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October 28, 1992, Vol 268, No. 16 >
ARTICLE | October 28, 1992

Special Resuscitation Situations FREE

JAMA. 1992;268(16):2242-2250. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490160112027
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Article
References

SPECIAL situations that can lead to cardiopulmonary arrest require rescuers to change their approach to resuscitation. Such situations include cardiac arrest associated with stroke, hypothermia, near-drowning, trauma, electric shock and lightning strike, and pregnancy. Emergency personnel should carefully note the differences in triage, emphasis, and technique.

STROKE  Stroke is an illness of sudden onset caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. Approximately 75% of cases are ischemic: an artery is blocked by a blood clot that either developed within the vessel (thrombosis) or arose from another source, usually the heart, and migrated to the brain (embolism). Hemorrhagic stroke is the result of a ruptured cerebral blood vessel. The bleeding can occur adjacent to the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage) or into the substance of the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage).In many cases stroke can be prevented, but only if warning signs are heeded. The most important forecaster of

REFERENCES

1 +
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators.  Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:445-453.
2 +
Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration.  Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. BMJ . 1988;;296:320-331.
3 +
The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group.  A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:1261-1266.
4 +
Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HP Jr, et al.  A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients: Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med . 1989;;321: 501-507.
5 +
Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al.  Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British Aneurysm Nimodipine Trial. BMJ . 1989;;298:636-642.
6 +
Broderick JP, Brott TG, Tomsick T, Barsan W, Spilker J.  Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg . 1990;;72:195-199.
7 +
Kassell NF, Kongable GL, Torner JC, Adams HP Jr, Mazuz H.  Delay in referral of patients with ruptured aneurysms to neurosurgical attention. Stroke . 1985;;16:587-590.
8 +
Hijdra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, van Crevel H.  Respiratory arrest in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology . 1984;;34:1501-1503.
9 +
Di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Andreoli A, Manini GL, Grazi P, Tognetti F.  Holter detection of cardiac arrhythmias in intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Cardiol . 1987;;59:596-600.
10 +
Keane JR.  Retinal hemorrhages: its significance in 100 patients with acute encephalopathy of unknown cause. Arch Neurol . 1979;;36:691-694.
11 +
Teasdale G, Jennett B.  Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet . 1974;;2:81-84.
12 +
Adams HP Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Sahs AL.  CT and clinical correlations in recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology . 1983;;33:981-988.
13 +
Britton M, de Faire U, Helmers C.  Hazards of therapy for excessive hypertension in acute stroke. Acta Med Scand . 1980;;207:253-257.
14 +
Miller VT, Hart RG.  Heparin anticoagulation in acute brain ischemia. Stroke . 1988;;19:403-406.
15 +
Schneider SM.  Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep . 1992;;13:1-20.
16 +
Steinman AM.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hypothermia. Circulation . 1986;;74( (suppl IV) ):IV-29-IV-32.
17 +
Zell SC, Kurtz KJ.  Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med . 1985;;14:339-345.
18 +
Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL, White RD, McAninch GW. Cold Weather Emergencies: Principles of Patient Management . Branford, Conn: American Medical Publishing Co; 1990;:10-30.
19 +
Romet TT.  Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion. J Appl Physiol . 1988;;65:1535-1538.
20 +
Reuler JB.  Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med . 1978;;89:519-527.
21 +
Hall KN, Syverud SA.  Closed thoracic cavity lavage in the treatment of severe hypothermia in human beings. Ann Emerg Med . 1990;;19:204-206.
22 +
Elenbaas RM, Mattson K, Cole H, Steele M, Ryan J, Robinson W.  Bretylium in hypothermia-induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med . 1984;;13:994-999.
23 +
Buckley JJ, Bosch OK, Bacaner MB.  Prevention of ventricular fibrillation during hypothermia with bretylium tosylate. Anesth Analg . 1971;;50:587-593.
24 +
Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P, Nachbur BH, Muhlemann W.  Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg . 1982;;195:492-495.
25 +
Kristensen G, Drenck NE, Jordening H.  A simple system for central rewarming of hypothermic patients. Lancet . 1986;;2:1467-1468.
26 +
Moss J.  Accidental severe hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet . 1986;;162: 501-513.
27 +
Southwick FS, Dalglish PH Jr.  Recovery after prolonged asystolic cardiac arrest in profound hypothermia: a case report and literature review. JAMA . 1980;;243:1250-1253.
