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December 11, 1991, Vol 266, No. 22 >
ARTICLE | December 11, 1991

Tobacco Liability and Public Health Policy FREE

Larry O. Gostin, JD; Allan M. Brandt, PhD; Paul D. Cleary, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to the Office of the Executive Director, American Society of Law and Medicine, 765 Commonwealth Ave, 16th Floor, Boston, MA 02215 (Mr Gostin).


JAMA. 1991;266(22):3178-3182. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470220094035
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

IN MARCH 1991, the US Supreme Court agreed to hear the case of Cipollone v Liggett Group,1 a tobacco liability suit. The Cipollone case gained notoriety in 1988 when it became the first instance in which a jury awarded damages to a plaintiff to compensate harms caused by the use of cigarettes. Since the 1950s, more than 300 such suits had been filed, few had come to trial, and none had been victorious prior to the Cipollone case.2,3 The Supreme Court will decide whether the federally mandated warning labels on cigarette packages preempt tort actions claiming that manufacturers failed to adequately warn or misled consumers about the health hazards of smoking.

The Court's decision is likely to have profound implications not only for tobacco use and policy in the United States, but for the impact of product liability law on fundamental issues of public health and social policy.

REFERENCES

1 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, cert granted, 111 S Ct 1386 (March 25, 1991).
2 +
Greenhouse L.  Courts to say if cigarette makers can be sued for smokers' cancer. New York Times . (March 26) , 1991;.
3 +
Riley P.  The product liability of the tobacco industry: has Cipollone v Liggett Group finally pierced the cigarette manufacturers aura of invincibility? Boston Coll Law Rev . 1989;;30:1103- 1178.
4 +
 Death toll from smoking is worsening. New York Times . (February 1) , 1991;.
5 +
Hammond EC, Horn D.  Smoking and death rates: report on 44 months of follow-up on 187,783 men, I: total mortality. JAMA . 1958;;166:1159-1172.
6 +
Hammond EC, Horn D.  Smoking and death rates: report on 44 months of follow-up on 187,783 men, II: death rates by cause. JAMA . 1958;;166:1294-1308.
7 +
Wynder EL, Graham EA.  Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: a study of 684 proved cases. JAMA . 1950;;143:329-396.
8 +
Doll R, Hill AB.  A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. BMJ . 1952;;2:1271-1286.
9 +
Whiteside T. Selling Death: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health . New York, NY: Liveright; 1971;.
10 +
Janson D.  Cancer victim's husband testifies on her death. New York Times . (April 7) , 1988;.
11 +
Kolata G.  Smoking and cancer: what the cigarette companies really knew. New York Times . (June 17) , 1988;.
12 +
Wald ML.  Using liability law to put tobacco on trial. New York Times . (February 14) , 1988;.
13 +
Janson D.  Data on smoking revealed at trial. New York Times . (March 13) , 1988;.
14 +
Agins T, Freedman AM.  Tobacco firms misled public, US judge says. Wall St J . (April 22) , 1988;.
15 +
Janson D.  Tobacco company is called blameless in a death. New York Times . (June 2) , 1988;.
16 +
Brief for the Petitioner, in the Supreme Court of the United States, Cipollone v Liggett Group, No. 90-1038.
17 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, 593 F Supp 1146 (D NJ 1984).
18 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, 789 F2d 181,187 (3rd Cir 1986), cert denied, 479 US 1043 (1987).
19 +
Cipollone II, 893 F2d 541 (3d Cir 1990).
20 +
Stephen v American Brands, 825 F2d 312 (11th Cir 1987).
21 +
Palmer v Liggett Group, 825 F2d 620 (1st Cir 1987), rev'g 633 F Supp 1171 (D Mass 1986)
22 +
Roysdon v RJReynolds Tobacco Co, 849 F2d 230 (6th Cir 1988), aff'g 623 F Supp 1189 (DC Tenn 1985).
23 +
Pennington v Vistron Corp, 876 F2d 414 (5th Cir 1989)
24 +
Gilboy v American Tobacco Co, 582 So2d.
25 +
Dewey v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 577 A2d 1239 (NJ 1990).
26 +
Carlisle v Philip Morris Inc, 805 SW2d 498 (Tex Ct App 1991).
