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α-Blocker Therapy of Hypertension: Title and subTitle BreakAn Unfulfilled Promise FREE

Alexander F. Khoury, MD; Norman M. Kaplan, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235-8899 (Dr Kaplan).


JAMA. 1991;266(3):394-398. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470030094030
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For various reasons, the α1-receptor blocker prazosin has been used infrequently as initial therapy for hypertension. The introduction of additional agents of this class with properties different from prazosin provides slower onset of action, which should reduce the degree of first-dose and postural hypotension and a longer duration of action, which allows for once-a-day dosage. A summary of the published data on efficacy, side effects, and special properties of this class of agents indicates that they will probably be used more extensively, particularly because of their ability to improve lipid and glucose-insulin metabolism.

(JAMA. 1991;266:394-398)

REFERENCES

Colucci WS.  Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade with prazosin . Ann Intern Med . 1982;;97:67-77.
Frishman WH, Charlap S.  α-Adrenergic blockers . Med Clin North Am . 1988;;72:427-440.
Cubeddu LX.  New alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension: role of vascular alpha receptors in the control of peripheral resistance . Am Heart J . 1988;;116:133-162.
Grimm RH Jr.  α1-Antagonists in the treatment of hypertension . Hypertension . 1989;;13( (suppl I) ):I-131-I-136.
Schäfers RF, Reid JL.  Alpha blockers . In: Kaplan NM, Brenner BM, Laragh JH, eds. New Therapeutic Strategies in Hypertension . New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989;:51-69.
1988 Joint National Committee.  The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure . Arch Intern Med . 1988;;148:1023-1038.
Ramsay LE, Parnell L, Waller PC.  Comparison of nifedipine, prazosin and hydralazine added to treatment of hypertensive patients uncontrolled by thiazide diuretic plus beta-blocker . Postgrad Med J . 1987;;63:99-103.
Tomada F, Takata M, Yoshida K, Yasumoto K, Mikawa M, Sasayama S.  Hemodynamic and endocrinological effects of a new selective α1-blocking agent, terazosin, in patients with essential hypertension: results of long-term treatment . Am J Hypertens . 1989;;2:834-839.
Ames RP, Chrysant SG, Gonzalez F, Schnaper HW, Spann S, Velasquez MT.  Effectiveness of doxazosin in systemic hypertension . Am J Cardiol . 1989;;64:203-208.
 Alpha-blockade for hypertension: indifferent past, uncertain future . Lancet . 1989;;1:1055-1056. Editorial.
Julius S.  Are different hemodynamic patterns of antihypertensive drugs clinically important? Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1990;;38:S125-S128.
Kaplan NM. Clinical Hypertension . 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1990;.
Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Nugent AM, Sady MA, Sady SP.  Effect of atenolol or prazosin on maximal exercise performance in hypertensive joggers . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):104-109.
Michel MC, Brodde O-E, Insel PA.  Peripheral adrenergic receptors in hypertension . Hypertension . 1990;;16:107-120.
Meredith PA, Elliott HL, Kelman AW, Reid JL.  Application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for the comparison of quinazoline α-adrenoceptor agonists in normotensive volunteers . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1985;;7:532-537.
Weber MA, Tonkon MJ, Klein RC.  Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the circadian blood pressure pattern . Am J Med . 1987;;82( (suppl 1A) ):50-52.
Deter G, Cutler RE, Dietz AJ, Lewin AJ, Vlachakis N.  Comparison of the safety and efficacy of once-daily terazosin versus twice-daily prazosin for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension . Am J Med . 1986;;80( (suppl 5B) ):62-67.
Smyth P, Pringle S, Jackson G, Lorimer AR.  24-Hour control of blood pressure by once daily doxazosin: a multicentre double-blind comparison with placebo . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1988;;34:613-618.
Stanaszek WF, Kellerman D, Brogden RN, Romankiewicz JA.  Prazosin update: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in hypertension . Drugs . 1983;;25:339-384.
Humphreys JE, Waite MA.  Alpha-1 blockers: a new generation of antihypertensive agents . J Clin Pharm Ther . 1989;;14:263-283.
Mroczek WJ, Fotiu S, Davidov ME, Finnerty FA Jr.  Prazosin in hypertension: a double-blind evaluation with methyldopa and placebo . Curr Ther Res . 1974;;16:769-777.
Mulvihill-Wilson J, Graham RM, Pettinger W, et al.  Comparative effects of prazosin and phenoxybenzamine on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines in essential hypertension . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1979;;1( (suppl) ):S1-S7.
