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November 25, 1992, Vol 268, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | November 25, 1992

Rhinitis and Asthma FREE

Michael Kaliner, MD; Robert Lemanske, MD
JAMA. 1992;268(20):2807-2829. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490200059007
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References

ALTHOUGH both rhinitis and asthma occur without a recognized allergic mechanism, IgE-mediated inflammation is usually found in both diseases. It is estimated that 40 million Americans (nearly 25%) have asthma and other allergic diseases. Other figures compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics underscore the magnitude of this health burden.1 In fact, allergic rhinitis accounts for more than 3% of all office visits.1 The prevalence of the common allergic diseases2 is shown in Table 3-1.

ALLERGENS IN ALLERGIC DISEASES  Inhalant allergens are most frequently involved in allergic respiratory diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. These antigens, which directly impact on the respiratory mucosa, are usually derived from natural organic sources, such as house dust, pollens, mold spores, and insect and animal emanations. Chemicals and irritants from the workplace have been increasingly recognized as a cause of rhinitis, asthma, or both. A few aeroallergens have been

REFERENCES

1 +
Nelson C, McLemore T. The National Ambulatory Care Survey, United States, 1975-81 and 1985 Trends . Washington, DC: Vital and Health Statistics; 1988;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 88-1754. Series 13, No. 93.
2 +
Weiss KB, Zimmerman EM. Report of the NIAID Task Force on Immunology and Allergy . Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health; 1990;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication 91-2414.
3 +
Marsh DG, Norman PS.  Antigens that cause atopic disease.  In: Samter M, ed. Immunological Diseases . 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown& Co Inc; 1988;:981-1008.
4 +
Solomon WR, Mathews KP.  Aerobiology and inhalant allergens.  In: Middleton EJ Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:312-372.
5 +
White MV, Kaliner MA.  Mast cells and asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:409-440.
6 +
Schwartz LB.  Human mast cell heterogeneity.  In: Kaliner MA, Metcalfe DD, eds. Mast Cells in Health and Disease . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. In press.
7 +
Naclerio RM.  Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:860-869.
8 +
Naclerio RM, Proud D, Togias AG, et al.  Inflammatory mediators in late antigen-induced rhinitis. N Engl J Med . 1985;;313:65-70.
9 +
Lemanske RF, Kaliner M.  Late-phase allergic reactions.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co. In press.
10 +
Raphael GD, Baraniuk JN, Kaliner MA.  How the nose runs and why. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;; 87:457-467.
11 +
Smith JM.  Epidemiology and natural history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (eczema).  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:891-929.
12 +
Mullarkey MF, Hill JS, Webb DR.  Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1980;;65:122-126.
13 +
Solomon WR, McLean JA.  Nasal provocation testing.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc: 1989;:569-626.
14 +
Bluestone CD, Fireman P.  Otitis media.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1305-1326.
15 +
Laitinen LA, Laitinen A.  Pathology of human asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:103-134.
16 +
Spector SL.  Antigen inhalation challenge procedures.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1989;:293-340.
17 +
Rosenberg M, Patterson R, Mintzer R, Cooper BJ, Roberts M, Harris KE.  Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Intern Med . 1977;;86:405-414.
18 +
Zeiss CR, Wolkonsky P, Pruzansky JT, et al.  Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimelletic anhydride workers in multiple industrial settings. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1982;;70:15-23.
19 +
Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL.  Occupational asthma.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1197-1218.
20 +
Chan-Yeung M.  Immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms in asthma due to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1982;;70:32-37.
21 +
Mathison DA, Simon RA, Stevenson DD.  Aspirin, SO2/sulfite, and other chemical sensitivities and challenges in asthmatic patients.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY; Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1989;:519-542.
22 +
Delohery J, Simmul R, Castle WD, Allen DH.  The relationship of inhaled sulfur dioxide reactivity to ingested metabisulfite sensitivity in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:1027-1032.
23 +
Katz P, Fauci AS.  Systemic vasculitis.  In: Samter M, ed. Immunological Diseases . 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1988;:1417-1436.
24 +
Slavin RG.  Nasal polyps and sinusitis.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1291-1304.
25 +
Mansfield LE.  Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders: a review. Ann Allergy . 1989;;62: 158-163.
26 +
Schatz M, Hoffman CP, Zeiger RS, Falkoff R, Mellon M.  The course and management of asthma and allergic diseases during pregnancy.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1093-1155.
27 +
Lemanske RF Jr, Kaliner MA.  Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;;141:S157-S161.
28 +
Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE.  Airway hyperresponsiveness: definition, measurement and clinical relevance.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:51-72.
