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January 13, 1993, Vol 269, No. 2 >
ARTICLE | January 13, 1993

Infections Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Title and subTitle BreakThe Beginning of the End? FREE

Eugene D. Shapiro, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St. New Haven, CT 06510-8064 (Dr Shapiro).


JAMA. 1993;269(2):264-266. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500020098040
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References

Infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) have been a deadly scourge of children for many years. Until recently Hib was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States (most of which occurred in children less than 2 years of age).1Haemophilus influenzae type b has been responsible for death or severe permanent neurologic damage in tens of thousands of children in the United States and throughout the world.1,2 The morbidity and mortality of Hib infections in the United States in the early 1980s were comparable to the morbidity and mortality of poliomyelitis during the great polio epidemics of the 1950s.3 Three articles in the current issue of The Journal report that in recent years the incidence of Hib infections in the United States has fallen by 85% to 90%.4-6 Is this occurring throughout the

See also pp 221, 227, and 246.

REFERENCES

1 +
Shapiro ED, Ward JI.  The epidemiology and prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Epidemiol Rev . 1991;;13:113-142.
2 +
Sell SH.  Long term sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1983;; 2:90-93.
3 +
Cochi SL, O'Mara D, Preblud SR.  Progress in Haemophilus type b polysaccharide vaccine use in the United States. Pediatrics . 1988;;81:166-168.
4 +
Murphy TV, White KE, Pastor P, et al.  Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA . 1993;;269:246-248.
5 +
Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, et al.  Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA . 1993;;269:221-226.
6 +
Broadhurst LE, Erickson RL, Kelley PW.  Decreases in invasive Haemophilus influenzae diseases in US Army children, 1984 through 1991. JAMA . 1993;;269:227-231.
7 +
Murphy TV, Osterholm MT, Pierson LM, et al.  Prospective surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Dallas County, Texas, and in Minnesota. Pediatrics . 1987;;79:173-180.
8 +
Shapiro ED, Wald ER, Margolis AG, Ortenzo ME.  The decreasing incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in both Connecticut and greater Pittsburgh, Pa. Pediatr Res . 1992;;31:100A. Abstract 587.
9 +
Vadheim CM, Greenberg DP, Eriksen E, et al.  Reduction of Hib disease in Southern California, 1983-1991.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 1726.
10 +
Peltola H, Kilpi T, Anttila M.  Rapid disappearance of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis after routine childhood immunisation with conjugate vaccines. Lancet . 1992;;340:592-594.
11 +
Peltola H, Kayhty H, Virtanen M, Mäkelä PH.  Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae bacteremic infections with the capsular polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:1561-1566.
12 +
Takala AK, Eskola J, Peltola H, Mäkelä PH.  Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among children in Finland before vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1989;;8:297-302.
13 +
Daum RS, Granoff DM, Gilsdorf J, Murphy TV, Osterholm MT.  Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in day care attendees: implications for management. Rev Infect Dis . 1986;;8:558-567.
14 +
Cochi SL, Broome CV.  Vaccine prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1986;;5:12-19.
15 +
Weinberg GA, Granoff DM.  Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. J Pediatr . 1988;;113:621-631.
16 +
Dintzis RZ.  Rational design of conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Res . 1992;;32:376-385.
17 +
Eskola J, Kayhty H, Takala AK, et al.  A randomized prospective field trial of a conjugate vaccine in the protection of infants and young children against invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1381-1386.
18 +
Ward J, Brenneman G, Letson GW, Heyward WL, Alaska H,  Influenzae Vaccine Study Group. Limited efficacy of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Alaska native infants. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1393-1400.
19 +
Black SB, Shinefield HR, Fireman B, et al.  Efficacy in infancy of oligo-saccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type (HbOC) vaccine in a United States population of 61,080 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1991;;10:97-104.
20 +
Santosham M, Wolff M, Reid R, et al.  The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex. N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1767-1772.
21 +
Takala AK, Eskola J, Leinoene M, et al.  Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children with an Hib conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis . 1991;;164:982-986.
22 +
Murphy TV, Pastor PN, Medley FB, Coury SL, Bravo A, Granoff DM.  Is Haemophilus influenzae b colonization of children in day care reduced by Hib conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccine?  In: Program and abstracts of the 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; September 29-October 2, 1991;; Chicago, Ill. Abstract 66.
23 +
Takala AK, Santosham M, Almeido-Hill J, et al.  Effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningococcal protein conjugate vaccine (Hib-OMP) on oropharyngeal carriage of Hib among American Indian infants and children.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 982.
24 +
Eskola J, Takala AK, Kayhty H, Koskenniemi E, Peltola H, Mäkelä PH.  Protection achieved by Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines is better than expected on the basis of efficacy trials.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Inter-science Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 979.
25 +
Murphy TV.  The 1990s: a decade of new vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1991;;10: 89-91.
26 +
Granoff DM, Anderson EL, Osterholm MT, et al.  Differences in the immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants. J Pediatr . 1992;;121:187-194.
27 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Report of PedvaxHIB lots with questionable immunogenicity. MMWR . 1992;;41:878-879.
28 +