McNair A, Rasmussen S, Nielsen PE, Rasmussen K.  The antihypertensive effect of prazosin on mild to moderate hypertension, changes in plasma volume, extracellular volume and glomerular filtration rate . Acta Med Scand . 1980;;207:413-416.
Torvik D, Madsbu H-P.  Multicentre 12-week double-blind comparison of doxazosin, prazosin and placebo in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1986;;21:69S-75S.
Batey DM, Nicolich MJ, Lasser VI, Jeffrey SS, Lasser LN.  Prazosin versus hydrochlorothiazide as initial antihypertensive therapy in black versus white patients . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):74-78.
Stokes GS, Weber MA.  Prazosin: preliminary report and comparative studies with other antihypertensive agents . BMJ . 1974;;2:298-300.
Larochelle P, Du Souich P, Hamet P, Larocque P, Armstrong J.  Prazosin plasma concentrations and blood pressure reduction . Hypertension . 1982;;4:93-101.
Izzo JL Jr, Horwitz D, Keiser HR.  Physiologic mechanisms opposing the hemodynamic effects of prazosin . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1981;;19:7-11.
Webb DJ, Fulton JD, Leckie BJ, et al.  The effect of chronic prazosin therapy on the response of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with essential hypertension . J Hum Hypertens . 1987;;1:195-200.
Nicholson JP, Resnik LM, Pickering TG, Marion R, Sullivan P, Laragh JH.  Relationship of blood pressure response and the renin-angiotensin system to first-dose prazosin . Am J Med . 1985;;78:241-244.
Koshy MC, Mickley D, Bourgoignie J, Blaufox MD.  Physiologic evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin HCl . Circulation . 1977;;55:533-537.
Bauer JH, Jones LB, Gaddy P.  Effects of prazosin therapy on BP, renal function, and body fluid composition . Arch Intern Med . 1984;;144:1196-1200.
New Zealand Hypertension Study Group:  Four- to seven-year follow-up of patients on prazosin . N Z Med J . 1980;;92:341-342.
Walker RG, Whitworth JA, Saines D, Kincaid-Smith P.  Long-term treatment of moderate and severe hypertension and lack of 'tolerance.' Med J Aust . 1981;;2:146-147.
Dauer AD.  Terazosin: an effective once-daily monotherapy for the treatment of hypertension . Am J Med . 1986;;80( (suppl 5B) ):29-34.
Luther RR, Klepper MJ, Maurath CJ, Glassman HN, Achari R, Laddu AT.  Efficacy of terazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension in blacks . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:151-153.
Cox DA, Leader JP, Milson JA, Singleton W.  The antihypertensive effects of doxazosin: a clinical overview . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1986;;21:83S-90S.
Scott PJW, Hosie J, Scott MGB.  A double-blind and cross-over comparison of once daily doxazosin and placebo with steady-state pharmacokinetics in elderly hypertensive patients . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1988;;34:119-123.
Ames RP, Kiyasu JY.  Alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade with doxazosin in hypertension: effects on blood pressure and lipoproteins . J Clin Pharmacol . 1989;;29:123-127.
Talseth T, Westlie L, Daae L.  A long-term study of atenolol and doxazosin in mild and moderate hypertension . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4( (suppl 3) ):39-44.
Hayduk K, Schneider HT.  Antihypertensive effects of doxazosin in systemic hypertension and comparison with terazosin . Am J Cardiol . 1987;;59( (suppl) ):95G-98G.
Stokes GS, Graham RM, Gain JM, Davis PR.  Influence of dosage and dietary sodium on the first-dose effects of prazosin . BMJ . 1977;;1:1507-1508.
Lardinois CK, Neuman SL.  The effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and lipoproteins . Arch Intern Med . 1988;;148:1280-1288.
Luther RR, Glassman HN, Estep CB, Maurath CJ, Jordan DC.  The effects of terazosin and methyclothiazide on blood pressure and serum lipids . Am Heart J . 1989;;117:842-847.
Cubeddu LX, Pool JL, Bloomfield R, et al.  Effect of doxazosin monotherapy on blood pressure and plasma lipids in patients with essential hypertension . Am J Hypertens . 1988;;1:158-167.
Leren TP.  Doxazosin increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity . Acta Pharmacol Toxicol . 1985;;56:269-272.
Rubba P, De Simone B, Marotta T, Leccia G, Soro S, Ferrara LA.  Adrenergic blocking agents and lipoprotein lipase activity . J Endocrinol Invest . 1989;;12:119-122.
