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July 22, 1992, Vol 268, No. 4 >
ARTICLE | July 22, 1992

The History of Malariotherapy for Neurosyphilis: Title and subTitle BreakModern Parallels FREE

Stephanie C. Austin; Paul D. Stolley, MD, MPH; Tamar Lasky, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 600 Redwood St, Baltimore, MD 21201 (Dr Stolley).


JAMA. 1992;268(4):516-519. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490040092031
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References

THE ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic and the attempt to deregulate drug approval with the goal of hastening a cure have parallels with another sexually transmitted disease and the search for its cure. Syphilis and one of its dread consequences, neurosyphilis, was a disease that consumed much public health concern, and whose putative "cure," malariotherapy, earned the 1927 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the Austrian psychiatrist Julius Wagner-Jauregg. In reviewing the history of syphilis, the true benefits of malariotherapy are unknown because of the research methods used at the time. Was malariotherapy efficacious? This historical question is relevant to the present debate over drug regulations and AIDS, because abandonment of drug evaluation protocols could return us to the methodologic environment of Wagner-Jauregg's day. It seems worthwhile to review the similarities and differences between the two diseases, social climates, and searches for cures.

In Europe and the United States at the

REFERENCES

1 +
Vedder EB. Syphilis and Public Health . Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1918;.
2 +
Parran T. Shadow on the Land . New York, NY: Reynal & Hitchcock; 1937;.
3 +
Whitrow M.  Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy. Med Hist . 1990;;34:294-310.
4 +
Wagner-Jauregg J.  The treatment of dementia paralytica by malaria inoculation: Nobel Prize lecture, December 13,1927.  In: Nobel Lectures: Physiology or Medicine: 1922-1941 . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1965;:159-172.
5 +
Wagner-Jauregg J.  The treatment of general paresis by inoculation by malaria. J Ment Nerv Dis . 1922;;55:369-375.
6 +
Pilcz A.  Ueber heilversuch an paralytiken. J Psychiatr Neurol . 1905;;25:141-167.
7 +
Clancy FJ.  Malaria treatment of neurosyphilis as seen in the Wagner-Jauregg clinic. Northwest Med . 1927;;26:427-433.
8 +
Bierman W.  The history of fever therapy in treatment of disease. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1942;;18:65-75.
9 +
Bennett AE.  Evaluation of artificial fever therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1938;;40:1141-1155.
10 +
Schamberg JF.  Experiences with malarial inoculation in syphilis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4: 329-338.
11 +
O'Leary PA.  Treatment of neurosyphilis by malaria: report on the three years' observation of the first one hundred patients treated. JAMA . 1927;; 89:95-100.
12 +
Bunker HA, Kirby GH.  The place of malarial therapy in the treatment of general paralysis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4:307-322.
13 +
Stone CW.  Results following malarial therapy in general paresis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4:322-329.
14 +
Kupper WH. The Malarial Therapy of General Paralysis and Other Conditions . Ann Arbor, Mich: Edward Brothers Inc; 1939;.
15 +
Bunker HA Jr, Kirby GH.  The treatment of general paralysis by inoculation with malaria: a second report. Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1926;;16: 182-204.
16 +
Moore JE. Penicillin in Syphilis . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1946;.
17 +
Dattner B. The Management of Neurosyphilis . New York, NY: Grune & Stratton; 1944;.
18 +
Krauss W.  Analysis of reports of 8354 cases of IMPF-malaria. South Med J . 1932;;25:537-541.
19 +
Fong TCC.  A study of the mortality rate and complications following therapeutic malaria. South Med J . 1937;;30:1084-1088.
20 +
Rudolf G de M. Therapeutic Malaria . London, England: Oxford University Press; 1927;.
21 +
Moore JE. The Modern Treatment of Syphilis . Baltimore, Md: Thomas Books; 1933;.
22 +
Kolmer JA. Principles and Practice of Chemotherapy With Special Reference to the Specific and General Treatment of Syphilis . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1926;.
23 +
Schonbauer L, Wagner-Jauregg JMJ. Lebenserinnerungen . Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag; 1950;.
24 +