27 +
Forster v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 437 NW2d 655 (Minn 1989).
28 +
Hite v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 578 A2d 417 (Pa Super Ct 1990)
29 +
Rogers v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 557 NE2d 1045 (Ind Ct App 1990).
30 +
79 Stat 283 (1965).
31 +
84 Stat 88 (1970).
32 +
15 USC §1333.
33 +
In the Matter of Lorillard, 80 FTC 455 (1972).
34 +
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 15 USC §1334.
35 +
Article VI, cl 2.
36 +
Jones v Rath Packing Co, 430 US 519, 525 (1977).
37 +
Rice v Santa Fe Elevator Corp, 331 US 218 (1947).
38 +
Florida Lime and Avocado Growers v Paul, 373 US 132, 142-143 (1963).
39 +
Hines v Davidowitz, 312 US 52 (1941).
40 +
Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725, 746 (1981).
41 +
Hillsborough County v Automated Medical Laboratories, 411 US 707, 719 (1985).
42 +
Rice v Santa Fe Elevator, 331 US 218, 230 (1947).
43 +
Taylor v General Motors Corp, 875 F2d 816 (11th Cir 1989).
44 +
Silkwood v Kerr-McGee Corp, 104 SCt 615 (1984).
45 +
Pacific Gas and Electric Co v State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, 103 SCt 1713 (1983).
46 +
Ferebee v Chevron Chemical Co, 736 F2d 1529 (DC Cir 1984).
47 +
Wisconsin Public Intervenor v Mortier, 111 SCt 2476 (1991).
48 +
US Code Cong & Admin News . 1965;:2350-2361.
49 +
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare; 1964. Public Health Service publication 1103.
50 +
Fritschler A. Smoking and Politics: Policymaking and the Federal Bureaucracy . New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1969;.
51 +
Federal Register . 1964;;29:8324.
52 +
Brandt AM.  The cigarette, risk and American culture. Daedalus . 1990;;119:155-176.
53 +
Banzhaf v FCC, 405 F2d 1082, 1089 (DC Cir 1968), cert denied, 396 US 842 (1969).
54 +
Cipollone I, 593 F Supp at 1159-61.
55 +
 Common law claims challenging adequacy of cigarette warnings preempted under the federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965: Cipollone v Liggett Group. St Johns Law Rev . 1986;;32:754,762.
56 +
HR Rep No. 449, 89th Cong, 1st Sess 4, 9 (1965).
57 +
Morrison AB. Brief of Amici Curiae Am Cancer Society, Am Heart Assn, Am Pub Health Assn, and Public Citizen. Kyte and Cann v Philip Morris. Mass Sup Jud Ct, SJC-5165.
58 +
Tribe L.  Federalism with smoke and mirrors. Nation . (June 7) , 1986;:788-789.
59 +
Surgeon General. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 89-8411.
60 +
Leventhal H, Cleary PD.  The smoking problem: a review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification. Psychol Bull . 1980;;88:370-405.
61 +
Forster v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 437 NW2d 655, 662 (Minn 1989).
62 +
In re RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 46 FTC 706, 720-727-28 (1950).
63 +
RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co.  We don't advertise to children. Time . (April 9) , 1984;:91. Advertisement.
64 +
Altman D.  How an unhealthy product is sold: cigarette advertising in magazines, 1960-1985. J Commun . 1987;;37:95-106.
65 +
Ledwith F.  Does tobacco sports sponsorship on television act as advertising to children? Health Educ J . 1984;;43:85-88.
66 +
Blum A.  The Marlboro grand prix: circumvention of the television ban on tobacco advertising. N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:913-917.
67 +
Cleary PD, Hitchcock JL, Semmer N, Flinchbaugh LJ, Pinney JM.  Adolescent smoking: research and health policy. Milbank Q . 1988;;66:185-235.
68 +
Tobacco Products Litigation Rptr . 1991;;61B:1-231.
69 +
Cavilia JW.  Nonsmoker speaks up for freedom of choice. New York Times . (April 10) , 1991;;A:24.
70 +
Linn v United Plant Guard Workers, 383 US 53, 64 (1966).
71 +
Construction Workers v Laburnum Corp. 347 US 656, 663-664 (1954).
72 +
Huber PW. Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences . New York, NY: Basic Books Inc Publishers; 1988;.