Sheu WH-H, Swislocki ALM, Hoffman BB, Reaven GM, Chen Y-DI.  Effect of prazosin treatment on HDL kinetics in patients with hypertension . Am J Hypertens . 1990;;3:762-768.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, Berne C.  Application of prazosin is associated with an increase of insulin sensitivity in obese patients with hypertension . Diabetologia . 1988;;31:415-420.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C.  A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension . N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:868-873.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Mörlin C, Präntare H, Hvarfner A, Ljunghall S.  Metabolic effects of diltiazem and atenolol: results from a randomized, double-blind study with parallel groups . J Hypertens . 1989;;7:551-559.
Shionoiri H, Noda K, Miyamoto K, et al.  Glucose tolerance during chronic prazosin therapy in patients with essential hypertension . Curr Ther Res . 1986;;40:171-180.
Scheen AJ, Castillo M, Salvatore T, Lefebvre PJ.  Lack of deleterious effects of the alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent doxazosin on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in healthy men . Curr Ther Res . 1989;;46:200-206.
Feher MD, Henderson AD, Wadsworth J, et al.  Alpha-blocker therapy; a possible advance in the treatment of diabetic hypertension; results of a cross-over study of doxazosin and atenolol monotherapy in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:571-577.
Anderton JL, Notghi A.  An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of doxazosin in the treatment of hypertension associated with renal insufficiency . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4( (suppl 3) ):52-57.
Ram CVS, Gonzalez D, Kulkarni P, et al.  Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: effects of prazosin therapy . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):66-69.
Yasumoto K, Takata M, Yoshida K, Mikawa M, Tomoda F, Sasayama S.  Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy by terazosin in hypertensive patients . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:13-18.
Corral JC, López NC, Pecorelli A, Rincón LA, Terán YD.  Doxazosin in the treatment of mild or moderate essential hypertension: an echocardiographic study . Am Heart J . 1991;;121( (suppl 1) ):352-356.
Hedlund H, Andersson K-E, Ek A.  Effects of prazosin in patients with benign prostatic obstruction . J Urol . 1983;;130:275-278.
Kirby RS, Coppinger SWC, Corcoran MO, Chapple CR, Flannigan M, Milroy EJG.  Prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction . Br J Urol . 1987;;60:136-142.
Cutler JA, MacMahon SW, Furberg CD.  Controlled clinical trials of drug treatment for hypertension: a review . Hypertension . 1989;;13( (suppl I) ):I-36-I-44.

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Colucci WS.  Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade with prazosin . Ann Intern Med . 1982;;97:67-77.
Frishman WH, Charlap S.  α-Adrenergic blockers . Med Clin North Am . 1988;;72:427-440.
Cubeddu LX.  New alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension: role of vascular alpha receptors in the control of peripheral resistance . Am Heart J . 1988;;116:133-162.
Grimm RH Jr.  α1-Antagonists in the treatment of hypertension . Hypertension . 1989;;13( (suppl I) ):I-131-I-136.
Schäfers RF, Reid JL.  Alpha blockers . In: Kaplan NM, Brenner BM, Laragh JH, eds. New Therapeutic Strategies in Hypertension . New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989;:51-69.
1988 Joint National Committee.  The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure . Arch Intern Med . 1988;;148:1023-1038.
Ramsay LE, Parnell L, Waller PC.  Comparison of nifedipine, prazosin and hydralazine added to treatment of hypertensive patients uncontrolled by thiazide diuretic plus beta-blocker . Postgrad Med J . 1987;;63:99-103.
Tomada F, Takata M, Yoshida K, Yasumoto K, Mikawa M, Sasayama S.  Hemodynamic and endocrinological effects of a new selective α1-blocking agent, terazosin, in patients with essential hypertension: results of long-term treatment . Am J Hypertens . 1989;;2:834-839.
Ames RP, Chrysant SG, Gonzalez F, Schnaper HW, Spann S, Velasquez MT.  Effectiveness of doxazosin in systemic hypertension . Am J Cardiol . 1989;;64:203-208.
 Alpha-blockade for hypertension: indifferent past, uncertain future . Lancet . 1989;;1:1055-1056. Editorial.
Julius S.  Are different hemodynamic patterns of antihypertensive drugs clinically important? Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1990;;38:S125-S128.
Kaplan NM. Clinical Hypertension . 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1990;.