28 +
Woodhouse P, Keatinge WR, Colshaw SR.  Factors associated with hypothermia in patients admitted to a group of inner city hospitals. Lancet . 1989;; 2:1201-1205.
29 +
Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS, et al.  Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med . 1987;;16:1042-1055.
30 +
Gallaher MM, Fleming DW, Berger LR, Sewell CM.  Pedestrian and hypothermia deaths among Native Americans in New Mexico: between bar and home. JAMA . 1992;;267:1345-1348.
31 +
Heimlich HJ.  Subdiaphragmatic pressure to expel water from the lungs of drowning persons. Ann Emerg Med . 1981;;10:476-480.
32 +
Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK.  Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics . 1990;;86:586-593.
33 +
Modell JH, Davis JH.  Electrolyte changes in human drowning victims. Anesthesiology . 1969;;30:414-420.
34 +
Modell JH.  Is the Heimlich maneuver appropriate as first treatment for drowning? Emerg Med Serv . 1981;;10:63-66.
35 +
Patrick EA.  A case report: the Heimlich maneuver. Emergency . 1981;;13: 45-47.
36 +
Heimlich HJ.  The Heimlich maneuver: first treatment for drowning victims. Emerg Med Serv . 1981;;10:58-61.
37 +
Siebke H, Rod T, Breivik H, Lind B.  Survival after 40 minutes' submersion without cerebral sequelae. Lancet . 1975;;1:1275-1277.
38 +
Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, Thorne JK, Corneli HM.  The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA . 1988;; 260:377-379.
39 +
Pepe PE, Copass MK.  Prehospital care.  In: Moore EE, ed. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma—Early Care of the Injured Patient . 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker; 1990;:34-55.
40 +
Copass MK, Oreskovich MR, Bladergroen MR, Carrico CJ.  Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the critically injured patient. Am J Surg . 1984;;148:20-26.
41 +
Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Mattox KL.  Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma . 1992;;32:775-779.
42 +
Rozycki G, Adams C, Champion HR, Kihn R.  Resuscitative thoracotomy: trends in outcome. Ann Emerg Med . 1990;;19:462. Abstract.
43 +
Pepe PE.  Emergency medical services systems and prehospital management of patients requiring critical care.  In: Carlson R, Geheb M, eds. Principles and Practice of Medical Intensive Care . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1992;; chap 1:9-24.
44 +
O'Gorman M, Trabulsy P, Pilcher DB.  Zero-time prehospital IV. J Trauma . 1989;;29:84-86.
45 +
Clevenger FW, Yarbrough DR, Reines HD.  Resuscitative thoracotomy: the effect of field time on outcome. J Trauma . 1988;;28:441-445.
46 +
Browne BJ, Gaasch WR.  Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1992;;10:211-229.
47 +
Cooper MA.  Electrical and lightning injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1984;;2:489-501.
48 +
Kobernick M.  Electrical injuries: pathophysiology and emergency management. Ann Emerg Med . 1982;;11:633-638.
49 +
Budnick LD.  Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA . 1984;;252:918-920.
50 +
Wallace JF.  Electrical injuries.  In: Wilson JD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co, Health Professions Division; 1991;:2202-2204.
51 +
Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G.  The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum . 1986;;20:303-315.
52 +
Thompson JC, Ashwal S.  Electrical injuries in children. AJDC . 1983;;137: 231-235.
53 +
Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM.  Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med . 1990;;18:293-297.
54 +
Ku CS, Lin SL, Hsu TL, Wang SP, Chang MS.  Myocardial damage associated with electrical injury. Am Heart J . 1989;;118:621-624.
55 +
Xenopoulos N, Movahed A, Hudson P, Reeves WC.  Myocardial injury in electrocution. Am Heart J . 1991;;122:1481-1484.
56 +
Homma S, Gillam LD, Weyman AE.  Echocardiographic observations in survivors of acute electrical injury. Chest . 1990;;97:103-105.
57 +
Jensen PJ, Thomsen PE, Bagger JP, Norgaard A, Baandrup U.  Electrical injury causing ventricular arrhythmias. Br Heart J . 1987;;57:279-283.
58 +
Epperly TD, Stewart JR.  The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract . 1989;;29:267-272.
59 +
Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM.  An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol . 1990;;19:673-679.
60 +
Cooper MA.  Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med . 1980;;9:134-138.
61 +
Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH.  Cardiac effects of lightning strike. JAMA . 1978;; 240:2757-2759.
62 +
Lee W, Cotton DB.  Cardiorespiratory changes during pregnancy.  In: Clark SL, Cotton DB, Hankins GDV, Phelan JP, eds. Critical Care Obstetrics . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991;:2-34.
63 +
Clark SL, Cotton DB, Lee W, et al.  Central hemodynamic assessment of normal term pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1989;;161:1439-1442.
64 +
Kerr MG.  The mechanical effects of the gravid uterus in late pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw . 1965;;72:513-529.
65 +