29 +
Piacentini GL, Kaliner MA.  The potential role of leukotrienes in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;;143:S96-S99.
30 +
Lemanske RF Jr, Kaliner MA.  Late-phase allergic reactions.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby— Year Book Co; 1988;:224-246.
31 +
Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly P, Haynes N, Letts LG, Rothlein R.  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Science . 1990;;247:456-459.
32 +
Venge P, Hakansson L.  The eosinophil and asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:477-502.
33 +
Kay AB.  Asthma and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87:893-910.
34 +
Kaliner M, Shelhamer JH, Borson B, Nadel J, Patow C, Marom Z.  Human respiratory mucus. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1986;;134:612-621.
35 +
McFadden ER Jr.  Asthma: Airway dynamics cardiac function and clinical correlates.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Asthma: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1018-1036.
36 +
Sheffer AL, Bailey WC, Bleeker ER, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1991;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication 91-3042.
37 +
Kerrebijn KF.  Beta agonists.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;: 523-560.
38 +
Sears MR, Taylor DR, Print CG, et al.  Regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment in bronchial asthma. Lancet . 1990;;336:1391-1396.
39 +
Pauwels R, Persson CGA.  Xanthines.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:503-522.
40 +
Gross NJ.  Ipratropium bromide. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:486-494.
41 +
Van Metre TE, Marsh DG, Adkinson NF Jr, et al.  Immunotherapy for cat asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;82:1055-1068.
42 +
Schleimer RP.  Glucocorticosteroids: their mechanisms of action and use in allergic diseases.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:739-765.
43 +
Check WA, Kaliner MA.  Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of topical corticosteroid derivatives used for asthma therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;; 141:S44-S51.
44 +
Toogood JH.  Complications of topical steroid therapy for asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;;141: S89-S91.
45 +
Church MK, Polosa R, Rimmer SJ.  Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium: mast cell stabilizers, neuromodulators, or anti-inflammatory drugs?  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:561-594.
46 +
Petty TL, Rollins DR, Christopher K, Good JT, Oakley R.  Cromolyn sodium is effective in adult chronic asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1989;;139: 694-701.
47 +
Zeiger RS, Schatz M, Sperling W, Simon RA, Stevenson DD.  Effect of troleandomycin in outpatients with severe corticosteroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1980;;66:438-446.
48 +
Wald JA, Friedman BF, Farr RS.  An improved protocol for the use of troeandomycin (TAO) in the treatment of steroid-requiring asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1986;;78:36-43.
49 +
Mullarky MF, Blumenstein BA, Andrade P, Bailey GA, Olason I, Wetzel CE.  Methotrexate in the treatment of corticosteroid-dependant asthma. N Engl J Med . 1988;;318:603-607.
50 +
Erzurum SC, Leff JA, Cochran JE, et al.  Lack of benefit from methotrexate in severe, steroid-dependent asthmatics. Ann Intern Med . 1991;;114: 353-360.
51 +
Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL, Bodenheimer SS, Pietrusko RG.  An open study of Auranofin in the treatment of steroid-dependant asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:6-16.
52 +
Charous BL.  Open study of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of severe symptomatic or corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy . 1990;;65:53-58.
53 +
Bianco S, Pieroni MG, Refini RM, Rottoli L, Sestini P.  Protective effects of inhaled furosemide on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:1069-1073.
54 +
Mazer BD, Gelfand EW.  An open-label study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in severe childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87: 976-983.
55 +
Ellis EF.  Asthma in infancy and childhood.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;: 1037-1062.
56 +
Anderson SD.  Exercise-induced asthma.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1156-1175.
57 +
Costa JJ, Metcalfe DD.  Mast cell cytokines.  In: Kaliner MA, Metcalfe DD, eds. Mast Cells in Health and Disease . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. In press.
58 +
Kaliner MA.  Human respiratory secretions and host defense. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;;144:S52-S66.
59 +
Druce HM, Kaliner MA.  Allergic rhinitis.  In: Cherniack RM, ed. Current Therapy of Respiratory Disease—3 . Toronto, Ontario: BC Decker Inc; 1989;: 16-18.
60 +
Mathews KP.  Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, and sinusitis.  In: Kaplan AP, ed. Allergy . New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1985;:331-366.
61 +
Kaliner MA.  Human nasal host defense and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol . In press.
62 +
Kaliner MA, Eggleston PA, Mathews KP.  Rhinitis and asthma. JAMA . 1987;;258:2851-2873.
63 +
White MV, Kaliner MA.  Histamine.  In: Crystal RG, West JB, eds. The Lung: Scientific Foundations . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991;:927-941.