Adderson EE, Johnston JM, Shackelford PG, Carroll WL.  Development of the human antibody repertoire. Pediatr Res . 1992;;32:257-263.
29 +
Holmes SJ, Granoff DM.  The biology of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination failure. J Infect Dis . 1992;;165( (suppl) ):S121-S128.
30 +
Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Argaman M, Handzel ZT.  Haemophilus influenzae type b: disease and immunity in humans. Ann Intern Med . 1973;;78:259-269.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Shapiro ED, Ward JI.  The epidemiology and prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Epidemiol Rev . 1991;;13:113-142.
2 +
Sell SH.  Long term sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1983;; 2:90-93.
3 +
Cochi SL, O'Mara D, Preblud SR.  Progress in Haemophilus type b polysaccharide vaccine use in the United States. Pediatrics . 1988;;81:166-168.
4 +
Murphy TV, White KE, Pastor P, et al.  Declining incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease since introduction of vaccination. JAMA . 1993;;269:246-248.
5 +
Adams WG, Deaver KA, Cochi SL, et al.  Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA . 1993;;269:221-226.
6 +
Broadhurst LE, Erickson RL, Kelley PW.  Decreases in invasive Haemophilus influenzae diseases in US Army children, 1984 through 1991. JAMA . 1993;;269:227-231.
7 +
Murphy TV, Osterholm MT, Pierson LM, et al.  Prospective surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in Dallas County, Texas, and in Minnesota. Pediatrics . 1987;;79:173-180.
8 +
Shapiro ED, Wald ER, Margolis AG, Ortenzo ME.  The decreasing incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in both Connecticut and greater Pittsburgh, Pa. Pediatr Res . 1992;;31:100A. Abstract 587.
9 +
Vadheim CM, Greenberg DP, Eriksen E, et al.  Reduction of Hib disease in Southern California, 1983-1991.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 1726.
10 +
Peltola H, Kilpi T, Anttila M.  Rapid disappearance of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis after routine childhood immunisation with conjugate vaccines. Lancet . 1992;;340:592-594.
11 +
Peltola H, Kayhty H, Virtanen M, Mäkelä PH.  Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae bacteremic infections with the capsular polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med . 1984;;310:1561-1566.
12 +
Takala AK, Eskola J, Peltola H, Mäkelä PH.  Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among children in Finland before vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1989;;8:297-302.
13 +
Daum RS, Granoff DM, Gilsdorf J, Murphy TV, Osterholm MT.  Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in day care attendees: implications for management. Rev Infect Dis . 1986;;8:558-567.
14 +
Cochi SL, Broome CV.  Vaccine prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: past, present and future. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1986;;5:12-19.
15 +
Weinberg GA, Granoff DM.  Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. J Pediatr . 1988;;113:621-631.
16 +
Dintzis RZ.  Rational design of conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Res . 1992;;32:376-385.
17 +
Eskola J, Kayhty H, Takala AK, et al.  A randomized prospective field trial of a conjugate vaccine in the protection of infants and young children against invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1381-1386.
18 +
Ward J, Brenneman G, Letson GW, Heyward WL, Alaska H,  Influenzae Vaccine Study Group. Limited efficacy of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Alaska native infants. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1393-1400.
19 +
Black SB, Shinefield HR, Fireman B, et al.  Efficacy in infancy of oligo-saccharide conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type (HbOC) vaccine in a United States population of 61,080 children. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1991;;10:97-104.
20 +
Santosham M, Wolff M, Reid R, et al.  The efficacy in Navajo infants of a conjugate vaccine consisting of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and Neisseria meningitidis outer-membrane protein complex. N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:1767-1772.
21 +
Takala AK, Eskola J, Leinoene M, et al.  Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in children with an Hib conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis . 1991;;164:982-986.
22 +
Murphy TV, Pastor PN, Medley FB, Coury SL, Bravo A, Granoff DM.  Is Haemophilus influenzae b colonization of children in day care reduced by Hib conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccine?  In: Program and abstracts of the 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; September 29-October 2, 1991;; Chicago, Ill. Abstract 66.
23 +
Takala AK, Santosham M, Almeido-Hill J, et al.  Effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningococcal protein conjugate vaccine (Hib-OMP) on oropharyngeal carriage of Hib among American Indian infants and children.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 982.
24 +
Eskola J, Takala AK, Kayhty H, Koskenniemi E, Peltola H, Mäkelä PH.  Protection achieved by Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines is better than expected on the basis of efficacy trials.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd Inter-science Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 11-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 979.
25 +
Murphy TV.  The 1990s: a decade of new vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1991;;10: 89-91.
26 +
Granoff DM, Anderson EL, Osterholm MT, et al.  Differences in the immunogenicity of three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in infants. J Pediatr . 1992;;121:187-194.
27 +
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Report of PedvaxHIB lots with questionable immunogenicity. MMWR . 1992;;41:878-879.
28 +
Adderson EE, Johnston JM, Shackelford PG, Carroll WL.  Development of the human antibody repertoire. Pediatr Res . 1992;;32:257-263.
29 +
Holmes SJ, Granoff DM.  The biology of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination failure. J Infect Dis . 1992;;165( (suppl) ):S121-S128.
30 +
Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Argaman M, Handzel ZT.  Haemophilus influenzae type b: disease and immunity in humans. Ann Intern Med . 1973;;78:259-269.

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