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October 28, 1992, Vol 268, No. 16 >
ARTICLE | October 28, 1992

Adult Basic Life Support FREE

JAMA. 1992;268(16):2184-2198. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490160054025
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Article
References

BASIC life support (BLS) is the phase of emergency cardiac care (ECC) that (1) prevents respiratory or circulatory arrest or insufficiency through prompt recognition and intervention or (2) supports the ventilation of a victim of respiratory arrest with rescue breathing or the ventilation and circulation of a victim of cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The major objective of performing rescue breathing or CPR is to provide oxygen to the brain and heart until appropriate, definitive medical treatment (advanced cardiac life support [ACLS]) can restore normal heart and ventilatory action. The prompt administration of BLS is the key to success. In respiratory arrest, the survival rate may be very high if airway control and rescue breathing are started promptly.1 For cardiac arrest the highest hospital discharge rate has been achieved in patients in whom CPR was initiated within 4 minutes of arrest and ACLS within 8 minutes.2 Early

REFERENCES

1 +
Gordon AS, Frye CW, Gittelson L, Sadove MS, Beattie EJ Jr.  Mouth-to-mouth versus manual artificial respiration for children and adults. JAMA . 1958;;167:320-328.
2 +
Eisenberg MS, Bergner L, Hallstrom A.  Cardiac resuscitation in the community: importance of rapid provision and implications for program planning. JAMA . 1979;;241:1905-1907.
3 +
Cobb LA, Werner JA, Trobaugh GB.  Sudden cardiac death: pt 1 and 2. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis . 1980;;49:31-36, 37-42.
4 +
Eisenberg MS, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP, et al.  Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with rapid defibrillation by emergency medical technicians. N Engl J Med . 1980;;302:1379-1383.
5 +
Abramson NS, Safar P, Detre K, Kelsey S, Reinmuth O, Snyder J.  An international collaborative clinical study mechanism for resuscitation research. Resuscitation . 1982;;10:141-147.
6 +
Risk Factors and Coronary Disease: A Statement for Physicians . Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 1980;.
7 +
 The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA . 1984;;251:351-364.
8 +
Cummins RO, Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom AP, Litwin PE.  Survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med . 1985;;3:114-119.
9 +
Stults KR.  Phone first. J Emerg Med Serv . 1987;;12:28.
10 +
 Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA . 1986;;255:2905-2984.
11 +
Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF.  Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J . 1989;;117:151-159.
12 +
Weaver WD, Hill D, Fahrenbruch CE, et al.  Use of the automatic external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:661-666.
13 +
Cummins RO, Ornato JP, Thies WH, Pepe PE.  Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the 'chain of survival' concept: a statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation . 1991;;83:1832-1847.
14 +
Safar P, Escarraga LA, Elam JO.  A comparison of the mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-airway methods of artificial respiration with the chest-pressure arm-lift methods. N Engl J Med . 1958;;258:671-677.
15 +
Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K.  CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med . 1987;;16:1107-1111.
16 +
National Association of EMS Physicians.  Emergency medical dispatching. Prehosp Disaster Med . 1989;;4:163-166.
17 +
Clawson JJ.  Telephone treatment protocols: reach out and help someone. J Emerg Med Serv . 1986;;11:43-46.
18 +
Culley LL, Clark JJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP.  Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med . 1991;;20:362-366.
19 +
Mackenzie GJ, Taylor SH, McDonald AH, Donald KW.  Haemodynamic effects of external cardiac compression. Lancet . 1964;;1:1342-1345.
20 +
Instructor's Manual for Basic Life Support . Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 1985;.
21 +
Safar P.  Ventilatory efficacy of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration: airway obstruction during manual and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. JAMA . 1958;;167:335-341.
22 +
Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F.  Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol . 1959;;14:760-764.
23 +
Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG.  Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology . 1961;;22:271-279.
24 +
Guildner CW.  Resuscitation—opening the airway: a comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP . 1976;;5: 588-590.
25 +
Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA, et al.  Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA . 1960;;172:812-815.
