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August 4, 1993, Vol 270, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | August 4, 1993

Prevention of Torture and Care of Survivors: Title and subTitle BreakAn Integrated Approach FREE

Metin Başoǧlu, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Institute of Psychiatry, 99 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England (Dr Başoǧlu).


JAMA. 1993;270(5):606-611. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510050072030
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References

An analysis of the 1992 Amnesty International report demonstrates the nature and global distribution of reports of human rights violations. Systematic torture was reported in 93 of 204 countries. Reports of torture were more common from regions affected by political unrest, including mass demonstrations, riots, outbreaks of violence, killings, coup attempts, civil war, armed tribal conflict, rebellions, and conflicts with various opposition groups demanding social and political reform. These observations suggest that effective measures against torture require a multilevel analysis of underlying social, political, cultural, and psychological factors. Effective care of survivors of organized violence and torture is an indispensable component of the human rights struggle and needs more scientific attention. An integrated approach involving both preventive efforts and care of survivors can promote the human rights cause.

(JAMA. 1993;270:606-611)

REFERENCES

1 +
Amnesty International. Torture in the Eighties . London, England: Amnesty International Publications; 1984;.
2 +
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 1992 . London, England: Amnesty International Publications; 1992;.
3 +
Amnesty International document 20.01/92.
4 +
Paker M, Paker Ö, Yüksel Ş.  Psychological effects of torture: an empirical study of tortured and non-tortured non-political prisoners.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:72-82.
5 +
Suedfeld P.  Torture: A brief overview.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Psychology and Torture . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;:1-11.
6 +
Staub E.  The psychology and culture of torture and torturers.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Torture and Psychology . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;: 49-76.
7 +
Gibson JT.  Factors contributing to the creation of a torturer.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Torture and Psychology . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;:77-88.
8 +
Peters E. Torture . Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell Publisher; 1985;.
9 +
Dowdall T.  Torture and the helping professions in South Africa.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 452-471.
10 +
Goldfeld AE, Mollica RF, Pesavento BH, Faraone SV.  The physical and psychological sequelae of torture: symptomatology and diagnosis. JAMA . 1988;; 259:2725-2729.
11 +
Somnier F, Vesti P, Kastrup M, Genefke IK.  Psycho-social consequences of torture: current knowledge and evidence.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:56-71.
12 +
Başoǧlu M, Paker M, Paker Ö, et al.  Psychological effects of torture: a comparison of tortured with non-tortured political activists in Turkey. Am J Psychiatry . In press.
13 +
Saporta JA, van der Kolk BA.  Psychobiological consequences of severe trauma.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:151-181.
14 +
Abildgaard U, Daugaard G, Marcussen H, Jess P, Petersen HD, Wallach M.  Chronic organic psychosyndrome in Greek torture victims. Dan Med Bull . 1984;;31:239-241.
15 +
Allodi F, Cowgill G.  Ethical and psychiatric aspects of torture: a Canadian study. Can J Psychiatry . 1982;;27:98-102.
16 +
Başoǧlu M.  The impact of torture experience on psychological adaptation: approaches to research.  In: Mollica RF, ed. Science of Refugee Mental Health: New Concepts and Methods . Boston, Mass: Harvard University Press. In press.
17 +
Keane TM, Albano AM, Blake DD.  Current trends in the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 363-401.
18 +
Skylv G.  Physical sequelae of torture.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:38-55.
19 +
Van Willigen LHM.  Organisation of care and rehabilitation services for victims of torture and other forms of organised violence: a review of current issues.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:277-298.
20 +
Beebe GW.  Follow-up studies of World War II and Korean War prisoners, II: morbidity, disability, and maladjustments. Am J Epidemiol . 1975;;101:400-422.
21 +
Tennant C, Goulston K, Dent O.  Clinical psychiatric illness in prisoners of war of the Japanese: forty years after release. Psychol Med . 1986;;16:833-839.
22 +
Kluznik JC, Speed N, Valkenburg CV, Magraw R.  Forty-year follow-up of United States prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry . 1986;;11:1443-1446.
23 +
Miller TW, Martin W, Spiro K.  Post-traumatic stress disorder in former prisoners of war. Compr Psychiatry . 1989;;30( (2) ):139-148.
24 +
Solkoff N.  The holocaust: survivors and their children.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:136-148.
25 +
Barrett TW, Mizes JS.  Combat and social support in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Modif . 1988;;12:100-115.
26 +