Thompson PD, Cullinane EM, Nugent AM, Sady MA, Sady SP.  Effect of atenolol or prazosin on maximal exercise performance in hypertensive joggers . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):104-109.
Michel MC, Brodde O-E, Insel PA.  Peripheral adrenergic receptors in hypertension . Hypertension . 1990;;16:107-120.
Meredith PA, Elliott HL, Kelman AW, Reid JL.  Application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling for the comparison of quinazoline α-adrenoceptor agonists in normotensive volunteers . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1985;;7:532-537.
Weber MA, Tonkon MJ, Klein RC.  Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the circadian blood pressure pattern . Am J Med . 1987;;82( (suppl 1A) ):50-52.
Deter G, Cutler RE, Dietz AJ, Lewin AJ, Vlachakis N.  Comparison of the safety and efficacy of once-daily terazosin versus twice-daily prazosin for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension . Am J Med . 1986;;80( (suppl 5B) ):62-67.
Smyth P, Pringle S, Jackson G, Lorimer AR.  24-Hour control of blood pressure by once daily doxazosin: a multicentre double-blind comparison with placebo . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1988;;34:613-618.
Stanaszek WF, Kellerman D, Brogden RN, Romankiewicz JA.  Prazosin update: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in hypertension . Drugs . 1983;;25:339-384.
Humphreys JE, Waite MA.  Alpha-1 blockers: a new generation of antihypertensive agents . J Clin Pharm Ther . 1989;;14:263-283.
Mroczek WJ, Fotiu S, Davidov ME, Finnerty FA Jr.  Prazosin in hypertension: a double-blind evaluation with methyldopa and placebo . Curr Ther Res . 1974;;16:769-777.
Mulvihill-Wilson J, Graham RM, Pettinger W, et al.  Comparative effects of prazosin and phenoxybenzamine on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamines in essential hypertension . J Cardiovasc Pharmacol . 1979;;1( (suppl) ):S1-S7.
McNair A, Rasmussen S, Nielsen PE, Rasmussen K.  The antihypertensive effect of prazosin on mild to moderate hypertension, changes in plasma volume, extracellular volume and glomerular filtration rate . Acta Med Scand . 1980;;207:413-416.
Torvik D, Madsbu H-P.  Multicentre 12-week double-blind comparison of doxazosin, prazosin and placebo in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1986;;21:69S-75S.
Batey DM, Nicolich MJ, Lasser VI, Jeffrey SS, Lasser LN.  Prazosin versus hydrochlorothiazide as initial antihypertensive therapy in black versus white patients . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):74-78.
Stokes GS, Weber MA.  Prazosin: preliminary report and comparative studies with other antihypertensive agents . BMJ . 1974;;2:298-300.
Larochelle P, Du Souich P, Hamet P, Larocque P, Armstrong J.  Prazosin plasma concentrations and blood pressure reduction . Hypertension . 1982;;4:93-101.
Izzo JL Jr, Horwitz D, Keiser HR.  Physiologic mechanisms opposing the hemodynamic effects of prazosin . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1981;;19:7-11.
Webb DJ, Fulton JD, Leckie BJ, et al.  The effect of chronic prazosin therapy on the response of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with essential hypertension . J Hum Hypertens . 1987;;1:195-200.
Nicholson JP, Resnik LM, Pickering TG, Marion R, Sullivan P, Laragh JH.  Relationship of blood pressure response and the renin-angiotensin system to first-dose prazosin . Am J Med . 1985;;78:241-244.
Koshy MC, Mickley D, Bourgoignie J, Blaufox MD.  Physiologic evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin HCl . Circulation . 1977;;55:533-537.
Bauer JH, Jones LB, Gaddy P.  Effects of prazosin therapy on BP, renal function, and body fluid composition . Arch Intern Med . 1984;;144:1196-1200.
New Zealand Hypertension Study Group:  Four- to seven-year follow-up of patients on prazosin . N Z Med J . 1980;;92:341-342.
Walker RG, Whitworth JA, Saines D, Kincaid-Smith P.  Long-term treatment of moderate and severe hypertension and lack of 'tolerance.' Med J Aust . 1981;;2:146-147.
Dauer AD.  Terazosin: an effective once-daily monotherapy for the treatment of hypertension . Am J Med . 1986;;80( (suppl 5B) ):29-34.
Luther RR, Klepper MJ, Maurath CJ, Glassman HN, Achari R, Laddu AT.  Efficacy of terazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension in blacks . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:151-153.
Cox DA, Leader JP, Milson JA, Singleton W.  The antihypertensive effects of doxazosin: a clinical overview . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1986;;21:83S-90S.
