education and public policy in the development and implementation of school-based AIDS education programs. AIDS Educ Prev . 1989;;1:70-78.
8 +
Britton PO, de Mauro D, Gambrell AE.  HIV/AIDS education. SIECUS Rep . 1992;;21:1-8.
9 +
DiClemente RJ.  HIV prevention among adolescents.  In: Cohen P, Sande M, Volberding P, eds. The AIDS Knowledge Base . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc. In press.
10 +
Kirby D, Barth RP, Leland N, Fetro JV.  Reducing the risk: impact of a new curriculum on sexual risk-taking. Fam Plann Perspect . 1991;;23:253-262.
11 +
Walter NJ, Vaughan RD.  AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of urban high school students. JAMA . 1993;;270:725-730.
12 +
DiClemente RJ.  Psychosocial determinants of condom use among adolescents.  In: DiClemente RJ, ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;;34-51.
13 +
Walter NJ, Vaughan RD, Gladis MM, Ragin DF, Kasen S, Cohall AT.  Factors associated with AIDS risk behavior among high school students in an AIDS epicenter. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:528-532.
14 +
Fisher JD, Fisher WA.  Changing AIDS risk behavior. Psychol Bull . 1992;;111: 455-474.
15 +
Kirby D, DiClemente RJ.  School-based behavioral interventions to prevent unprotected sex and HIV among adolescents.  In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
16 +
Jemmott JB, Jemmott LS, Fong GT.  Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:372-377.
17 +
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman CT, Haignere C, Davies M.  Reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among runaway adolescents. JAMA . 1991;;266:1237-1241.
18 +
Slap GB, Plotkin SI, Khalid N, Michelman DL, Forke GM.  A human immunodeficiency virus peer education program for adolescents females. J Adolesc Health . 1991;;12:434-442.
19 +
Klepp HI, Halper A, Perry CL.  The efficacy of peer leaders in drug abuse prevention. J Sch Health . 1986;;56:407-411.
20 +
Perry CL, Grant M.  Comparing peer-led to teacher-led youth alcohol education in four countries. Alcohol Health Res World . 1988;;12:322-326.
21 +
Telch MJ, Miller LM, Killen Cooke S, Maccoby N.  Social influences approach to smoking prevention: the effects of videotape delivery with and without same-age peer leader participation. Addictive Behav . 1990;;15:21-28.
22 +
Hein K.  Risky business: adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatrics . 1991;;88:1052-1054.
23 +
Stone EJ, Perry CL.  United States: perspectives on school health. J Sch Health . 1990;;60:363-369.
24 +
Forrest JD, Silverman J.  What public school teachers teach about preventing pregnancy, AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Fam Plann Perspect . 1989;;21: 65-72.
25 +
DiClemente RJ, Durbin M, Siegel D, Krasnovsky F, Lazarus N, Comacho T.  Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district. Pediatrics . 1992;;89:197-202.
26 +
Durbin M, DiClemente RJ, Siegel D, Krasnovsky F, Lazarus N, Comacho T.  Predictors of multiple-partnered sex among predominantly minority inner-city adolescents in an AIDS epicenter. J Adolesc Health . 1993;;14:202-207.
27 +
Brown LK, DiClemente RJ, Beausoleil HI.  Comparison of HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviors among sexually active and non-sexually active young adolescents. J Adolesc Health . 1992;;13:140-145.
28 +
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence.  Contraception and adolescents. Pediatrics . 1990;;86:134-138.
29 +
DiClemente RJ.  Confronting the challenge of AIDS among adolescents: directions for future research. J Adolesc Res . 1993;;8:156-166.
30 +
Coates TJ.  Strategies for modifying sexual behavior for primary and secondary prevention of HIV disease. J Consult Clin Psychol . 1990;;58:57-69.
31 +
Kelly JA, Murphy DA.  Psychological interventions with AIDS and HIV: prevention and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol . 1992;;60:476-485.
32 +
Peterson JL, DiClemente RJ.  Lessons learned from behavioral interventions: caveats, gaps and implications.  In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Hein K.  Adolescents at risk for HIV infection.  In: DiClemente RJ, ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;:3-16.
2 +
DiClemente RJ.  Epidemiology of AIDS, HIV seroprevalence and HIV incidence among adolescents. J Sch Health . 1992;;62:325-330.
3 +
Cates W, Rauh JL.  Adolescents and sexually transmitted disease: an expanding problem. J Adolesc Health Care . 1985;;6:257-261.
4 +
DiClemente RJ.  The emergence of adolescents as a risk group for human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Adolesc Res . 1990;;5:7-17.
