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August 26, 1992, Vol 268, No. 8 >
ARTICLE | August 26, 1992

A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Cataract Surgery in Women FREE

Susan E. Hankinson, RN, ScD; Walter C. Willett, MD; Graham A. Colditz, MBBS; Johanna M. Seddon, MD; Bernard Rosner, PhD; Frank E. Speizer, MD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 (Dr Hankinson).


JAMA. 1992;268(8):994-998. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080068026
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Article
References

Objective.  —To examine prospectively the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of cataract extraction in women.

Design.  —Prospective cohort study beginning in 1980 with 8 years of follow-up.

Setting.  —United States, multistate.

Participants.  —Registered nurses 45 to 67 years of age and free of diagnosed cancer. There were 50 828 women included in 1980 and others were added as they became 45 years of age.

Main Outcome Measure.  —Incidence of senile cataract extraction.

Results.  —We documented 493 incident senile cataracts diagnosed and extracted during 470302 person-years of follow-up. The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) among women who smoked at least 65 pack-years was 1.63(95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.18 to 2.26; Pfor trend,.02). A similar increase in RR was noted when smoking was assessed in terms of number of cigarettes currently smoked or number of cigarettes smoked by past smokers. Results were also similar after adjusting for other potential risk factors for cataract. Smoking was also strongly associated with posterior subcapsular cataract specifically (RR, 2.59; 95% Cl, 1.49 to 4.50 for ≥65-pack-year smokers relative to nonsmokers).

Conclusion.  —Smoking appears to increase the risk of cataract extraction.(JAMA. 1992;268:994-998)