Scott PJW, Hosie J, Scott MGB.  A double-blind and cross-over comparison of once daily doxazosin and placebo with steady-state pharmacokinetics in elderly hypertensive patients . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1988;;34:119-123.
Ames RP, Kiyasu JY.  Alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade with doxazosin in hypertension: effects on blood pressure and lipoproteins . J Clin Pharmacol . 1989;;29:123-127.
Talseth T, Westlie L, Daae L.  A long-term study of atenolol and doxazosin in mild and moderate hypertension . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4( (suppl 3) ):39-44.
Hayduk K, Schneider HT.  Antihypertensive effects of doxazosin in systemic hypertension and comparison with terazosin . Am J Cardiol . 1987;;59( (suppl) ):95G-98G.
Stokes GS, Graham RM, Gain JM, Davis PR.  Influence of dosage and dietary sodium on the first-dose effects of prazosin . BMJ . 1977;;1:1507-1508.
Lardinois CK, Neuman SL.  The effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and lipoproteins . Arch Intern Med . 1988;;148:1280-1288.
Luther RR, Glassman HN, Estep CB, Maurath CJ, Jordan DC.  The effects of terazosin and methyclothiazide on blood pressure and serum lipids . Am Heart J . 1989;;117:842-847.
Cubeddu LX, Pool JL, Bloomfield R, et al.  Effect of doxazosin monotherapy on blood pressure and plasma lipids in patients with essential hypertension . Am J Hypertens . 1988;;1:158-167.
Leren TP.  Doxazosin increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity . Acta Pharmacol Toxicol . 1985;;56:269-272.
Rubba P, De Simone B, Marotta T, Leccia G, Soro S, Ferrara LA.  Adrenergic blocking agents and lipoprotein lipase activity . J Endocrinol Invest . 1989;;12:119-122.
Sheu WH-H, Swislocki ALM, Hoffman BB, Reaven GM, Chen Y-DI.  Effect of prazosin treatment on HDL kinetics in patients with hypertension . Am J Hypertens . 1990;;3:762-768.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Selinus I, Berne C.  Application of prazosin is associated with an increase of insulin sensitivity in obese patients with hypertension . Diabetologia . 1988;;31:415-420.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C.  A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension . N Engl J Med . 1989;;321:868-873.
Pollare T, Lithell H, Mörlin C, Präntare H, Hvarfner A, Ljunghall S.  Metabolic effects of diltiazem and atenolol: results from a randomized, double-blind study with parallel groups . J Hypertens . 1989;;7:551-559.
Shionoiri H, Noda K, Miyamoto K, et al.  Glucose tolerance during chronic prazosin therapy in patients with essential hypertension . Curr Ther Res . 1986;;40:171-180.
Scheen AJ, Castillo M, Salvatore T, Lefebvre PJ.  Lack of deleterious effects of the alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent doxazosin on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in healthy men . Curr Ther Res . 1989;;46:200-206.
Feher MD, Henderson AD, Wadsworth J, et al.  Alpha-blocker therapy; a possible advance in the treatment of diabetic hypertension; results of a cross-over study of doxazosin and atenolol monotherapy in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:571-577.
Anderton JL, Notghi A.  An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of doxazosin in the treatment of hypertension associated with renal insufficiency . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4( (suppl 3) ):52-57.
Ram CVS, Gonzalez D, Kulkarni P, et al.  Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: effects of prazosin therapy . Am J Med . 1989;;86( (suppl 1B) ):66-69.
Yasumoto K, Takata M, Yoshida K, Mikawa M, Tomoda F, Sasayama S.  Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy by terazosin in hypertensive patients . J Hum Hypertens . 1990;;4:13-18.
Corral JC, López NC, Pecorelli A, Rincón LA, Terán YD.  Doxazosin in the treatment of mild or moderate essential hypertension: an echocardiographic study . Am Heart J . 1991;;121( (suppl 1) ):352-356.
Hedlund H, Andersson K-E, Ek A.  Effects of prazosin in patients with benign prostatic obstruction . J Urol . 1983;;130:275-278.
Kirby RS, Coppinger SWC, Corcoran MO, Chapple CR, Flannigan M, Milroy EJG.  Prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction . Br J Urol . 1987;;60:136-142.
Cutler JA, MacMahon SW, Furberg CD.  Controlled clinical trials of drug treatment for hypertension: a review . Hypertension . 1989;;13( (suppl I) ):I-36-I-44.
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