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November 24, 1993, Vol 270, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | November 24, 1993

Mortality by Hispanic Status in the United States FREE

Paul D. Sorlie, PhD; Eric Backlund, MS; Norman J. Johnson, PhD; Eugene Rogot, MS
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Federal Building, Room 3A 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 (Dr Sorlie).


JAMA. 1993;270(20):2464-2468. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510200070034
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References

Objective.  —To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates between Hispanic and non-Hispanic groups and estimate the effect of family income, place of birth, and place of residence on these rates.

Design.  —Cohort study using national survey data matched to the National Death Index, with a mortality follow-up period of 9 years.

Setting.  —The noninstitutionalized population of the United States.

Participants.  —Approximately 700000 respondents (aged 25 years or older), including 40 000 Hispanics, to national surveys conducted by the US Bureau of the Census (Current Population Surveys).

Outcome Measures.  —All causes and underlying cause of death, coded from the death certificate, occurring between 1979 and 1987.

Results.  —Adjusting for age, Hispanics were shown to have lower mortality from all causes compared with non-Hispanics (standardized rate ratio [SRR], 0.74 for men, 0.82 for women), lower mortality from cancer (SRR, 0.69 for men, 0.61 for women), lower mortality from cardiovascular disease (SRR, 0.65 for men, 0.80 for women), higher mortality from diabetes (SRR, 1.86 for men, 2.38 for women), and higher mortality from homicide (SRR, 3.60 for men). After adjusting for differences in annual family income, the relative mortality ratios were even lower for Hispanics than non-Hispanics.

Conclusion.  —These data describe, in a large national cohort study, a lower mortality in Hispanics than in non-Hispanics. This mortality is particularly low after adjustment for differences in family income.(JAMA. 1993;270:2464-2468)