Roberts WP, Penk WE, Gearing ML, Robinowitz R, Dolan M, Patterson E.  Interpersonal problems of Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. J Abnorm Psychol . 1982;;91:444-450.
27 +
Carroll EM, Rueger DB, Foy DW, Donahoe CP.  Vietnam combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder: analysis of marital and cohabiting adjustment. J Abnorm Psychol . 1985;;94:329-337.
28 +
Bustos E.  Psychodynamic approaches in the treatment of torture survivors.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:333-347.
29 +
Vesti P, Kastrup M.  Psychotherapy for torture survivors.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 348-362.
30 +
Cienfuegos J, Monelli C.  The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. Am J Orthopsychiatry . 1983;;53:43-51.
31 +
Agger I, Jensen SB.  Testimony as ritual and evidence in psychotherapy for political refugees. J Traumatic Stress . 1990;;3:115-130.
32 +
Somnier FE, Genefke IK.  Psychotherapy for victims of torture. Br J Psychiatry . 1986;;149:323-329.
33 +
Başoǧlu M.  Cognitive-behavioural approach in the treatment of torture-related psychological problems.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:402-429.
34 +
Başoǧlu M, Marks IM.  Torture: research needed into how to help those who have been tortured. BMJ . 1988;;297:1423-1424.
35 +
Marks IM. Fears, Phobias and Rituals . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1987;.
36 +
Başoǧlu M.  Behavioural and cognitive treatment of survivors of torture.  In: Jaranson JM, Popkin MK, eds. The Role of Psychiatrists and Other Physicians in Caring for Victims of Torture . Psychiatric Press. In press.
37 +
Başoǧlu M, Marks IM, Şengün S.  Amitriptyline for PTSD in a torture survivor: a case study. J Traumatic Stress . 1991;;5( (1) ):77-83.
38 +
Bloch HS.  Army clinical psychiatry in the combat zone: 1967-1968. Am J Psychiatry . 1969;;126:289-298.
39 +
Jones FD, Johnson AW.  Medical and psychiatric treatment policy and practice in Vietnam. J Soc Issues . 1975;;31:49-65.
40 +
Haywood CH.  Emergency, crisis and stress services for rape victims. Crisis Intervention . 1975;;6:43-48.
41 +
Ben-Yakar M, Dasberg H, Plotkin I.  The influences of various therapeutic milieus on the course of group treatment in two groups of soldier with combat reaction. Isr Ann Psychiatry Rel Discipl . 1978;;16: 183-195.
42 +
Egendorf A.  Vietnam veteran rap groups and themes of postwar life. J Soc Issues . 1975;;31:111-124.
43 +
Cryer L, Beutler L.  Group therapy: an alternative approach for rape victims. J Sex Marital Ther . 1980;; 6:40-46.
44 +
Başoǧlu M.  Introduction.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:1-8.
45 +
Mollica R.  The prevention of torture and the clinical care of survivors: a field in need of a new science.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:23-37.
46 +
Mollica R, Caspi-Yavin Y.  Overview: the assessment and diagnosis of torture events and symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;253-274.
47 +
 UN fund in need of money. Torture . 1993;;3:1,31.
48 +
Başoǧlu M, Mineka S.  The role of uncontrollability and unpredictability of stress in the development of post-torture stress symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:182-225.
49 +
Mollica RF, Donelan K, Tor S, et al.  The effect of trauma and confinement on functional health and mental health status of Cambodians living in Thailand-Cambodia border camps. JAMA . 1993;;270: 581-586.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Amnesty International. Torture in the Eighties . London, England: Amnesty International Publications; 1984;.
2 +
Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report 1992 . London, England: Amnesty International Publications; 1992;.
3 +
Amnesty International document 20.01/92.
4 +
Paker M, Paker Ö, Yüksel Ş.  Psychological effects of torture: an empirical study of tortured and non-tortured non-political prisoners.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:72-82.
5 +
Suedfeld P.  Torture: A brief overview.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Psychology and Torture . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;:1-11.
6 +
Staub E.  The psychology and culture of torture and torturers.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Torture and Psychology . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;: 49-76.
7 +
Gibson JT.  Factors contributing to the creation of a torturer.  In: Suedfeld P, ed. Torture and Psychology . New York, NY: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1990;:77-88.
8 +
Peters E. Torture . Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell Publisher; 1985;.
9 +
Dowdall T.  Torture and the helping professions in South Africa.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 452-471.
10 +
Goldfeld AE, Mollica RF, Pesavento BH, Faraone SV.  The physical and psychological sequelae of torture: symptomatology and diagnosis. JAMA . 1988;; 259:2725-2729.
11 +
Somnier F, Vesti P, Kastrup M, Genefke IK.  Psycho-social consequences of torture: current knowledge and evidence.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:56-71.
12 +
Başoǧlu M, Paker M, Paker Ö, et al.  Psychological effects of torture: a comparison of tortured with non-tortured political activists in Turkey. Am J Psychiatry . In press.
13 +
Saporta JA, van der Kolk BA.  Psychobiological consequences of severe trauma.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:151-181.