26 +
Elam JO, Greene DG.  Mission accomplished: successful mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Anesth Analg . 1961;;40:578-580.
27 +
Ruben H, Knudsen EJ, Carugati G.  Gastric inflation in relation to airway pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand . 1961;;5:107-114.
28 +
Melker RJ.  Recommendations for ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time for change? Crit Care Med . 1985;;13(pt 2):882-883.
29 +
Ruben H.  The immediate treatment of respiratory failure. Br J Anaesth . 1964;;36:542-549.
30 +
Safar P, Redding J.  The 'tight jaw' in resuscitation. Anesthesiology . 1959;; 20:701-702.
31 +
International Association of Laryngectomees. First Aid for (Neck Breathers) Laryngectomees . New York, NY: American Cancer Society; 1971;.
32 +
Sellick BA.  Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anesthesia. Lancet . 1961;;2:404-406.
33 +
Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG.  Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA . 1960;;173:1064-1067.
34 +
Maier GW, Tyson GS Jr, Olsen CO, et al.  The physiology of external cardiac massage: high-impulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation . 1984;;70: 86-101.
35 +
Rudikoff MT, Maughan WL, Effron M, Freund P, Weisfeldt ML.  Mechanisms of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation . 1980;; 61:345-352.
36 +
Taylor GJ, Tucker WM, Greene HL, Rudikoff MT, Weisfeldt ML.  Importance of prolonged compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in man. N Engl J Med . 1977;;296:1515-1517.
37 +
Criley JM, Blaufuss AH, Kissel GL.  Cough-induced cardiac compression: self-administered form of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1976;;236: 1246-1250.
38 +
Paradis NA, Martin GB, Goetting MG, et al.  Simultaneous aortic, jugular bulb, and right atrial pressures during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans: insights into mechanisms. Circulation . 1989;;80:361-368.
39 +
Guerci AD, Chandra NC, Gelfand MI, et al.  Vest CPR increases aortic pressure in humans. Circulation . 1989;;80( (suppl II) ):II-496. Abstract.
40 +
Sack JB, Kesselbrenner MB, Bregman D.  Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest with interposed abdominal counterpulsation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1992;;267:379-385.
41 +
Cohen TJ, Tucker KJ, Lurie KG, et al.  Active compression-decompression: a new method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1992;;267:2916-2923.
42 +
Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD, et al.  Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation . 1986;; 73:539-550.
43 +
Simoons ML, Kimman GP, Ivens EMA, Hartman JAM, Hart HN. Follow up after out of hospital resuscitation. Read before the XIIth Annual Congress of the European Society of Cardiology; September 16-20, 1990; Stockholm, Sweden.
44 +
National Safety Council. Accident Facts, 1984 . Chicago, Ill: National Safety Council; 1984;:7.
45 +
Haugen RK.  The cafe coronary: sudden deaths in restaurants. JAMA . 1963;;186:142-143.
46 +
Heimlich HJ.  A life-saving maneuver to prevent food-choking. JAMA . 1975;;234:398-401.
47 +
Committee on Emergency Medical Services, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council. Report on Emergency Airway Management . Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1976;.
48 +
Day RL, Crelin ES, DuBois AB.  Choking: the Heimlich abdominal thrust vs back blows: an approach to measurement of inertial and aerodynamic forces. Pediatrics . 1982;;70:113-119.
49 +
Visintine RE, Baick CH.  Ruptured stomach after Heimlich maneuver. JAMA . 1975;;234:415.
50 +
Heimlich HJ.  Pop goes the cafe coronary. Emerg Med . 1974;;6:154-155.
51 +
 Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC) . JAMA . 1980;;244:453-509.
52 +
Krischer JP, Fine EG, Davis JH, Nagel EL.  Complications of cardiac resuscitation. Chest . 1987;;92:287-291.
53 +
Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for Decontaminating Manikins Used in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Hepatitis Surveillance, Report 42 . Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control; 1978;:34-36.