Levi J.  Unproven AIDS therapies: the Food and Drug Administration and ddI.  In: Hanna KE, ed. Biomedical Politics . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991;:9-37.
25 +
Edgar H, Rothman DJ.  New rules for new drugs: the challenge of AIDS to the regulatory process. Milbank Q . 1990;;68( (suppl 1) ):111-142.
26 +
Merigan TC.  You can teach an old dog new tricks: how AIDS trials are pioneering new strategies. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1341-1343.
27 +
Delaney M.  The case for patient access to experimental therapy. J Infect Dis . 1989;;159:416-419.
28 +
Byar DP, Schoenfeld DA, Green SB, et al.  Design considerations for AIDS trials. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1343-1348.
29 +
Green SB, Ellenberg SS, Finkelstein D, et al.  Issues in the design of drug trials for AIDS. Controlled Clin Trials . 1990;;11:80-87.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Vedder EB. Syphilis and Public Health . Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1918;.
2 +
Parran T. Shadow on the Land . New York, NY: Reynal & Hitchcock; 1937;.
3 +
Whitrow M.  Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy. Med Hist . 1990;;34:294-310.
4 +
Wagner-Jauregg J.  The treatment of dementia paralytica by malaria inoculation: Nobel Prize lecture, December 13,1927.  In: Nobel Lectures: Physiology or Medicine: 1922-1941 . New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 1965;:159-172.
5 +
Wagner-Jauregg J.  The treatment of general paresis by inoculation by malaria. J Ment Nerv Dis . 1922;;55:369-375.
6 +
Pilcz A.  Ueber heilversuch an paralytiken. J Psychiatr Neurol . 1905;;25:141-167.
7 +
Clancy FJ.  Malaria treatment of neurosyphilis as seen in the Wagner-Jauregg clinic. Northwest Med . 1927;;26:427-433.
8 +
Bierman W.  The history of fever therapy in treatment of disease. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1942;;18:65-75.
9 +
Bennett AE.  Evaluation of artificial fever therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1938;;40:1141-1155.
10 +
Schamberg JF.  Experiences with malarial inoculation in syphilis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4: 329-338.
11 +
O'Leary PA.  Treatment of neurosyphilis by malaria: report on the three years' observation of the first one hundred patients treated. JAMA . 1927;; 89:95-100.
12 +
Bunker HA, Kirby GH.  The place of malarial therapy in the treatment of general paralysis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4:307-322.
13 +
Stone CW.  Results following malarial therapy in general paresis. Bull N Y Acad Med . 1928;;4:322-329.
14 +
Kupper WH. The Malarial Therapy of General Paralysis and Other Conditions . Ann Arbor, Mich: Edward Brothers Inc; 1939;.
15 +
Bunker HA Jr, Kirby GH.  The treatment of general paralysis by inoculation with malaria: a second report. Arch Neurol Psychiatry . 1926;;16: 182-204.
16 +
Moore JE. Penicillin in Syphilis . Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1946;.
17 +
Dattner B. The Management of Neurosyphilis . New York, NY: Grune & Stratton; 1944;.
18 +
Krauss W.  Analysis of reports of 8354 cases of IMPF-malaria. South Med J . 1932;;25:537-541.
19 +
Fong TCC.  A study of the mortality rate and complications following therapeutic malaria. South Med J . 1937;;30:1084-1088.
20 +
Rudolf G de M. Therapeutic Malaria . London, England: Oxford University Press; 1927;.
21 +
Moore JE. The Modern Treatment of Syphilis . Baltimore, Md: Thomas Books; 1933;.
22 +
Kolmer JA. Principles and Practice of Chemotherapy With Special Reference to the Specific and General Treatment of Syphilis . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1926;.
23 +
Schonbauer L, Wagner-Jauregg JMJ. Lebenserinnerungen . Vienna, Austria: Springer-Verlag; 1950;.
24 +
Levi J.  Unproven AIDS therapies: the Food and Drug Administration and ddI.  In: Hanna KE, ed. Biomedical Politics . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1991;:9-37.
25 +
Edgar H, Rothman DJ.  New rules for new drugs: the challenge of AIDS to the regulatory process. Milbank Q . 1990;;68( (suppl 1) ):111-142.
26 +
Merigan TC.  You can teach an old dog new tricks: how AIDS trials are pioneering new strategies. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1341-1343.
27 +
Delaney M.  The case for patient access to experimental therapy. J Infect Dis . 1989;;159:416-419.
28 +
Byar DP, Schoenfeld DA, Green SB, et al.  Design considerations for AIDS trials. N Engl J Med . 1990;;323:1343-1348.
29 +
Green SB, Ellenberg SS, Finkelstein D, et al.  Issues in the design of drug trials for AIDS. Controlled Clin Trials . 1990;;11:80-87.

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