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July 17, 1991, Vol 266, No. 3 >
ARTICLE | July 17, 1991

The Future of Ultrasonography: Title and subTitle BreakReport of the Ultrasonography Task Force FREE

Scott L. Bernstein; Yank D. Coble, Jr, MD; A. Bradley Eisenbrey, MD, PhD; E. Harvey Estes, Jr, MD; Mitchell S. Karlan, MD; William R. Kennedy, MD; Patricia Joy Numann, MD; William C. Scott, MD; Joseph H. Skom, MD; Richard M. Steinhilber, MD; Jack P. Strong, MD; Henry N. Wagner, Jr, MD; William R. Hendee, PhD; T. McGivney, PhD; Martin Baker, MD; Barbara A. Carroll, MD; I. Evans, MD; Arthur C. Fleischer, MD; William R. Hendee, PhD; David Hykes, MS; Janis Letourneau, MD; Christopher Merritt, MD; David Sahn, MD; Peter N. T. Wells, PhD, DSC
[+] Author Affiliations

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the scientific literature as of March 1990.

Reprint requests to the Council of Scientific Affairs, Group on Science and Technology, American Medical Association, 515 N State St, Chicago, IL 60610 (Jerod Loeb, PhD).


JAMA. 1991;266(3):406-409. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470030106033
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References

Future advances in ultrasonography will undoubtedly occur in three major areas: diagnostic capability, instrumentation, and clinical applications. In the area of diagnostic capability, spatial and contrast resolution offer excellent opportunities for improvement. Continued research into tissue characterization is worthwhile, even though efforts to date have been more frustrating than fulfilling. Blood flow studies and new contrast agents are among the more promising areas for future development. New techniques of signal detection, analysis, and display in Doppler imaging may overcome some present limitations, including those in color flow imaging.

(JAMA. 1991;266:406-409)