54 +
 The Emergency Cardiac Care Committee of the American Heart Association. Risk of infection during CPR training and rescue: supplemental guidelines. JAMA . 1989;;262:2714-2715.
55 +
Favero MS, Bond WW.  Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis in the hospital.  In: Balows A, Hausler WJ Jr, Hermann KL, Eisenberg HD, Shadomy HJ, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology . 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1991;:183-200.
56 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): precautions for clinical and laboratory staffs. MMWR . 1982;;31:577-580.
57 +
American Hospital Association.  A hospitalwide approach to AIDS: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Infections Within Hospitals. Infect Control . 1984;;5:242-248.
58 +
Resnik LK, Veren K, Salahuddin SF, Tondreau S, Markham PD.  Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments. JAMA . 1986;;255:1887-1891.
59 +
Spire B, Dormont D, Barré-Sinoussi F, Montagnier L, Chermann JC.  Inactivation of lymphadenopathy-associated virus by heat, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light. Lancet . 1985;;1:188-189.
60 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. MMWR . 1989;;38( (suppl 6) ):1-37.
61 +
Marcus R.  Surveillance of health care workers exposed to blood from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:1118-1123.
62 +
Sande MA.  Transmission of AIDS: the case against casual contagion. N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:380-382.
63 +
Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF, et al.  Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:344-349.
64 +
Hendricks AA, Shapiro EP.  Primary herpes simplex infection following mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. JAMA . 1980;;243:257-258.
65 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis— Texas, California, and Pennsylvania. MMWR . 1990;;39:369-372.
66 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons—Florida and New York, 1988-1991. MMWR . 1991;;40:585-591.
67 +
Haley CE, McDonald RC, Rossi L, Jones WD Jr, Haley RW, Luby JP.  Tuberculosis epidemic among hospital personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 1989;;10:204-210.
68 +
Dooley SW Jr, Castro KG, Hutton MD, Mullan RJ, Polder JA, Snider DE Jr.  Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare settings, with special focus on HIV-related issues. MMWR . 1990;;39:1-29.
69 +
Centers for Disease Control.  The use of preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR . 1990;;39:9-12.
70 +
Steinberg JL, Nardell EA, Kass EH.  Antibiotic prophylaxis after exposure to antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rev Infect Dis . 1988;;10: 1208-1219.
71 +
 Recommendation for prevention of HIV transmission in healthcare settings. MMWR . 1987;;36(No. (25) ):1S-18S.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Gordon AS, Frye CW, Gittelson L, Sadove MS, Beattie EJ Jr.  Mouth-to-mouth versus manual artificial respiration for children and adults. JAMA . 1958;;167:320-328.
2 +
Eisenberg MS, Bergner L, Hallstrom A.  Cardiac resuscitation in the community: importance of rapid provision and implications for program planning. JAMA . 1979;;241:1905-1907.
3 +
Cobb LA, Werner JA, Trobaugh GB.  Sudden cardiac death: pt 1 and 2. Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis . 1980;;49:31-36, 37-42.
4 +
Eisenberg MS, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP, et al.  Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with rapid defibrillation by emergency medical technicians. N Engl J Med . 1980;;302:1379-1383.
5 +
Abramson NS, Safar P, Detre K, Kelsey S, Reinmuth O, Snyder J.  An international collaborative clinical study mechanism for resuscitation research. Resuscitation . 1982;;10:141-147.
6 +
Risk Factors and Coronary Disease: A Statement for Physicians . Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 1980;.
7 +
 The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA . 1984;;251:351-364.
8 +
Cummins RO, Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom AP, Litwin PE.  Survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med . 1985;;3:114-119.
9 +
Stults KR.  Phone first. J Emerg Med Serv . 1987;;12:28.
10 +
 Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC). JAMA . 1986;;255:2905-2984.
11 +
Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF.  Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J . 1989;;117:151-159.
12 +
Weaver WD, Hill D, Fahrenbruch CE, et al.  Use of the automatic external defibrillator in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:661-666.
13 +
Cummins RO, Ornato JP, Thies WH, Pepe PE.  Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the 'chain of survival' concept: a statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation . 1991;;83:1832-1847.