REFERENCES

1 +
Harding JJ, van Heyningen R.  Epidemiology and risk factors for cataract. Eye . 1987;;1:537-541.
2 +
Stark WJ, Sommer A, Smith RE.  Changing trends in intraocular lens implantation. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1441-1444.
3 +
Leske MC, Sperduto R.  The epidemiology of senile cataracts: a review. Am J Epidemiol . 1983;; 118:152-165.
4 +
Bunce GE, Hess JL.  Cataract: what is the role of nutrition in lens health? Nutr Today . 1988;;4:6-12.
5 +
Varma SD.  Scientific basis for medical therapy of cataracts by antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr . 1991;; 53( (suppl) ):335-345.
6 +
Bunce GE, Kinoshita J, Horwitz J.  Nutritional factors in cataract. Ann Rev Nutr . 1990;;10:233-254.
7 +
Leske MC, Chylack LT, Wu S-Y, et al.  The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study: risk factors for cataract. Arch Ophthalmol . 1991;;109:244-251.
8 +
The Italian-American Study Group.  Risk factors for age-related cortical, nuclear, and PSC cataracts. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;133:541-553.
9 +
Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE.  Prevalence of cataracts in a population-based study of persons with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology . 1985;;92: 1191-1196.
10 +
Harding JJ, Van Heyningen R.  Drugs, including alcohol, that act as risk factors for cataract, and possible protection against cataract by aspirin-like analgesics and cyclopenthiazide. Br J Ophthalmol . 1988;;72:809-814.
11 +
Flaye DE, Sullivan KN, Cullinan TR, Silver JH, Whitelocke RAF.  Cataracts and cigarette smoking: the City Eye Study. Eye . 1989;;3:379-384.
12 +
West S, Muñoz B, Emmett EA, Taylor HR.  Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1166-1169.
13 +
Christen WG, Manson JE, Seddon JM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH.  Cigarette smoking and risks of cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1991;;32 ( (suppl) ):1244. Abstract.
14 +
Mohan M, Sperduto RD, Angra SK, et al.  India-US case-control study of age-related cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:670-676.
15 +
Bochow TW, West SK, Azar A, Muñoz B, Sommer A, Taylor HR.  Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:369-372.
16 +
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE.  Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med . 1987;;316: 22-28.
17 +
Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al.  Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol . 1985;;122:51-65.
18 +
Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JS, et al.  Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ . In press.
19 +
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ.  Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;124:17-27.
20 +
Cox DR.  Regression models and life-tables. JR Stat Soc . 1972;;32:187-220.
21 +
D'Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, Anderson K, Kannel WB.  Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med . 1990;;9:1501-1515.
22 +
Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1986;:87.
23 +
Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, Holbrook RH.  Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol . 1977;; 105:488-495.
24 +
Hiller R, Sperduto R, Ederer F.  Epidemiologic associations with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;124: 916-925.
25 +
Schwab IR, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD, Wong IG, Carpentieri AC, Dawson CR.  Cataract extraction: risk factors in a health maintenance organization population under 60 years of age. Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:1062-1065.
26 +
Blackman BC, White P, Tsou W, Finkel D.  Peroxidation of plasma and platelet lipids in chronic smokers and insulin-dependent diabetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1984;;435:385-387.
27 +
Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Stampfer MJ, Sober A, Willett WC.  The relation of diet, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption of plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol . 1988;;127:283-296.
28 +
Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW.  The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:158-162.
29 +
Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR.  Vitamin E intake and risk of cataracts in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1990;;503:372-382.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Harding JJ, van Heyningen R.  Epidemiology and risk factors for cataract. Eye . 1987;;1:537-541.
2 +
Stark WJ, Sommer A, Smith RE.  Changing trends in intraocular lens implantation. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1441-1444.
3 +
Leske MC, Sperduto R.  The epidemiology of senile cataracts: a review. Am J Epidemiol . 1983;; 118:152-165.
4 +
Bunce GE, Hess JL.  Cataract: what is the role of nutrition in lens health? Nutr Today . 1988;;4:6-12.
5 +
Varma SD.  Scientific basis for medical therapy of cataracts by antioxidants. Am J Clin Nutr . 1991;; 53( (suppl) ):335-345.
6 +
Bunce GE, Kinoshita J, Horwitz J.  Nutritional factors in cataract. Ann Rev Nutr . 1990;;10:233-254.
7 +
Leske MC, Chylack LT, Wu S-Y, et al.  The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study: risk factors for cataract. Arch Ophthalmol . 1991;;109:244-251.
8 +
The Italian-American Study Group.  Risk factors for age-related cortical, nuclear, and PSC cataracts. Am J Epidemiol . 1991;;133:541-553.
9 +
Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE.  Prevalence of cataracts in a population-based study of persons with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology . 1985;;92: 1191-1196.
10 +
Harding JJ, Van Heyningen R.  Drugs, including alcohol, that act as risk factors for cataract, and possible protection against cataract by aspirin-like analgesics and cyclopenthiazide. Br J Ophthalmol . 1988;;72:809-814.
11 +
Flaye DE, Sullivan KN, Cullinan TR, Silver JH, Whitelocke RAF.  Cataracts and cigarette smoking: the City Eye Study. Eye . 1989;;3:379-384.
12 +
West S, Muñoz B, Emmett EA, Taylor HR.  Cigarette smoking and risk of nuclear cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:1166-1169.
13 +
Christen WG, Manson JE, Seddon JM, Buring JE, Hennekens CH.  Cigarette smoking and risks of cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci . 1991;;32 ( (suppl) ):1244. Abstract.
14 +
Mohan M, Sperduto RD, Angra SK, et al.  India-US case-control study of age-related cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:670-676.
15 +
Bochow TW, West SK, Azar A, Muñoz B, Sommer A, Taylor HR.  Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol . 1989;;107:369-372.
16 +
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE.  Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med . 1987;;316: 22-28.
17 +
Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, et al.  Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol . 1985;;122:51-65.
18 +
Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JS, et al.  Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ . In press.
19 +
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ.  Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;124:17-27.
20 +
Cox DR.  Regression models and life-tables. JR Stat Soc . 1972;;32:187-220.
21 +
D'Agostino RB, Lee ML, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, Anderson K, Kannel WB.  Relation of pooled logistic regression to time dependent Cox regression analysis: the Framingham Heart Study. Stat Med . 1990;;9:1501-1515.
22 +
Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology . Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1986;:87.
23 +
Copeland KT, Checkoway H, McMichael AJ, Holbrook RH.  Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol . 1977;; 105:488-495.
24 +
Hiller R, Sperduto R, Ederer F.  Epidemiologic associations with nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Am J Epidemiol . 1986;;124: 916-925.
25 +
Schwab IR, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD, Wong IG, Carpentieri AC, Dawson CR.  Cataract extraction: risk factors in a health maintenance organization population under 60 years of age. Arch Ophthalmol . 1988;;106:1062-1065.
26 +
Blackman BC, White P, Tsou W, Finkel D.  Peroxidation of plasma and platelet lipids in chronic smokers and insulin-dependent diabetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1984;;435:385-387.
27 +
Stryker WS, Kaplan LA, Stein EA, Stampfer MJ, Sober A, Willett WC.  The relation of diet, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption of plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels. Am J Epidemiol . 1988;;127:283-296.
28 +
Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW.  The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health . 1989;;79:158-162.
29 +
Robertson JM, Donner AP, Trevithick JR.  Vitamin E intake and risk of cataracts in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1990;;503:372-382.

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