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February 3, 1993, Vol 269, No. 5 >
ARTICLE | February 3, 1993

Viral Gastroenteritis FREE

Albert Z. Kapikian, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to National Institutes of Health, Bldg 7, Room 103, Bethesda, MD 20892 (Dr Kapikian).


JAMA. 1993;269(5):627-630. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500050105035
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References

SELECTED CASE  An 11-month-old male infant was admitted to the Children's Hospital National Medical Center in Washington, DC, with vomiting and diarrhea. The patient was well until 3 days prior to admission when he had the onset of vomiting ("many times") that was accompanied over the next 2 days with diarrhea (with a maximum of six loose stools per day) and fever, with a maximum rectal temperature of 40.5°C. Physical examination on the day of admission showed a febrile, mildly dehydrated (=5%), irritable but not lethargic infant who had an essentially normal oropharynx, ears, lymph nodes, lungs, and abdomen. While in the hospital, the patient became afebrile the day after admission, did not vomit, but had diarrhea for the first 2 days after admission (two loose stools each day). The illness was managed by restriction of food and oral fluids for about 25 hours, when clear fluids were allowed, and

REFERENCES

1 +
Rodriguez WJ, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, et al.  Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and young children. J Pediatr . 1977;;91:188-193.
2 +
Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM.  Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol . 1972;;10:1075-1081.
3 +
Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Norwalk group of viruses.  In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, et al, eds. Virology . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990;:671-693.
4 +
Blacklow NR, Dolin R, Fedson DS, et al.  Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: etiology and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med . 1972;;76:993-1008.
5 +
Kapikian AZ, Kim HW, Wyatt RG, et al.  Reovirus-like agent in stools: association with infantile diarrhea and development of serologic tests. Science . 1974;;185:1049-1053.
6 +
Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Rotaviruses.  In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, et al, eds. Virology . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990;:1353-1404.
7 +
Dolin R, Blacklow NR, DuPont H, et al.  Transmission of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis to volunteers by oral administration of stool filtrates. J Infect Dis . 1971;;123:307-312.
8 +
Jiang X, Graham D, Wang K, Estes MK.  Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science . 1990;;250:1580-1583.
9 +
Matsui SM, Kim JP, Greenberg HB, et al.  The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus-specific cDNA. J Clin Invest . 1991;;87:1456-1461.
10 +
Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, Yolken RH, et al.  Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis . 1979;;139:564-568.
11 +
Kuritsky JN, Osterholm MT, Greenberg HB, et al.  Norwalk gastroenteritis: a community outbreak associated with bakery product consumption. Ann Intern Med . 1984;;100:519-521.
12 +
Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC, et al.  Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann Intern Med . 1982;;96:756-761.
13 +
Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB.  Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:252-264.
14 +
Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS, Lookabaugh C, Gary GW.  The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health . 1982;;72:1329-1332.
15 +
Steinhoff MC, Douglas RG Jr, Greenberg HB, Callahan DR.  Bismuth subsalicylate therapy of viral gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology . 1980;;78:1495-1499.
16 +
Bishop RF, Davidson GP, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ.  Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with viral gastroenteritis. Lancet . 1973;;2:1281-1283.
17 +
Institute of Medicine.  Prospects for immunizing against rotavirus.  In: New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities—Diseases of Importance in the United States, I . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985;:410-423.
18 +
Ho M-S, Glass RI, Pinsky PR, Anderson LL.  Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J Infect Dis . 1988;; 158:1112-1116.
19 +
Institute of Medicine.  The prospects for immunizing against rotavirus.  In: New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities—Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries, II . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986;;308-318.
20 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Hoshino Y, et al.  Rotavirus: the major etiologic agent of severe infantile diarrhea may be controllable by a 'Jennerian' approach to vaccination. J Infect Dis . 1986;;153:815-822.
21 +