14 +
Safar P, Escarraga LA, Elam JO.  A comparison of the mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-airway methods of artificial respiration with the chest-pressure arm-lift methods. N Engl J Med . 1958;;258:671-677.
15 +
Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K.  CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med . 1987;;16:1107-1111.
16 +
National Association of EMS Physicians.  Emergency medical dispatching. Prehosp Disaster Med . 1989;;4:163-166.
17 +
Clawson JJ.  Telephone treatment protocols: reach out and help someone. J Emerg Med Serv . 1986;;11:43-46.
18 +
Culley LL, Clark JJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP.  Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med . 1991;;20:362-366.
19 +
Mackenzie GJ, Taylor SH, McDonald AH, Donald KW.  Haemodynamic effects of external cardiac compression. Lancet . 1964;;1:1342-1345.
20 +
Instructor's Manual for Basic Life Support . Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 1985;.
21 +
Safar P.  Ventilatory efficacy of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration: airway obstruction during manual and mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. JAMA . 1958;;167:335-341.
22 +
Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F.  Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. J Appl Physiol . 1959;;14:760-764.
23 +
Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG.  Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology . 1961;;22:271-279.
24 +
Guildner CW.  Resuscitation—opening the airway: a comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP . 1976;;5: 588-590.
25 +
Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA, et al.  Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA . 1960;;172:812-815.
26 +
Elam JO, Greene DG.  Mission accomplished: successful mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Anesth Analg . 1961;;40:578-580.
27 +
Ruben H, Knudsen EJ, Carugati G.  Gastric inflation in relation to airway pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand . 1961;;5:107-114.
28 +
Melker RJ.  Recommendations for ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time for change? Crit Care Med . 1985;;13(pt 2):882-883.
29 +
Ruben H.  The immediate treatment of respiratory failure. Br J Anaesth . 1964;;36:542-549.
30 +
Safar P, Redding J.  The 'tight jaw' in resuscitation. Anesthesiology . 1959;; 20:701-702.
31 +
International Association of Laryngectomees. First Aid for (Neck Breathers) Laryngectomees . New York, NY: American Cancer Society; 1971;.
32 +
Sellick BA.  Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anesthesia. Lancet . 1961;;2:404-406.
33 +
Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG.  Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA . 1960;;173:1064-1067.
34 +
Maier GW, Tyson GS Jr, Olsen CO, et al.  The physiology of external cardiac massage: high-impulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation . 1984;;70: 86-101.
35 +
Rudikoff MT, Maughan WL, Effron M, Freund P, Weisfeldt ML.  Mechanisms of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation . 1980;; 61:345-352.
36 +
Taylor GJ, Tucker WM, Greene HL, Rudikoff MT, Weisfeldt ML.  Importance of prolonged compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in man. N Engl J Med . 1977;;296:1515-1517.
37 +
Criley JM, Blaufuss AH, Kissel GL.  Cough-induced cardiac compression: self-administered form of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1976;;236: 1246-1250.
38 +
Paradis NA, Martin GB, Goetting MG, et al.  Simultaneous aortic, jugular bulb, and right atrial pressures during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans: insights into mechanisms. Circulation . 1989;;80:361-368.
39 +
Guerci AD, Chandra NC, Gelfand MI, et al.  Vest CPR increases aortic pressure in humans. Circulation . 1989;;80( (suppl II) ):II-496. Abstract.
40 +
Sack JB, Kesselbrenner MB, Bregman D.  Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest with interposed abdominal counterpulsation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1992;;267:379-385.
41 +
Cohen TJ, Tucker KJ, Lurie KG, et al.  Active compression-decompression: a new method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA . 1992;;267:2916-2923.
42 +
Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD, et al.  Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation . 1986;; 73:539-550.
43 +
Simoons ML, Kimman GP, Ivens EMA, Hartman JAM, Hart HN. Follow up after out of hospital resuscitation. Read before the XIIth Annual Congress of the European Society of Cardiology; September 16-20, 1990; Stockholm, Sweden.