73 +
Warner-Lambert Co v Federal Trade Commission, 562 F2d 749, 756 (DC Cir 1977), cert denied, 435 US 950.
74 +
Chapman S.  Cigarette advertising and smoking: a review of the evidence.  In: British Medical Association. Smoking Out the Barons: The Campaign Against the Tobacco Industry: A Report of the British Medical Association on Public Affairs Division . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1986;:79-97.
75 +
Warner KE. Selling Smoke: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health . Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986;.
76 +
Cooper R, Simmons BE.  Cigarette smoking and ill health among black Americans. N Y State Med J . 1985;;85:344-349.
77 +
Williams L. Tobacco companies target blacks with ads, donations, and festivals. Wall St J. October 6, 1986.
78 +
Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Pierce JP, Hatziandreu EJ, Davis RM.  Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States: the changing influence of gender and race. JAMA . 1989;;261:49-55.
79 +
Altman D.  How an unhealthy product is sold: cigarette advertising in magazines, 1960-1985. J Commun . 1987;;37:95-106.
80 +
Feldman v Lederle Laboratories, 460 A2d 203, 209 (NJ Super, 1983).
81 +
McKenna A.  The impact of product liability law on the development of an AIDS vaccine. Univ Chicago Law Rev . 1988;;55:943-964.
82 +
Brown v Superior Court (Abbott Laboratories), 751 P2d 470, 479 (Cal 1988)
83 +
Chapman S.  Tobacco excise and declining tobacco consumption: the case of Papua New Guinea. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:537-540.
84 +
Lewit E, Coate D, Grossman M.  The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. J Law Econ . 1981;;24:545-569.
85 +
Chaloupka F.  Rational addictive behavior and cigarette smoking. J Polit Econ . 1991;;99:722-742.
86 +
Vicusi WK. Reforming Products Liability . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1991;.
87 +
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp v Wells, 788 F2d 741 (11th Cir 1986)
88 +
Domenici PV, Koop CE.  Sue the doctor? there's a better way. New York Times . (June 6) , 1991;:A25.
89 +
Becker v Interstate Properties, 569 F2d 1203, 1209-1212 (3rd Cir 1978).
90 +
Knowles J.  The responsibility of the individual. Daedalus . 1977;;106:57-80.
91 +
Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: Surgeon General's Report . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 88-8406.
92 +
Escobedo LG, Anda RF, Smith PF, Remington PL, Mast EE.  Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States. JAMA . 1990;;264:1550-1555.
93 +
Headen SW, Bauman KE, Deane GD, Koch GG.  Are the correlates of cigarette smoking initiation different for black and white adolescents? Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:854-858.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, cert granted, 111 S Ct 1386 (March 25, 1991).
2 +
Greenhouse L.  Courts to say if cigarette makers can be sued for smokers' cancer. New York Times . (March 26) , 1991;.
3 +
Riley P.  The product liability of the tobacco industry: has Cipollone v Liggett Group finally pierced the cigarette manufacturers aura of invincibility? Boston Coll Law Rev . 1989;;30:1103- 1178.
4 +
 Death toll from smoking is worsening. New York Times . (February 1) , 1991;.
5 +
Hammond EC, Horn D.  Smoking and death rates: report on 44 months of follow-up on 187,783 men, I: total mortality. JAMA . 1958;;166:1159-1172.
6 +
Hammond EC, Horn D.  Smoking and death rates: report on 44 months of follow-up on 187,783 men, II: death rates by cause. JAMA . 1958;;166:1294-1308.
7 +
Wynder EL, Graham EA.  Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma: a study of 684 proved cases. JAMA . 1950;;143:329-396.
8 +
Doll R, Hill AB.  A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. BMJ . 1952;;2:1271-1286.
9 +
Whiteside T. Selling Death: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health . New York, NY: Liveright; 1971;.
10 +
Janson D.  Cancer victim's husband testifies on her death. New York Times . (April 7) , 1988;.
11 +
Kolata G.  Smoking and cancer: what the cigarette companies really knew. New York Times . (June 17) , 1988;.
12 +
Wald ML.  Using liability law to put tobacco on trial. New York Times . (February 14) , 1988;.
13 +
Janson D.  Data on smoking revealed at trial. New York Times . (March 13) , 1988;.