Vesikari T.  Clinical and immunological studies of rotavirus vaccines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health . 1988;;19:437-447.
22 +
Daum RS, Watson B, Clark HF, Plotkin SA.  New developments in vaccines. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis . 1991;;6:1-57.
23 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Vesikari T, et al.  Recent advances in development of a rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe diarrheal illness of infants and young children. Adv Exp Med Biol . 1991;;310:255-264.
24 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Midthun K, et al.  Development of a rotavirus vaccine by a 'Jennerian' and a modified 'Jennerian' approach.  In: Chanock RM, Lerner RA, Brown F, Ginsberg H, eds. Modern Approaches to New Vaccines Including Prevention of AIDS . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1988;:151-159.
25 +
Kapikian AZ, Vesikari T, Ruuska T, et al.  An update on the 'Jennerian' and modified 'Jennerian' approach to vaccination of infants and young children against rotavirus diarrhea. Adv Exp Med Biol . In press.
26 +
Midthun K, Greenberg HB, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Chanock RM.  Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates. J Virol . 1985;;53:949-954.
27 +
Midthun K, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Single gene substitution rotavirus reassortants containing the major neutralization protein (VP7) of human rotavirus serotype 4. J Clin Microbiol . 1986;;24:822-826.
28 +
Vesikari T, Ruuska T, Green KY, Flores J, Kapikian AZ.  Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1992;;11:535-542.
29 +
Madore HP, Christy C, Pichichero M, et al.  Long-term field trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine and human-rhesus reassortant in infants. J Infect Dis . 1992;;166:235-243.
30 +
Sack DA for the US Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group.  Efficacy of rhesus rotavirus monovalent or tetravalent oral vaccines in US children.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd annual meeting of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 12-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 1399.
31 +
Lanata CF, Black RE, Flores J, Kapikian AZ.  Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one dose of the rhesus and serotype 1 and 2 human-rhesus reassortant vaccines. Vaccine . 1992;;10:272. Abstract.
32 +
Lanata CF, Black RE, Burton B, Midthun K, Davidson B.  Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one or three doses of the rhesus tetravalent vaccine in Lima, Peru. Vaccine . 1992;;10:273. Abstract.
33 +
Santosham M, Burns B, Nadkarni V, et al.  Oral rehydration therapy for acute diarrhea in ambulatory children in the United States: a double-blind comparison of four different solutions. Pediatrics . 1985;;76:159-166.
34 +
Avery ME, Snyder JD.  Oral therapy for acute diarrhea. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:891-894.
35 +
Sack RB.  Acute diarrheal diseases in humans caused by bacteria.  In: Tyrrell DAJ, Kapikian AZ, eds. Virus Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1982;:239-290.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Rodriguez WJ, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, et al.  Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and young children. J Pediatr . 1977;;91:188-193.
2 +
Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM.  Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27nm particle associated with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol . 1972;;10:1075-1081.
3 +
Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Norwalk group of viruses.  In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, et al, eds. Virology . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990;:671-693.
4 +
Blacklow NR, Dolin R, Fedson DS, et al.  Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: etiology and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med . 1972;;76:993-1008.
5 +
Kapikian AZ, Kim HW, Wyatt RG, et al.  Reovirus-like agent in stools: association with infantile diarrhea and development of serologic tests. Science . 1974;;185:1049-1053.
6 +
Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Rotaviruses.  In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, et al, eds. Virology . 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1990;:1353-1404.
7 +
Dolin R, Blacklow NR, DuPont H, et al.  Transmission of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis to volunteers by oral administration of stool filtrates. J Infect Dis . 1971;;123:307-312.
8 +
Jiang X, Graham D, Wang K, Estes MK.  Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science . 1990;;250:1580-1583.
9 +
Matsui SM, Kim JP, Greenberg HB, et al.  The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus-specific cDNA. J Clin Invest . 1991;;87:1456-1461.
10 +
Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, Yolken RH, et al.  Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis . 1979;;139:564-568.
11 +