44 +
National Safety Council. Accident Facts, 1984 . Chicago, Ill: National Safety Council; 1984;:7.
45 +
Haugen RK.  The cafe coronary: sudden deaths in restaurants. JAMA . 1963;;186:142-143.
46 +
Heimlich HJ.  A life-saving maneuver to prevent food-choking. JAMA . 1975;;234:398-401.
47 +
Committee on Emergency Medical Services, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council. Report on Emergency Airway Management . Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1976;.
48 +
Day RL, Crelin ES, DuBois AB.  Choking: the Heimlich abdominal thrust vs back blows: an approach to measurement of inertial and aerodynamic forces. Pediatrics . 1982;;70:113-119.
49 +
Visintine RE, Baick CH.  Ruptured stomach after Heimlich maneuver. JAMA . 1975;;234:415.
50 +
Heimlich HJ.  Pop goes the cafe coronary. Emerg Med . 1974;;6:154-155.
51 +
 Standards and guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiac care (ECC) . JAMA . 1980;;244:453-509.
52 +
Krischer JP, Fine EG, Davis JH, Nagel EL.  Complications of cardiac resuscitation. Chest . 1987;;92:287-291.
53 +
Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for Decontaminating Manikins Used in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Hepatitis Surveillance, Report 42 . Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control; 1978;:34-36.
54 +
 The Emergency Cardiac Care Committee of the American Heart Association. Risk of infection during CPR training and rescue: supplemental guidelines. JAMA . 1989;;262:2714-2715.
55 +
Favero MS, Bond WW.  Sterilization, disinfection and antisepsis in the hospital.  In: Balows A, Hausler WJ Jr, Hermann KL, Eisenberg HD, Shadomy HJ, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology . 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1991;:183-200.
56 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): precautions for clinical and laboratory staffs. MMWR . 1982;;31:577-580.
57 +
American Hospital Association.  A hospitalwide approach to AIDS: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Infections Within Hospitals. Infect Control . 1984;;5:242-248.
58 +
Resnik LK, Veren K, Salahuddin SF, Tondreau S, Markham PD.  Stability and inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV under clinical and laboratory environments. JAMA . 1986;;255:1887-1891.
59 +
Spire B, Dormont D, Barré-Sinoussi F, Montagnier L, Chermann JC.  Inactivation of lymphadenopathy-associated virus by heat, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light. Lancet . 1985;;1:188-189.
60 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers. MMWR . 1989;;38( (suppl 6) ):1-37.
61 +
Marcus R.  Surveillance of health care workers exposed to blood from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med . 1988;;319:1118-1123.
62 +
Sande MA.  Transmission of AIDS: the case against casual contagion. N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:380-382.
63 +
Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF, et al.  Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med . 1986;;314:344-349.
64 +
Hendricks AA, Shapiro EP.  Primary herpes simplex infection following mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. JAMA . 1980;;243:257-258.
65 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis— Texas, California, and Pennsylvania. MMWR . 1990;;39:369-372.
66 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons—Florida and New York, 1988-1991. MMWR . 1991;;40:585-591.
67 +
Haley CE, McDonald RC, Rossi L, Jones WD Jr, Haley RW, Luby JP.  Tuberculosis epidemic among hospital personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 1989;;10:204-210.
68 +
Dooley SW Jr, Castro KG, Hutton MD, Mullan RJ, Polder JA, Snider DE Jr.  Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in healthcare settings, with special focus on HIV-related issues. MMWR . 1990;;39:1-29.
69 +
Centers for Disease Control.  The use of preventive therapy for tuberculosis infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR . 1990;;39:9-12.
70 +
Steinberg JL, Nardell EA, Kass EH.  Antibiotic prophylaxis after exposure to antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rev Infect Dis . 1988;;10: 1208-1219.
71 +
 Recommendation for prevention of HIV transmission in healthcare settings. MMWR . 1987;;36(No. (25) ):1S-18S.

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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
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BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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