REFERENCES

1 +
Hunt JW, Arditi M, Foster MS.  Ultrasound transducers for pulse-echo medical imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng . 1983;;30:453-481.
2 +
Dietz DR, Parks SI, Linzer M.  Expanding-aperture annular array. Ultrason Imaging . 1979;;1:56-75.
3 +
Halliwell M, Mountford RA.  Physical sources of registration errors in pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging systems I and II. Med Biol Engineer . 1973;;11:27-32, 33-38.
4 +
Smith SW, Trahey GE, von Ramm OT.  Phased array ultrasound imaging through planar tissue layers. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:229-243.
5 +
Foster FS, Hunt JW.  Transmission of ultrasound beams through human tissue: focussing and attenuation studies. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1979;;5:257-268.
6 +
Adach J, Chivers RC.  Defocusing studies in model systems.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:20-26.
7 +
Wagner RF.  Low contract sensitivity of radiologic, CT, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound medical imaging systems. IEEE Trans Med Imaging . 1983;;2:105-121.
8 +
Wells PNT, Halliwell M.  Speckle in ultrasonic imaging. Ultrasonics . 1981;;19:225-229.
9 +
Hendee WR.  The perception of visual data: a summary of the ACR meeting on visualization science in engineering, computing and medicine. AJR . 1989;;152:1313-1316.
10 +
Magnin PA, von Ramm OT, Thurstone FL.  Frequency compounding for speckle contrast reduction in phased array imaging. Ultrason Imaging . 1982;;4:267-281.
11 +
Bamber JC, Daft C.  Adaptive filtering for reduction of speckle in ultrasonic pulse-echo images. Ultrasonics . 1986;;24:41-43.
12 +
Hendee WR, Wells PNT, eds. Engineering Research in Visual Perception . Reston, Va: American College of Radiology; 1986;.
13 +
Bamber JC, Cook-Martin G, Phelps JV, et al.  Recent progress in B-mode texture analysis and speckle reduction.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;: 9-11.
14 +
Insana MF, Wagner RF, Barra BS, et al.  Supervised pattern recognition techniques in quantitative diagnostic ultrasound.  In: Pattern Recognition and Acoustical Imaging . Bellingham, Wash: SPIE; 1987;:146-154.
15 +
Greenleaf JF, Kenue SK, Rajagopalan B, et al.  Breast imaging by ultrasonic computer-assisted tomography.  In: Metherell AF, ed. Acoustical Imaging . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1980;;8:599-614.
16 +
Wells PNT.  Propagation of ultrasonic waves through tissue.  In: Fullerton GD, Zagzebski JA, eds. Medical Physics of CT and Ultrasound . New York, NY: American Institute of Physics; 1980;:367-387.
17 +
Flax SW, Pelc NJ, Glover GH, et al.  Spectral characterization and attenuation measurements in ultrasound. Ultrasound Imaging . 1983;;5:95-116.
18 +
Hayashi N, Tamaki N, Senda N, et al.  A new method of measuring in vivo sound speed in the reflection mode. JCU . 1988;;16:87-93.
19 +
Dickinson RJ.  Reflection and scattering.  In: Hill CR, ed. Physical Principles of Medical Ultrasonics . Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood; 1986;:225-260.
20 +
Povey M.  Some basic ideas in scattering theory and their application to ultrasonic tissue characterisation.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:1-8.
21 +
Sheldon CD, Murie JA, Quin RO.  Ultrasonic Doppler spectral broadening in the diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1983;;9:575-580.
22 +
Baker JD, Machleder HI, Skidmore R.  Analysis of femoral artery Doppler signals by Laplace transform damping method. J Vasc Surg . 1984;;1:520-524.
23 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos I, Carter D, Morse SM, Snower D, Fortune K.  Correlation of Doppler US tumor signals with neovascular morphologic features. Radiology . 1988;;166:57-62.
24 +
Taylor KJW, Morse SM, Weltin GG, Reily CA, Flye MW.  Liver transplant recipients: portable duplex US with correlative angiography. Radiology . 1986;;159:357-367.
25 +
Burns PN, Halliwell M, Wells PNT, Webb AJ.  Ultrasonic Doppler studies of the breast. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1982;;8:127-143.
26 +
Miszalok V, Fritzsch T, Schartl M.  Myocardial perfusion defects in contrast echocardiography: spatial and temporal localization. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:581-586.
27 +
Mattrey RF, Leopold GR, von Sonnenberg E, et al.  Perfluorochemicals as liver- and spleen-seeking ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med . 1983;;2:173-176.
28 +
Shattuck DP, Weinshenker MD, Smith SW, von Ramm OT.  Explososcan: a parallel processing technique for high-speed ultrasonic imaging with linear phased arrays. J Acoust Soc Am . 1984;; 75:1273-1282.