REFERENCES

1 +
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association.  Hispanic health in the United States. JAMA . 1991;;265:248-252.
2 +
Ginzburg E.  Access to health care for Hispanics. JAMA . 1991;;265:238-241.
3 +
Novello AC, Wise PH, Kleinman DV.  Hispanic health: time for data, time for action. JAMA . 1991;; 265:253-255.
4 +
Rosenwaike I.  Mortality differentials among persons born in Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico residing in the United States, 1979-1981. Am J Public Health . 1987;;77:603-606.
5 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1990 . Hyattsville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;. Publication (PHS) 91-1232.
6 +
Markides KS, Coreil J.  The health of Hispanics in the southwestern United States: an epidemiological paradox. Public Health Rep . 1986;;101:253-265.
7 +
Becker TM, Wiggins C, Key CR, Samet JM.  Ischemic heart disease mortality in Hispanics, American Indians, and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico, 1958-1982. Circulation . 1988;;78:302-309.
8 +
Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Haffner SM, Patterson JK, Stern MP.  Myocardial infarction in Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Circulation . 1991;;83:45-51.
9 +
Stern MP, Bradshaw BS, Eifler CW, Fong DS, Hazuda HP, Rosenthal M.  Secular decline in death rates due to ischemic heart disease in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in Texas, 1970-1980. Circulation . 1987;;76:1245-1250.
10 +
Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Glover CS, Treasure D. A Mortality Study of One Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1981 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1988;. Publication 88-2896.
11 +
Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Schmitt C. A Mortality Study of 1.3 Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1985 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1992;. Publication 92-3297.
12 +
US Bureau of the Census. The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology . Washington, DC: US Dept of Commerce; 1978;. Technical paper 40.
13 +
National Center for Health Statistics. National Death Index Users Manual . Hyattsville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990;. Publication (PHS) 90-1148.
14 +
Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Rasmussen WL.  An evaluation of the Social Security Administration Master Beneficiary Record File and the National Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status. Am J Public Health . 1983;;73:1270-1274.
15 +
Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE.  Test of the National Death Index. Am J Epidemiol . 1984;; 119:837-839.
16 +
Williams BC, Demitrack LB, Fries BE.  The accuracy of the National Death Index when personal identifiers other than Social Security number are used. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:1145-1147.
17 +
Calle EE, Terrell DT.  Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among Cancer Prevention Study II participants. Am J Epidemiol . 1993;;137:235-241.
18 +
World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, Based on the Recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference, 1975 . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977;.
19 +
Flanders WJ.  Approximate variance formulas for standardized rate ratios. J Chronic Dis . 1984;; 37:449-453.
20 +
Lee ET. Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1992;.
21 +
Rosenwaike I.  Cancer mortality among Mexican immigrants in the United States. Public Health Rep . 1988;;103:195-201.
22 +
Rosenwaike I, Shai D.  Trends in cancer mortality among Puerto Rican—born migrants to New York City. Int J Epidemiol . 1986;;15:30-35.
23 +
Smith JC, Mercy JA, Rosenberg ML.  Suicide and homicide among Hispanics in the Southwest. Public Health Rep . 1986;;101:265-270.
24 +
Samet JM, Coultas DB, Howard CA, Skipper BJ.  Respiratory diseases and cigarette smoking in a Hispanic population in New Mexico. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1988;;137:815-819.
25 +
Coultas DB, Howard CA, Peake GT, Skipper BJ, Samet JM.  Discrepancies between self-reported and validated cigarette smoking in a community survey of New Mexico Hispanics. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1988;;137:810-814.
26 +
Mitchell BD, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK.  Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Am J Epidemiol . 1990;;131:423-433.
27 +
Haynes SG, Harvey C, Montes H, Nickens H, Cohen B.  Patterns of cigarette smoking among Hispanics in the United States: results from HHANES 1982-1984. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80( (suppl) ):47-54.
28 +
Bang KM, Gergen PJ, Carroll M.  Prevalence of chronic bronchitis among US Hispanics from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1495-1497.
29 +
Lee DJ, Markides KS.  Health behaviors, risk factors, and health indicators associated with cigarette use in Mexican-Americans: results from Hispanic HANES. Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:859-864.
30 +
Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B.  Health-related risk factors in a sample of Hispanics and whites matched on sociodemographic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol . 1993;;137:1365-1375.
31 +
Sorel JE, Raglund DR, Syme SL.  Blood pressure in Mexican-Americans, whites and blacks: the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134: 370-378.
32 +
Pappas G, Gergen PJ, Carroll M.  Hypertension prevalence and the status of awareness, treatment, and control in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-84. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1431-1436.
33 +
Geronimus AT, Neidert LJ, Bound J.  A note on the measurement of hypertension in HHANES. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1437-1442.
34 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1992 . Hyattsville, Md: Public Health Service; 1993;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 93-1232.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association.  Hispanic health in the United States. JAMA . 1991;;265:248-252.