14 +
Agins T, Freedman AM.  Tobacco firms misled public, US judge says. Wall St J . (April 22) , 1988;.
15 +
Janson D.  Tobacco company is called blameless in a death. New York Times . (June 2) , 1988;.
16 +
Brief for the Petitioner, in the Supreme Court of the United States, Cipollone v Liggett Group, No. 90-1038.
17 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, 593 F Supp 1146 (D NJ 1984).
18 +
Cipollone v Liggett Group, 789 F2d 181,187 (3rd Cir 1986), cert denied, 479 US 1043 (1987).
19 +
Cipollone II, 893 F2d 541 (3d Cir 1990).
20 +
Stephen v American Brands, 825 F2d 312 (11th Cir 1987).
21 +
Palmer v Liggett Group, 825 F2d 620 (1st Cir 1987), rev'g 633 F Supp 1171 (D Mass 1986)
22 +
Roysdon v RJReynolds Tobacco Co, 849 F2d 230 (6th Cir 1988), aff'g 623 F Supp 1189 (DC Tenn 1985).
23 +
Pennington v Vistron Corp, 876 F2d 414 (5th Cir 1989)
24 +
Gilboy v American Tobacco Co, 582 So2d.
25 +
Dewey v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 577 A2d 1239 (NJ 1990).
26 +
Carlisle v Philip Morris Inc, 805 SW2d 498 (Tex Ct App 1991).
27 +
Forster v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 437 NW2d 655 (Minn 1989).
28 +
Hite v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 578 A2d 417 (Pa Super Ct 1990)
29 +
Rogers v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 557 NE2d 1045 (Ind Ct App 1990).
30 +
79 Stat 283 (1965).
31 +
84 Stat 88 (1970).
32 +
15 USC §1333.
33 +
In the Matter of Lorillard, 80 FTC 455 (1972).
34 +
Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 15 USC §1334.
35 +
Article VI, cl 2.
36 +
Jones v Rath Packing Co, 430 US 519, 525 (1977).
37 +
Rice v Santa Fe Elevator Corp, 331 US 218 (1947).
38 +
Florida Lime and Avocado Growers v Paul, 373 US 132, 142-143 (1963).
39 +
Hines v Davidowitz, 312 US 52 (1941).
40 +
Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725, 746 (1981).
41 +
Hillsborough County v Automated Medical Laboratories, 411 US 707, 719 (1985).
42 +
Rice v Santa Fe Elevator, 331 US 218, 230 (1947).
43 +
Taylor v General Motors Corp, 875 F2d 816 (11th Cir 1989).
44 +
Silkwood v Kerr-McGee Corp, 104 SCt 615 (1984).
45 +
Pacific Gas and Electric Co v State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission, 103 SCt 1713 (1983).
46 +
Ferebee v Chevron Chemical Co, 736 F2d 1529 (DC Cir 1984).
47 +
Wisconsin Public Intervenor v Mortier, 111 SCt 2476 (1991).
48 +
US Code Cong & Admin News . 1965;:2350-2361.
49 +
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare; 1964. Public Health Service publication 1103.
50 +
Fritschler A. Smoking and Politics: Policymaking and the Federal Bureaucracy . New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1969;.
51 +
Federal Register . 1964;;29:8324.
52 +
Brandt AM.  The cigarette, risk and American culture. Daedalus . 1990;;119:155-176.
53 +
Banzhaf v FCC, 405 F2d 1082, 1089 (DC Cir 1968), cert denied, 396 US 842 (1969).
54 +
Cipollone I, 593 F Supp at 1159-61.
55 +
 Common law claims challenging adequacy of cigarette warnings preempted under the federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965: Cipollone v Liggett Group. St Johns Law Rev . 1986;;32:754,762.
56 +
HR Rep No. 449, 89th Cong, 1st Sess 4, 9 (1965).
57 +
Morrison AB. Brief of Amici Curiae Am Cancer Society, Am Heart Assn, Am Pub Health Assn, and Public Citizen. Kyte and Cann v Philip Morris. Mass Sup Jud Ct, SJC-5165.
58 +
Tribe L.  Federalism with smoke and mirrors. Nation . (June 7) , 1986;:788-789.
59 +
Surgeon General. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 89-8411.