64 +
White MV.  Mast cell secretagogues.  In: Kaliner MA, Metcalfe DD, eds. Mast Cells in Health and Disease . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. In press.
65 +
Kaliner M.  The mechanism of glucocorticosteroid action in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1985;;76: 321-329.
66 +
Oertel H, Kaliner MA.  The biologic activity of mast cell granules, III: purification of inflammatory factors of anaphylaxis (IF-A) responsible for causing late-phase reactions. J Immunol . 1981;;127:1398-1402.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Nelson C, McLemore T. The National Ambulatory Care Survey, United States, 1975-81 and 1985 Trends . Washington, DC: Vital and Health Statistics; 1988;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication (PHS) 88-1754. Series 13, No. 93.
2 +
Weiss KB, Zimmerman EM. Report of the NIAID Task Force on Immunology and Allergy . Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health; 1990;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication 91-2414.
3 +
Marsh DG, Norman PS.  Antigens that cause atopic disease.  In: Samter M, ed. Immunological Diseases . 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown& Co Inc; 1988;:981-1008.
4 +
Solomon WR, Mathews KP.  Aerobiology and inhalant allergens.  In: Middleton EJ Jr, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:312-372.
5 +
White MV, Kaliner MA.  Mast cells and asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:409-440.
6 +
Schwartz LB.  Human mast cell heterogeneity.  In: Kaliner MA, Metcalfe DD, eds. Mast Cells in Health and Disease . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. In press.
7 +
Naclerio RM.  Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:860-869.
8 +
Naclerio RM, Proud D, Togias AG, et al.  Inflammatory mediators in late antigen-induced rhinitis. N Engl J Med . 1985;;313:65-70.
9 +
Lemanske RF, Kaliner M.  Late-phase allergic reactions.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co. In press.
10 +
Raphael GD, Baraniuk JN, Kaliner MA.  How the nose runs and why. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;; 87:457-467.
11 +
Smith JM.  Epidemiology and natural history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (eczema).  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:891-929.
12 +
Mullarkey MF, Hill JS, Webb DR.  Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1980;;65:122-126.
13 +
Solomon WR, McLean JA.  Nasal provocation testing.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc: 1989;:569-626.
14 +
Bluestone CD, Fireman P.  Otitis media.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1305-1326.
15 +
Laitinen LA, Laitinen A.  Pathology of human asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:103-134.
16 +
Spector SL.  Antigen inhalation challenge procedures.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1989;:293-340.
17 +
Rosenberg M, Patterson R, Mintzer R, Cooper BJ, Roberts M, Harris KE.  Clinical and immunologic criteria for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Ann Intern Med . 1977;;86:405-414.
18 +
Zeiss CR, Wolkonsky P, Pruzansky JT, et al.  Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimelletic anhydride workers in multiple industrial settings. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1982;;70:15-23.
19 +
Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL.  Occupational asthma.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1197-1218.
20 +
Chan-Yeung M.  Immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms in asthma due to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1982;;70:32-37.
21 +
Mathison DA, Simon RA, Stevenson DD.  Aspirin, SO2/sulfite, and other chemical sensitivities and challenges in asthmatic patients.  In: Spector SL, ed. Provocative Challenge Procedures: Background and Methodology . Mount Kisco, NY; Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1989;:519-542.
22 +
Delohery J, Simmul R, Castle WD, Allen DH.  The relationship of inhaled sulfur dioxide reactivity to ingested metabisulfite sensitivity in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1984;;130:1027-1032.
23 +
Katz P, Fauci AS.  Systemic vasculitis.  In: Samter M, ed. Immunological Diseases . 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1988;:1417-1436.
24 +
Slavin RG.  Nasal polyps and sinusitis.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1291-1304.
25 +
Mansfield LE.  Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disorders: a review. Ann Allergy . 1989;;62: 158-163.
26 +
Schatz M, Hoffman CP, Zeiger RS, Falkoff R, Mellon M.  The course and management of asthma and allergic diseases during pregnancy.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1093-1155.
27 +
Lemanske RF Jr, Kaliner MA.  Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;;141:S157-S161.
28 +
Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE.  Airway hyperresponsiveness: definition, measurement and clinical relevance.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:51-72.
29 +
Piacentini GL, Kaliner MA.  The potential role of leukotrienes in bronchial asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;;143:S96-S99.
30 +
Lemanske RF Jr, Kaliner MA.  Late-phase allergic reactions.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby— Year Book Co; 1988;:224-246.