Kuritsky JN, Osterholm MT, Greenberg HB, et al.  Norwalk gastroenteritis: a community outbreak associated with bakery product consumption. Ann Intern Med . 1984;;100:519-521.
12 +
Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC, et al.  Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann Intern Med . 1982;;96:756-761.
13 +
Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB.  Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:252-264.
14 +
Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS, Lookabaugh C, Gary GW.  The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health . 1982;;72:1329-1332.
15 +
Steinhoff MC, Douglas RG Jr, Greenberg HB, Callahan DR.  Bismuth subsalicylate therapy of viral gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology . 1980;;78:1495-1499.
16 +
Bishop RF, Davidson GP, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ.  Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with viral gastroenteritis. Lancet . 1973;;2:1281-1283.
17 +
Institute of Medicine.  Prospects for immunizing against rotavirus.  In: New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities—Diseases of Importance in the United States, I . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985;:410-423.
18 +
Ho M-S, Glass RI, Pinsky PR, Anderson LL.  Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J Infect Dis . 1988;; 158:1112-1116.
19 +
Institute of Medicine.  The prospects for immunizing against rotavirus.  In: New Vaccine Development: Establishing Priorities—Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries, II . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1986;;308-318.
20 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Hoshino Y, et al.  Rotavirus: the major etiologic agent of severe infantile diarrhea may be controllable by a 'Jennerian' approach to vaccination. J Infect Dis . 1986;;153:815-822.
21 +
Vesikari T.  Clinical and immunological studies of rotavirus vaccines. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health . 1988;;19:437-447.
22 +
Daum RS, Watson B, Clark HF, Plotkin SA.  New developments in vaccines. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis . 1991;;6:1-57.
23 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Vesikari T, et al.  Recent advances in development of a rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe diarrheal illness of infants and young children. Adv Exp Med Biol . 1991;;310:255-264.
24 +
Kapikian AZ, Flores J, Midthun K, et al.  Development of a rotavirus vaccine by a 'Jennerian' and a modified 'Jennerian' approach.  In: Chanock RM, Lerner RA, Brown F, Ginsberg H, eds. Modern Approaches to New Vaccines Including Prevention of AIDS . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1988;:151-159.
25 +
Kapikian AZ, Vesikari T, Ruuska T, et al.  An update on the 'Jennerian' and modified 'Jennerian' approach to vaccination of infants and young children against rotavirus diarrhea. Adv Exp Med Biol . In press.
26 +
Midthun K, Greenberg HB, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Chanock RM.  Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates. J Virol . 1985;;53:949-954.
27 +
Midthun K, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.  Single gene substitution rotavirus reassortants containing the major neutralization protein (VP7) of human rotavirus serotype 4. J Clin Microbiol . 1986;;24:822-826.
28 +
Vesikari T, Ruuska T, Green KY, Flores J, Kapikian AZ.  Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity. Pediatr Infect Dis J . 1992;;11:535-542.
29 +
Madore HP, Christy C, Pichichero M, et al.  Long-term field trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine and human-rhesus reassortant in infants. J Infect Dis . 1992;;166:235-243.
30 +
Sack DA for the US Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group.  Efficacy of rhesus rotavirus monovalent or tetravalent oral vaccines in US children.  In: Program and abstracts of the 32nd annual meeting of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ; October 12-14, 1992;; Anaheim, Calif. Abstract 1399.
31 +
Lanata CF, Black RE, Flores J, Kapikian AZ.  Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one dose of the rhesus and serotype 1 and 2 human-rhesus reassortant vaccines. Vaccine . 1992;;10:272. Abstract.
32 +
Lanata CF, Black RE, Burton B, Midthun K, Davidson B.  Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of one or three doses of the rhesus tetravalent vaccine in Lima, Peru. Vaccine . 1992;;10:273. Abstract.
33 +
Santosham M, Burns B, Nadkarni V, et al.  Oral rehydration therapy for acute diarrhea in ambulatory children in the United States: a double-blind comparison of four different solutions. Pediatrics . 1985;;76:159-166.
34 +
Avery ME, Snyder JD.  Oral therapy for acute diarrhea. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:891-894.
35 +
Sack RB.  Acute diarrheal diseases in humans caused by bacteria.  In: Tyrrell DAJ, Kapikian AZ, eds. Virus Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1982;:239-290.

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