29 +
Green PS, ed. Acoustical Holography . New York, NY: PlenumPress; 1974;;5.
30 +
Luckman NP, Skidmore R, Evans JM, et al.  The effect of acoustic speckle on ultrasonic Doppler studies of blood flow.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:119-124.
31 +
Bendick PJ, Newhouse VL.  Ultrasonic random-signal flow measurement system. J Acoust Soc Am . 1974;;56:860-865.
32 +
Evans DH, MacPherson DS.  Some aspects of the relationship between instantaneous volumetric blood flow and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound recordings I and II. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1982;;8:605-609,611-619.
33 +
Fu C-C, Gerzberg L.  Annular arrays for quantitative pulsed flowmeters. Ultrason Imaging . 1983;;5:1-16.
34 +
Gill RW.  Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1985;;11:625-641.
35 +
Beard JD, Evans JM, Skidmore R, Horrocks MA.  A Doppler flowmeter for use in theatre. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:883-889.
36 +
Evans JM, Skidmore R, Luckman NP, et al.  A new approach to the noninvasive measurement of cardiac output using an annular array Doppler technique I and II. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1989;;15.
37 +
Wells PNT.  Doppler ultrasound in medical diagnosis. Br J Radiol . 1989;;62:399-420.
38 +
Embree PM, O'Brien WD Jr.  The accurate ultrasonic measurement of volume flow of blood by time domain correlation. Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp . 1985;:963-966.
39 +
Filly RA.  Ultrasound: the stethoscope of the future, alas. Radiology . 1988;;167:400.
40 +
Wells PNT.  The prudent use of diagnostic ultrasound. Br J Radiol . 1986;;59:1143-1151.
41 +
Hendee WR, Wells PNT.  Current concepts: visual perception as an opportunity for radiological research. Invest Radiol . 1989;;24:7, 575-576.
42 +
Pitcher EM, Stevens PH, Davies ER, Goddard PR, Jackson PC.  Transfer and combination of digital image data. Br J Radiol . 1985;;58:701-703.
43 +
Breyer B, Cikes I.  Ultrasonically marked catheter: a method for positive echographic catheter position identification. Med Biol Eng Comput . 1984;;22:268-271.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Hunt JW, Arditi M, Foster MS.  Ultrasound transducers for pulse-echo medical imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng . 1983;;30:453-481.
2 +
Dietz DR, Parks SI, Linzer M.  Expanding-aperture annular array. Ultrason Imaging . 1979;;1:56-75.
3 +
Halliwell M, Mountford RA.  Physical sources of registration errors in pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging systems I and II. Med Biol Engineer . 1973;;11:27-32, 33-38.
4 +
Smith SW, Trahey GE, von Ramm OT.  Phased array ultrasound imaging through planar tissue layers. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:229-243.
5 +
Foster FS, Hunt JW.  Transmission of ultrasound beams through human tissue: focussing and attenuation studies. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1979;;5:257-268.
6 +
Adach J, Chivers RC.  Defocusing studies in model systems.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:20-26.
7 +
Wagner RF.  Low contract sensitivity of radiologic, CT, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound medical imaging systems. IEEE Trans Med Imaging . 1983;;2:105-121.
8 +
Wells PNT, Halliwell M.  Speckle in ultrasonic imaging. Ultrasonics . 1981;;19:225-229.
9 +
Hendee WR.  The perception of visual data: a summary of the ACR meeting on visualization science in engineering, computing and medicine. AJR . 1989;;152:1313-1316.
10 +
Magnin PA, von Ramm OT, Thurstone FL.  Frequency compounding for speckle contrast reduction in phased array imaging. Ultrason Imaging . 1982;;4:267-281.
11 +
Bamber JC, Daft C.  Adaptive filtering for reduction of speckle in ultrasonic pulse-echo images. Ultrasonics . 1986;;24:41-43.
12 +
Hendee WR, Wells PNT, eds. Engineering Research in Visual Perception . Reston, Va: American College of Radiology; 1986;.
13 +
Bamber JC, Cook-Martin G, Phelps JV, et al.  Recent progress in B-mode texture analysis and speckle reduction.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;: 9-11.
14 +
Insana MF, Wagner RF, Barra BS, et al.  Supervised pattern recognition techniques in quantitative diagnostic ultrasound.  In: Pattern Recognition and Acoustical Imaging . Bellingham, Wash: SPIE; 1987;:146-154.
15 +
Greenleaf JF, Kenue SK, Rajagopalan B, et al.  Breast imaging by ultrasonic computer-assisted tomography.  In: Metherell AF, ed. Acoustical Imaging . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1980;;8:599-614.