2 +
Ginzburg E.  Access to health care for Hispanics. JAMA . 1991;;265:238-241.
3 +
Novello AC, Wise PH, Kleinman DV.  Hispanic health: time for data, time for action. JAMA . 1991;; 265:253-255.
4 +
Rosenwaike I.  Mortality differentials among persons born in Cuba, Mexico, and Puerto Rico residing in the United States, 1979-1981. Am J Public Health . 1987;;77:603-606.
5 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1990 . Hyattsville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1991;. Publication (PHS) 91-1232.
6 +
Markides KS, Coreil J.  The health of Hispanics in the southwestern United States: an epidemiological paradox. Public Health Rep . 1986;;101:253-265.
7 +
Becker TM, Wiggins C, Key CR, Samet JM.  Ischemic heart disease mortality in Hispanics, American Indians, and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico, 1958-1982. Circulation . 1988;;78:302-309.
8 +
Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Haffner SM, Patterson JK, Stern MP.  Myocardial infarction in Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Circulation . 1991;;83:45-51.
9 +
Stern MP, Bradshaw BS, Eifler CW, Fong DS, Hazuda HP, Rosenthal M.  Secular decline in death rates due to ischemic heart disease in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites in Texas, 1970-1980. Circulation . 1987;;76:1245-1250.
10 +
Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Glover CS, Treasure D. A Mortality Study of One Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1981 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1988;. Publication 88-2896.
11 +
Rogot E, Sorlie PD, Johnson NJ, Schmitt C. A Mortality Study of 1.3 Million Persons by Demographic, Social, and Economic Factors: 1979-1985 Follow-up . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1992;. Publication 92-3297.
12 +
US Bureau of the Census. The Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology . Washington, DC: US Dept of Commerce; 1978;. Technical paper 40.
13 +
National Center for Health Statistics. National Death Index Users Manual . Hyattsville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1990;. Publication (PHS) 90-1148.
14 +
Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Rasmussen WL.  An evaluation of the Social Security Administration Master Beneficiary Record File and the National Death Index in the ascertainment of vital status. Am J Public Health . 1983;;73:1270-1274.
15 +
Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE.  Test of the National Death Index. Am J Epidemiol . 1984;; 119:837-839.
16 +
Williams BC, Demitrack LB, Fries BE.  The accuracy of the National Death Index when personal identifiers other than Social Security number are used. Am J Public Health . 1992;;82:1145-1147.
17 +
Calle EE, Terrell DT.  Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among Cancer Prevention Study II participants. Am J Epidemiol . 1993;;137:235-241.
18 +
World Health Organization. Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death, Based on the Recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference, 1975 . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1977;.
19 +
Flanders WJ.  Approximate variance formulas for standardized rate ratios. J Chronic Dis . 1984;; 37:449-453.
20 +
Lee ET. Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis . 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1992;.
21 +
Rosenwaike I.  Cancer mortality among Mexican immigrants in the United States. Public Health Rep . 1988;;103:195-201.
22 +
Rosenwaike I, Shai D.  Trends in cancer mortality among Puerto Rican—born migrants to New York City. Int J Epidemiol . 1986;;15:30-35.
23 +
Smith JC, Mercy JA, Rosenberg ML.  Suicide and homicide among Hispanics in the Southwest. Public Health Rep . 1986;;101:265-270.
24 +
Samet JM, Coultas DB, Howard CA, Skipper BJ.  Respiratory diseases and cigarette smoking in a Hispanic population in New Mexico. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1988;;137:815-819.
25 +
Coultas DB, Howard CA, Peake GT, Skipper BJ, Samet JM.  Discrepancies between self-reported and validated cigarette smoking in a community survey of New Mexico Hispanics. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1988;;137:810-814.
26 +
Mitchell BD, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK.  Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Am J Epidemiol . 1990;;131:423-433.
27 +
Haynes SG, Harvey C, Montes H, Nickens H, Cohen B.  Patterns of cigarette smoking among Hispanics in the United States: results from HHANES 1982-1984. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80( (suppl) ):47-54.
28 +
Bang KM, Gergen PJ, Carroll M.  Prevalence of chronic bronchitis among US Hispanics from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1495-1497.
29 +
Lee DJ, Markides KS.  Health behaviors, risk factors, and health indicators associated with cigarette use in Mexican-Americans: results from Hispanic HANES. Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:859-864.
30 +
Winkleby MA, Fortmann SP, Rockhill B.  Health-related risk factors in a sample of Hispanics and whites matched on sociodemographic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol . 1993;;137:1365-1375.
31 +
Sorel JE, Raglund DR, Syme SL.  Blood pressure in Mexican-Americans, whites and blacks: the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;134: 370-378.
32 +
Pappas G, Gergen PJ, Carroll M.  Hypertension prevalence and the status of awareness, treatment, and control in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-84. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1431-1436.
33 +
Geronimus AT, Neidert LJ, Bound J.  A note on the measurement of hypertension in HHANES. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:1437-1442.
34 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1992 . Hyattsville, Md: Public Health Service; 1993;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 93-1232.

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