60 +
Leventhal H, Cleary PD.  The smoking problem: a review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification. Psychol Bull . 1980;;88:370-405.
61 +
Forster v RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 437 NW2d 655, 662 (Minn 1989).
62 +
In re RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co, 46 FTC 706, 720-727-28 (1950).
63 +
RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co.  We don't advertise to children. Time . (April 9) , 1984;:91. Advertisement.
64 +
Altman D.  How an unhealthy product is sold: cigarette advertising in magazines, 1960-1985. J Commun . 1987;;37:95-106.
65 +
Ledwith F.  Does tobacco sports sponsorship on television act as advertising to children? Health Educ J . 1984;;43:85-88.
66 +
Blum A.  The Marlboro grand prix: circumvention of the television ban on tobacco advertising. N Engl J Med . 1991;;324:913-917.
67 +
Cleary PD, Hitchcock JL, Semmer N, Flinchbaugh LJ, Pinney JM.  Adolescent smoking: research and health policy. Milbank Q . 1988;;66:185-235.
68 +
Tobacco Products Litigation Rptr . 1991;;61B:1-231.
69 +
Cavilia JW.  Nonsmoker speaks up for freedom of choice. New York Times . (April 10) , 1991;;A:24.
70 +
Linn v United Plant Guard Workers, 383 US 53, 64 (1966).
71 +
Construction Workers v Laburnum Corp. 347 US 656, 663-664 (1954).
72 +
Huber PW. Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences . New York, NY: Basic Books Inc Publishers; 1988;.
73 +
Warner-Lambert Co v Federal Trade Commission, 562 F2d 749, 756 (DC Cir 1977), cert denied, 435 US 950.
74 +
Chapman S.  Cigarette advertising and smoking: a review of the evidence.  In: British Medical Association. Smoking Out the Barons: The Campaign Against the Tobacco Industry: A Report of the British Medical Association on Public Affairs Division . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1986;:79-97.
75 +
Warner KE. Selling Smoke: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health . Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986;.
76 +
Cooper R, Simmons BE.  Cigarette smoking and ill health among black Americans. N Y State Med J . 1985;;85:344-349.
77 +
Williams L. Tobacco companies target blacks with ads, donations, and festivals. Wall St J. October 6, 1986.
78 +
Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Pierce JP, Hatziandreu EJ, Davis RM.  Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States: the changing influence of gender and race. JAMA . 1989;;261:49-55.
79 +
Altman D.  How an unhealthy product is sold: cigarette advertising in magazines, 1960-1985. J Commun . 1987;;37:95-106.
80 +
Feldman v Lederle Laboratories, 460 A2d 203, 209 (NJ Super, 1983).
81 +
McKenna A.  The impact of product liability law on the development of an AIDS vaccine. Univ Chicago Law Rev . 1988;;55:943-964.
82 +
Brown v Superior Court (Abbott Laboratories), 751 P2d 470, 479 (Cal 1988)
83 +
Chapman S.  Tobacco excise and declining tobacco consumption: the case of Papua New Guinea. Am J Public Health . 1990;;80:537-540.
84 +
Lewit E, Coate D, Grossman M.  The effects of government regulation on teenage smoking. J Law Econ . 1981;;24:545-569.
85 +
Chaloupka F.  Rational addictive behavior and cigarette smoking. J Polit Econ . 1991;;99:722-742.
86 +
Vicusi WK. Reforming Products Liability . Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1991;.
87 +
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp v Wells, 788 F2d 741 (11th Cir 1986)
88 +
Domenici PV, Koop CE.  Sue the doctor? there's a better way. New York Times . (June 6) , 1991;:A25.
89 +
Becker v Interstate Properties, 569 F2d 1203, 1209-1212 (3rd Cir 1978).
90 +
Knowles J.  The responsibility of the individual. Daedalus . 1977;;106:57-80.
91 +
Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: Surgeon General's Report . Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 1989;. US Dept of Health and Human Services publication CDC 88-8406.
92 +
Escobedo LG, Anda RF, Smith PF, Remington PL, Mast EE.  Sociodemographic characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States. JAMA . 1990;;264:1550-1555.
93 +
Headen SW, Bauman KE, Deane GD, Koch GG.  Are the correlates of cigarette smoking initiation different for black and white adolescents? Am J Public Health . 1991;;81:854-858.

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