16 +
Wells PNT.  Propagation of ultrasonic waves through tissue.  In: Fullerton GD, Zagzebski JA, eds. Medical Physics of CT and Ultrasound . New York, NY: American Institute of Physics; 1980;:367-387.
17 +
Flax SW, Pelc NJ, Glover GH, et al.  Spectral characterization and attenuation measurements in ultrasound. Ultrasound Imaging . 1983;;5:95-116.
18 +
Hayashi N, Tamaki N, Senda N, et al.  A new method of measuring in vivo sound speed in the reflection mode. JCU . 1988;;16:87-93.
19 +
Dickinson RJ.  Reflection and scattering.  In: Hill CR, ed. Physical Principles of Medical Ultrasonics . Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood; 1986;:225-260.
20 +
Povey M.  Some basic ideas in scattering theory and their application to ultrasonic tissue characterisation.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:1-8.
21 +
Sheldon CD, Murie JA, Quin RO.  Ultrasonic Doppler spectral broadening in the diagnosis of internal carotid artery stenosis. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1983;;9:575-580.
22 +
Baker JD, Machleder HI, Skidmore R.  Analysis of femoral artery Doppler signals by Laplace transform damping method. J Vasc Surg . 1984;;1:520-524.
23 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos I, Carter D, Morse SM, Snower D, Fortune K.  Correlation of Doppler US tumor signals with neovascular morphologic features. Radiology . 1988;;166:57-62.
24 +
Taylor KJW, Morse SM, Weltin GG, Reily CA, Flye MW.  Liver transplant recipients: portable duplex US with correlative angiography. Radiology . 1986;;159:357-367.
25 +
Burns PN, Halliwell M, Wells PNT, Webb AJ.  Ultrasonic Doppler studies of the breast. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1982;;8:127-143.
26 +
Miszalok V, Fritzsch T, Schartl M.  Myocardial perfusion defects in contrast echocardiography: spatial and temporal localization. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:581-586.
27 +
Mattrey RF, Leopold GR, von Sonnenberg E, et al.  Perfluorochemicals as liver- and spleen-seeking ultrasound contrast agents. J Ultrasound Med . 1983;;2:173-176.
28 +
Shattuck DP, Weinshenker MD, Smith SW, von Ramm OT.  Explososcan: a parallel processing technique for high-speed ultrasonic imaging with linear phased arrays. J Acoust Soc Am . 1984;; 75:1273-1282.
29 +
Green PS, ed. Acoustical Holography . New York, NY: PlenumPress; 1974;;5.
30 +
Luckman NP, Skidmore R, Evans JM, et al.  The effect of acoustic speckle on ultrasonic Doppler studies of blood flow.  In: Evans DH, Martin K, eds. Physics in Medical Ultrasound II . York, England: Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine; 1988;:119-124.
31 +
Bendick PJ, Newhouse VL.  Ultrasonic random-signal flow measurement system. J Acoust Soc Am . 1974;;56:860-865.
32 +
Evans DH, MacPherson DS.  Some aspects of the relationship between instantaneous volumetric blood flow and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound recordings I and II. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1982;;8:605-609,611-619.
33 +
Fu C-C, Gerzberg L.  Annular arrays for quantitative pulsed flowmeters. Ultrason Imaging . 1983;;5:1-16.
34 +
Gill RW.  Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1985;;11:625-641.
35 +
Beard JD, Evans JM, Skidmore R, Horrocks MA.  A Doppler flowmeter for use in theatre. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1986;;12:883-889.
36 +
Evans JM, Skidmore R, Luckman NP, et al.  A new approach to the noninvasive measurement of cardiac output using an annular array Doppler technique I and II. Ultrasound Med Biol . 1989;;15.
37 +
Wells PNT.  Doppler ultrasound in medical diagnosis. Br J Radiol . 1989;;62:399-420.
38 +
Embree PM, O'Brien WD Jr.  The accurate ultrasonic measurement of volume flow of blood by time domain correlation. Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp . 1985;:963-966.
39 +
Filly RA.  Ultrasound: the stethoscope of the future, alas. Radiology . 1988;;167:400.
40 +
Wells PNT.  The prudent use of diagnostic ultrasound. Br J Radiol . 1986;;59:1143-1151.
41 +
Hendee WR, Wells PNT.  Current concepts: visual perception as an opportunity for radiological research. Invest Radiol . 1989;;24:7, 575-576.
42 +
Pitcher EM, Stevens PH, Davies ER, Goddard PR, Jackson PC.  Transfer and combination of digital image data. Br J Radiol . 1985;;58:701-703.
43 +
Breyer B, Cikes I.  Ultrasonically marked catheter: a method for positive echographic catheter position identification. Med Biol Eng Comput . 1984;;22:268-271.

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