14 +
Abildgaard U, Daugaard G, Marcussen H, Jess P, Petersen HD, Wallach M.  Chronic organic psychosyndrome in Greek torture victims. Dan Med Bull . 1984;;31:239-241.
15 +
Allodi F, Cowgill G.  Ethical and psychiatric aspects of torture: a Canadian study. Can J Psychiatry . 1982;;27:98-102.
16 +
Başoǧlu M.  The impact of torture experience on psychological adaptation: approaches to research.  In: Mollica RF, ed. Science of Refugee Mental Health: New Concepts and Methods . Boston, Mass: Harvard University Press. In press.
17 +
Keane TM, Albano AM, Blake DD.  Current trends in the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 363-401.
18 +
Skylv G.  Physical sequelae of torture.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:38-55.
19 +
Van Willigen LHM.  Organisation of care and rehabilitation services for victims of torture and other forms of organised violence: a review of current issues.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:277-298.
20 +
Beebe GW.  Follow-up studies of World War II and Korean War prisoners, II: morbidity, disability, and maladjustments. Am J Epidemiol . 1975;;101:400-422.
21 +
Tennant C, Goulston K, Dent O.  Clinical psychiatric illness in prisoners of war of the Japanese: forty years after release. Psychol Med . 1986;;16:833-839.
22 +
Kluznik JC, Speed N, Valkenburg CV, Magraw R.  Forty-year follow-up of United States prisoners of war. Am J Psychiatry . 1986;;11:1443-1446.
23 +
Miller TW, Martin W, Spiro K.  Post-traumatic stress disorder in former prisoners of war. Compr Psychiatry . 1989;;30( (2) ):139-148.
24 +
Solkoff N.  The holocaust: survivors and their children.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:136-148.
25 +
Barrett TW, Mizes JS.  Combat and social support in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. Behav Modif . 1988;;12:100-115.
26 +
Roberts WP, Penk WE, Gearing ML, Robinowitz R, Dolan M, Patterson E.  Interpersonal problems of Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD. J Abnorm Psychol . 1982;;91:444-450.
27 +
Carroll EM, Rueger DB, Foy DW, Donahoe CP.  Vietnam combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder: analysis of marital and cohabiting adjustment. J Abnorm Psychol . 1985;;94:329-337.
28 +
Bustos E.  Psychodynamic approaches in the treatment of torture survivors.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:333-347.
29 +
Vesti P, Kastrup M.  Psychotherapy for torture survivors.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;: 348-362.
30 +
Cienfuegos J, Monelli C.  The testimony of political repression as a therapeutic instrument. Am J Orthopsychiatry . 1983;;53:43-51.
31 +
Agger I, Jensen SB.  Testimony as ritual and evidence in psychotherapy for political refugees. J Traumatic Stress . 1990;;3:115-130.
32 +
Somnier FE, Genefke IK.  Psychotherapy for victims of torture. Br J Psychiatry . 1986;;149:323-329.
33 +
Başoǧlu M.  Cognitive-behavioural approach in the treatment of torture-related psychological problems.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:402-429.
34 +
Başoǧlu M, Marks IM.  Torture: research needed into how to help those who have been tortured. BMJ . 1988;;297:1423-1424.
35 +
Marks IM. Fears, Phobias and Rituals . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1987;.
36 +
Başoǧlu M.  Behavioural and cognitive treatment of survivors of torture.  In: Jaranson JM, Popkin MK, eds. The Role of Psychiatrists and Other Physicians in Caring for Victims of Torture . Psychiatric Press. In press.
37 +
Başoǧlu M, Marks IM, Şengün S.  Amitriptyline for PTSD in a torture survivor: a case study. J Traumatic Stress . 1991;;5( (1) ):77-83.
38 +
Bloch HS.  Army clinical psychiatry in the combat zone: 1967-1968. Am J Psychiatry . 1969;;126:289-298.
39 +
Jones FD, Johnson AW.  Medical and psychiatric treatment policy and practice in Vietnam. J Soc Issues . 1975;;31:49-65.
40 +
Haywood CH.  Emergency, crisis and stress services for rape victims. Crisis Intervention . 1975;;6:43-48.
41 +
Ben-Yakar M, Dasberg H, Plotkin I.  The influences of various therapeutic milieus on the course of group treatment in two groups of soldier with combat reaction. Isr Ann Psychiatry Rel Discipl . 1978;;16: 183-195.
42 +
Egendorf A.  Vietnam veteran rap groups and themes of postwar life. J Soc Issues . 1975;;31:111-124.
43 +
Cryer L, Beutler L.  Group therapy: an alternative approach for rape victims. J Sex Marital Ther . 1980;; 6:40-46.
44 +
Başoǧlu M.  Introduction.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:1-8.
45 +
Mollica R.  The prevention of torture and the clinical care of survivors: a field in need of a new science.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:23-37.
46 +
Mollica R, Caspi-Yavin Y.  Overview: the assessment and diagnosis of torture events and symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;253-274.
47 +
 UN fund in need of money. Torture . 1993;;3:1,31.
48 +
Başoǧlu M, Mineka S.  The role of uncontrollability and unpredictability of stress in the development of post-torture stress symptoms.  In: Başoǧlu M, ed. Torture and Its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; 1992;:182-225.
49 +
Mollica RF, Donelan K, Tor S, et al.  The effect of trauma and confinement on functional health and mental health status of Cambodians living in Thailand-Cambodia border camps. JAMA . 1993;;270: 581-586.

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