5 +
Hein K.  'Getting real' about HIV in adolescents. Am J Public Health . 1993;;83: 492-494.
6 +
Roper WL, Peterson HB, Curran JW.  Commentary: condoms and HIV/STD prevention—clarifying the message. Am J Public Health . 1993;;83:501-503.
7 +
DiClemente RJ.  Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents: the interplay of health education and public policy in the development and implementation of school-based AIDS education programs. AIDS Educ Prev . 1989;;1:70-78.
8 +
Britton PO, de Mauro D, Gambrell AE.  HIV/AIDS education. SIECUS Rep . 1992;;21:1-8.
9 +
DiClemente RJ.  HIV prevention among adolescents.  In: Cohen P, Sande M, Volberding P, eds. The AIDS Knowledge Base . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc. In press.
10 +
Kirby D, Barth RP, Leland N, Fetro JV.  Reducing the risk: impact of a new curriculum on sexual risk-taking. Fam Plann Perspect . 1991;;23:253-262.
11 +
Walter NJ, Vaughan RD.  AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of urban high school students. JAMA . 1993;;270:725-730.
12 +
DiClemente RJ.  Psychosocial determinants of condom use among adolescents.  In: DiClemente RJ, ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy . Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications Inc; 1992;;34-51.
13 +
Walter NJ, Vaughan RD, Gladis MM, Ragin DF, Kasen S, Cohall AT.  Factors associated with AIDS risk behavior among high school students in an AIDS epicenter. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:528-532.
14 +
Fisher JD, Fisher WA.  Changing AIDS risk behavior. Psychol Bull . 1992;;111: 455-474.
15 +
Kirby D, DiClemente RJ.  School-based behavioral interventions to prevent unprotected sex and HIV among adolescents.  In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.
16 +
Jemmott JB, Jemmott LS, Fong GT.  Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:372-377.
17 +
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Koopman CT, Haignere C, Davies M.  Reducing HIV sexual risk behaviors among runaway adolescents. JAMA . 1991;;266:1237-1241.
18 +
Slap GB, Plotkin SI, Khalid N, Michelman DL, Forke GM.  A human immunodeficiency virus peer education program for adolescents females. J Adolesc Health . 1991;;12:434-442.
19 +
Klepp HI, Halper A, Perry CL.  The efficacy of peer leaders in drug abuse prevention. J Sch Health . 1986;;56:407-411.
20 +
Perry CL, Grant M.  Comparing peer-led to teacher-led youth alcohol education in four countries. Alcohol Health Res World . 1988;;12:322-326.
21 +
Telch MJ, Miller LM, Killen Cooke S, Maccoby N.  Social influences approach to smoking prevention: the effects of videotape delivery with and without same-age peer leader participation. Addictive Behav . 1990;;15:21-28.
22 +
Hein K.  Risky business: adolescents and human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatrics . 1991;;88:1052-1054.
23 +
Stone EJ, Perry CL.  United States: perspectives on school health. J Sch Health . 1990;;60:363-369.
24 +
Forrest JD, Silverman J.  What public school teachers teach about preventing pregnancy, AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Fam Plann Perspect . 1989;;21: 65-72.
25 +
DiClemente RJ, Durbin M, Siegel D, Krasnovsky F, Lazarus N, Comacho T.  Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district. Pediatrics . 1992;;89:197-202.
26 +
Durbin M, DiClemente RJ, Siegel D, Krasnovsky F, Lazarus N, Comacho T.  Predictors of multiple-partnered sex among predominantly minority inner-city adolescents in an AIDS epicenter. J Adolesc Health . 1993;;14:202-207.
27 +
Brown LK, DiClemente RJ, Beausoleil HI.  Comparison of HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, intentions and behaviors among sexually active and non-sexually active young adolescents. J Adolesc Health . 1992;;13:140-145.
28 +
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence.  Contraception and adolescents. Pediatrics . 1990;;86:134-138.
29 +
DiClemente RJ.  Confronting the challenge of AIDS among adolescents: directions for future research. J Adolesc Res . 1993;;8:156-166.
30 +
Coates TJ.  Strategies for modifying sexual behavior for primary and secondary prevention of HIV disease. J Consult Clin Psychol . 1990;;58:57-69.
31 +
Kelly JA, Murphy DA.  Psychological interventions with AIDS and HIV: prevention and treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol . 1992;;60:476-485.
32 +
Peterson JL, DiClemente RJ.  Lessons learned from behavioral interventions: caveats, gaps and implications.  In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp. In press.

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