31 +
Wegner CD, Gundel RH, Reilly P, Haynes N, Letts LG, Rothlein R.  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Science . 1990;;247:456-459.
32 +
Venge P, Hakansson L.  The eosinophil and asthma.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:477-502.
33 +
Kay AB.  Asthma and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87:893-910.
34 +
Kaliner M, Shelhamer JH, Borson B, Nadel J, Patow C, Marom Z.  Human respiratory mucus. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1986;;134:612-621.
35 +
McFadden ER Jr.  Asthma: Airway dynamics cardiac function and clinical correlates.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Asthma: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1018-1036.
36 +
Sheffer AL, Bailey WC, Bleeker ER, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1991;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication 91-3042.
37 +
Kerrebijn KF.  Beta agonists.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;: 523-560.
38 +
Sears MR, Taylor DR, Print CG, et al.  Regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment in bronchial asthma. Lancet . 1990;;336:1391-1396.
39 +
Pauwels R, Persson CGA.  Xanthines.  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:503-522.
40 +
Gross NJ.  Ipratropium bromide. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:486-494.
41 +
Van Metre TE, Marsh DG, Adkinson NF Jr, et al.  Immunotherapy for cat asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;82:1055-1068.
42 +
Schleimer RP.  Glucocorticosteroids: their mechanisms of action and use in allergic diseases.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:739-765.
43 +
Check WA, Kaliner MA.  Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of topical corticosteroid derivatives used for asthma therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;; 141:S44-S51.
44 +
Toogood JH.  Complications of topical steroid therapy for asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1990;;141: S89-S91.
45 +
Church MK, Polosa R, Rimmer SJ.  Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium: mast cell stabilizers, neuromodulators, or anti-inflammatory drugs?  In: Kaliner MA, Persson C, Barnes P, eds. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1990;:561-594.
46 +
Petty TL, Rollins DR, Christopher K, Good JT, Oakley R.  Cromolyn sodium is effective in adult chronic asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1989;;139: 694-701.
47 +
Zeiger RS, Schatz M, Sperling W, Simon RA, Stevenson DD.  Effect of troleandomycin in outpatients with severe corticosteroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1980;;66:438-446.
48 +
Wald JA, Friedman BF, Farr RS.  An improved protocol for the use of troeandomycin (TAO) in the treatment of steroid-requiring asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1986;;78:36-43.
49 +
Mullarky MF, Blumenstein BA, Andrade P, Bailey GA, Olason I, Wetzel CE.  Methotrexate in the treatment of corticosteroid-dependant asthma. N Engl J Med . 1988;;318:603-607.
50 +
Erzurum SC, Leff JA, Cochran JE, et al.  Lack of benefit from methotrexate in severe, steroid-dependent asthmatics. Ann Intern Med . 1991;;114: 353-360.
51 +
Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL, Bodenheimer SS, Pietrusko RG.  An open study of Auranofin in the treatment of steroid-dependant asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1988;;81:6-16.
52 +
Charous BL.  Open study of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of severe symptomatic or corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy . 1990;;65:53-58.
53 +
Bianco S, Pieroni MG, Refini RM, Rottoli L, Sestini P.  Protective effects of inhaled furosemide on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:1069-1073.
54 +
Mazer BD, Gelfand EW.  An open-label study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in severe childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol . 1991;;87: 976-983.
55 +
Ellis EF.  Asthma in infancy and childhood.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;: 1037-1062.
56 +
Anderson SD.  Exercise-induced asthma.  In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF Jr, Yunginger JW, eds. Allergy: Principles and Practice . 3rd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby—Year Book Co; 1988;:1156-1175.
57 +
Costa JJ, Metcalfe DD.  Mast cell cytokines.  In: Kaliner MA, Metcalfe DD, eds. Mast Cells in Health and Disease . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. In press.
58 +
Kaliner MA.  Human respiratory secretions and host defense. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;;144:S52-S66.
59 +
Druce HM, Kaliner MA.  Allergic rhinitis.  In: Cherniack RM, ed. Current Therapy of Respiratory Disease—3 . Toronto, Ontario: BC Decker Inc; 1989;: 16-18.
60 +
Mathews KP.  Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, and sinusitis.  In: Kaplan AP, ed. Allergy . New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1985;:331-366.
61 +
Kaliner MA.  Human nasal host defense and sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol . In press.
62 +
Kaliner MA, Eggleston PA, Mathews KP.  Rhinitis and asthma. JAMA . 1987;;258:2851-2873.
63 +
White MV, Kaliner MA.  Histamine.  In: Crystal RG, West JB, eds. The Lung: Scientific Foundations . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1991;:927-941.
64 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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