Satin AJ, Hankins GDV.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnancy.  In: Clark SL, Cotton DB, Hankins GDV, Phelan JP, eds. Critical Care Obstetrics . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991;:579.
66 +
Rees GA, Willis BA.  Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anesthesia . 1988;; 43:347-349.
67 +
Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W.  Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol . 1986;;68:571-576.
68 +
Strong TH Jr, Lowe RA.  Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med . 1989;;7:489-494.
69 +
Lopez-Zeno JA, Carlo WA, O'Grady JP, Fanaroff AA.  Infant survival following delayed postmortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol . 1990;;76: 991-992.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators.  Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:445-453.
2 +
Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration.  Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. BMJ . 1988;;296:320-331.
3 +
The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group.  A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med . 1991;;325:1261-1266.
4 +
Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HP Jr, et al.  A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients: Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med . 1989;;321: 501-507.
5 +
Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al.  Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British Aneurysm Nimodipine Trial. BMJ . 1989;;298:636-642.
6 +
Broderick JP, Brott TG, Tomsick T, Barsan W, Spilker J.  Ultra-early evaluation of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg . 1990;;72:195-199.
7 +
Kassell NF, Kongable GL, Torner JC, Adams HP Jr, Mazuz H.  Delay in referral of patients with ruptured aneurysms to neurosurgical attention. Stroke . 1985;;16:587-590.
8 +
Hijdra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, van Crevel H.  Respiratory arrest in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology . 1984;;34:1501-1503.
9 +
Di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Andreoli A, Manini GL, Grazi P, Tognetti F.  Holter detection of cardiac arrhythmias in intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Cardiol . 1987;;59:596-600.
10 +
Keane JR.  Retinal hemorrhages: its significance in 100 patients with acute encephalopathy of unknown cause. Arch Neurol . 1979;;36:691-694.
11 +
Teasdale G, Jennett B.  Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet . 1974;;2:81-84.
12 +
Adams HP Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Sahs AL.  CT and clinical correlations in recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology . 1983;;33:981-988.
13 +
Britton M, de Faire U, Helmers C.  Hazards of therapy for excessive hypertension in acute stroke. Acta Med Scand . 1980;;207:253-257.
14 +
Miller VT, Hart RG.  Heparin anticoagulation in acute brain ischemia. Stroke . 1988;;19:403-406.
15 +
Schneider SM.  Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep . 1992;;13:1-20.
16 +
Steinman AM.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and hypothermia. Circulation . 1986;;74( (suppl IV) ):IV-29-IV-32.
17 +
Zell SC, Kurtz KJ.  Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med . 1985;;14:339-345.
18 +
Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL, White RD, McAninch GW. Cold Weather Emergencies: Principles of Patient Management . Branford, Conn: American Medical Publishing Co; 1990;:10-30.
19 +
Romet TT.  Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion. J Appl Physiol . 1988;;65:1535-1538.
20 +
Reuler JB.  Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med . 1978;;89:519-527.
21 +
Hall KN, Syverud SA.  Closed thoracic cavity lavage in the treatment of severe hypothermia in human beings. Ann Emerg Med . 1990;;19:204-206.
22 +
Elenbaas RM, Mattson K, Cole H, Steele M, Ryan J, Robinson W.  Bretylium in hypothermia-induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med . 1984;;13:994-999.
23 +
Buckley JJ, Bosch OK, Bacaner MB.  Prevention of ventricular fibrillation during hypothermia with bretylium tosylate. Anesth Analg . 1971;;50:587-593.
24 +
Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P, Nachbur BH, Muhlemann W.  Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg . 1982;;195:492-495.
25 +
Kristensen G, Drenck NE, Jordening H.  A simple system for central rewarming of hypothermic patients. Lancet . 1986;;2:1467-1468.
26 +
Moss J.  Accidental severe hypothermia. Surg Gynecol Obstet . 1986;;162: 501-513.
27 +
Southwick FS, Dalglish PH Jr.  Recovery after prolonged asystolic cardiac arrest in profound hypothermia: a case report and literature review. JAMA . 1980;;243:1250-1253.
28 +
Woodhouse P, Keatinge WR, Colshaw SR.  Factors associated with hypothermia in patients admitted to a group of inner city hospitals. Lancet . 1989;; 2:1201-1205.
29 +
Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS, et al.  Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med . 1987;;16:1042-1055.
30 +
Gallaher MM, Fleming DW, Berger LR, Sewell CM.  Pedestrian and hypothermia deaths among Native Americans in New Mexico: between bar and home. JAMA . 1992;;267:1345-1348.
31 +
Heimlich HJ.  Subdiaphragmatic pressure to expel water from the lungs of drowning persons. Ann Emerg Med . 1981;;10:476-480.
32 +
Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK.  Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics . 1990;;86:586-593.
33 +
Modell JH, Davis JH.  Electrolyte changes in human drowning victims. Anesthesiology . 1969;;30:414-420.
34 +
Modell JH.  Is the Heimlich maneuver appropriate as first treatment for drowning? Emerg Med Serv . 1981;;10:63-66.
35 +
Patrick EA.  A case report: the Heimlich maneuver. Emergency . 1981;;13: 45-47.
36 +
Heimlich HJ.  The Heimlich maneuver: first treatment for drowning victims. Emerg Med Serv . 1981;;10:58-61.
37 +
Siebke H, Rod T, Breivik H, Lind B.  Survival after 40 minutes' submersion without cerebral sequelae. Lancet . 1975;;1:1275-1277.
38 +
Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, Thorne JK, Corneli HM.  The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA . 1988;; 260:377-379.
39 +
Pepe PE, Copass MK.  Prehospital care.  In: Moore EE, ed. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma—Early Care of the Injured Patient . 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker; 1990;:34-55.
40 +
Copass MK, Oreskovich MR, Bladergroen MR, Carrico CJ.  Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the critically injured patient. Am J Surg . 1984;;148:20-26.
41 +
Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Mattox KL.  Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma . 1992;;32:775-779.
42 +
Rozycki G, Adams C, Champion HR, Kihn R.  Resuscitative thoracotomy: trends in outcome. Ann Emerg Med . 1990;;19:462. Abstract.
43 +
Pepe PE.  Emergency medical services systems and prehospital management of patients requiring critical care.  In: Carlson R, Geheb M, eds. Principles and Practice of Medical Intensive Care . Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1992;; chap 1:9-24.
44 +
O'Gorman M, Trabulsy P, Pilcher DB.  Zero-time prehospital IV. J Trauma . 1989;;29:84-86.
45 +
Clevenger FW, Yarbrough DR, Reines HD.  Resuscitative thoracotomy: the effect of field time on outcome. J Trauma . 1988;;28:441-445.
46 +
Browne BJ, Gaasch WR.  Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1992;;10:211-229.
47 +
Cooper MA.  Electrical and lightning injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am . 1984;;2:489-501.
48 +
Kobernick M.  Electrical injuries: pathophysiology and emergency management. Ann Emerg Med . 1982;;11:633-638.
49 +
Budnick LD.  Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA . 1984;;252:918-920.
50 +
Wallace JF.  Electrical injuries.  In: Wilson JD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co, Health Professions Division; 1991;:2202-2204.
51 +
Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G.  The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum . 1986;;20:303-315.
52 +
Thompson JC, Ashwal S.  Electrical injuries in children. AJDC . 1983;;137: 231-235.
53 +
Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM.  Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med . 1990;;18:293-297.
54 +
Ku CS, Lin SL, Hsu TL, Wang SP, Chang MS.  Myocardial damage associated with electrical injury. Am Heart J . 1989;;118:621-624.
55 +
Xenopoulos N, Movahed A, Hudson P, Reeves WC.  Myocardial injury in electrocution. Am Heart J . 1991;;122:1481-1484.
56 +
Homma S, Gillam LD, Weyman AE.  Echocardiographic observations in survivors of acute electrical injury. Chest . 1990;;97:103-105.
57 +
Jensen PJ, Thomsen PE, Bagger JP, Norgaard A, Baandrup U.  Electrical injury causing ventricular arrhythmias. Br Heart J . 1987;;57:279-283.
58 +
Epperly TD, Stewart JR.  The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract . 1989;;29:267-272.
59 +
Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM.  An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol . 1990;;19:673-679.
60 +
Cooper MA.  Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med . 1980;;9:134-138.
61 +
Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH.  Cardiac effects of lightning strike. JAMA . 1978;; 240:2757-2759.
62 +
Lee W, Cotton DB.  Cardiorespiratory changes during pregnancy.  In: Clark SL, Cotton DB, Hankins GDV, Phelan JP, eds. Critical Care Obstetrics . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991;:2-34.
63 +
Clark SL, Cotton DB, Lee W, et al.  Central hemodynamic assessment of normal term pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1989;;161:1439-1442.
64 +
Kerr MG.  The mechanical effects of the gravid uterus in late pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw . 1965;;72:513-529.
65 +
Satin AJ, Hankins GDV.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pregnancy.  In: Clark SL, Cotton DB, Hankins GDV, Phelan JP, eds. Critical Care Obstetrics . 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991;:579.
66 +
Rees GA, Willis BA.  Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anesthesia . 1988;; 43:347-349.
67 +
Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W.  Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol . 1986;;68:571-576.
68 +
Strong TH Jr, Lowe RA.  Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med . 1989;;7:489-494.
69 +
Lopez-Zeno JA, Carlo WA, O'Grady JP, Fanaroff AA.  Infant survival following delayed postmortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol . 1990;;76: 991-992.

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