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October 9, 1991, Vol 266, No. 14 >
ARTICLE | October 9, 1991

The Human Genome Project: Title and subTitle BreakProspects and Implications for Clinical Medicine FREE

Eric D. Green, MD, PhD; Robert H. Waterston, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 (Dr Green).


JAMA. 1991;266(14):1966-1975. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470140078028
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Published online
Article
References

The recently initiated human genome project is a large international effort to elucidate the genetic architecture of the genomes of man and several model organisms. The initial phases of this endeavor involve the establishment of rough blueprints (maps) of the genetic landscape of these genomes, with the long-term goal of determining their precise nucleotide sequences and identifying the genes. The knowledge gained by these studies will provide a vital tool for the study of many biologic processes and will have a profound impact on clinical medicine.

(JAMA. 1991;266:1966-1975)

REFERENCES

1 +
Watson JD, Crick FHC.  Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature . 1953;;171:737-738.
2 +
Watson JD.  The human genome project: past, present, and future. Science . 1990;;248:44-49.
3 +
Cantor CR.  Orchestrating the human genome project. Science . 1990;;248:49-51.
4 +
Claiborne Stephens J, Cavanaugh ML, Gradie MI, Mador ML, Kidd KK.  Mapping the human genome: current status. Science . 1990;;250:237-244.
5 +
Little PFR.  Gene mapping and the human genome mapping project. Curr Opin Cell Biol . 1990;;2:478-484.
6 +
McKusick VA.  Current trends in mapping human genes. FASEB J . 1991;;5:12-20.
7 +
McKusick VA.  Mapping and sequencing the human genome. N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:910-915.
8 +
Antonarakis SE.  The mapping and sequencing of the human genome. South Med J . 1990;;83:876-878.
9 +
White R, Caskey CT.  The human as an experimental system in molecular genetics. Science . 1988;;240:1483-1488.
10 +
Rossiter BJF, Caskey CT.  Molecular studies of human genetic disease. FASEBJ . 1991;;5:21-27.
11 +
Burke DT, Carle G, Olson MV.  Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science . 1987;;236:806-812.
12 +
Schlessinger D.  Yeast artificial chromosomes: tools for mapping and analysis of complex genomes. Trends Genet . 1990;;6:248-258.
13 +
Hieter P, Connelly C, Shero J, et al.  Yeast artificial chromosomes: promises kept and pending.  In: Davies KE, Tilghman SM, eds. Genome Analysis . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1990;;1:83-120.
14 +
Green ED, Olson MV.  Chromosomal region of the cystic fibrosis gene in yeast artificial chromosomes: a model for human genome mapping. Science . 1990;;250:94-98.
15 +
Coulson A, Waterston R, Kiff J, Sulston J, Kohara Y.  Genomic linking with yeast artificial chromosomes. Nature . 1988;;335:184-186.
16 +
Coulson A, Kozono Y, Lutterbach B, Shownkeen R, Sulston J, Waterston R.  YACs and the C. elegans genome. Bioessays . 1991;;13:413-417.
17 +
Garza D, Ajioka JW, Burke DT, Hartl DL.  Mapping the Drosophila genome with yeast artificial chromosomes. Science . 1989;;246:641-646.
18 +
Bronson SK, Pei J, Taillon-Miller P, Chorney MJ, Geraghty DE, Chaplin DD.  Isolation and characterization of yeast artificial chromosome clones linking the HLA-B and HLA-C loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1991;;88:1676-1680.
19 +
Silverman GA, Jockel JI, Domer PH, Mohr RM, Taillon-Miller P, Korsmeyer SJ.  Yeast artificial chromosome cloning of a two-megabase-sized contig with chromosomal band 18q21 establishes physical linkage between BCL2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2. Genomics . 1991;;9:219-228.
20 +
Wada M, Little RD, Abidi F, et al.  Human Xq24-Xq28: approaches to mapping with yeast artificial chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet . 1990;;46;95-106.
21 +
Silverman GA, Green ED, Young RL, Jockel JI, Domer PH, Korsmeyer SJ.  Meiotic recombination between yeast artificial chromosomes yields a single clone containing the entire BCL2 protooncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1991;;87:9913-9917.
22 +
Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H.  Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:263-273.
23 +
Kumar R.  The technique of polymerase chain reaction. Technique . 1989;;1:133-152.
24 +
Wright PA, Wynford-Thomas D.  The polymerase chain reaction: miracle or mirage? a critical review of its uses and limitations in diagnosis and research. J Pathol . 1990;;162:99-117.
25 +
Rose EA.  Applications of the polymerase chain reaction to genome analysis. FASEB J . 1991;;5:46-54.
26 +
Dulbecco R.  A turning point in cancer research: sequencing the human genome. Science . 1986;;231:1055-1056.
27 +
Pinkel D, Straume T, Gray JW.  Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high sensitivity, fluorescence hybridization. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A . 1986;;83:2934-2938.
28 +
Lichter P, Tang CJ, Call K, et al.  High-resolution mapping of human chromosome 11 by in situ hybridization with cosmid clones. Science . 1990;;247:64-69.
29 +
Olson M, Hood L, Cantor C, Botstein D.  A common language for physical mapping of the human genome. Science . 1989;;245:1434-1435.
30 +
White R, Leppert M, Bishop DT, et al.  Construction of linkage maps with DNA markers for human chromosomes. Nature . 1985;;313:101-105.
31 +
Donis-Keller H, Barker DF, Knowlton RG, Schumm JW, Draman JC, Green P.  Highly polymorphic RFLP probes as diagnostic tools. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:317-324.
32 +
Lander ES, Botstein D.  Mapping complex genetic traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:49-62.
33 +
Nakamura Y, Leppert M, O'Connell P, et al.  Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers for human gene mapping. Science . 1987;;235:1616-1622.
34 +
Weber JL.  Human DNA polymorphisms based on length variations in simple-sequence tandem repeats.  In: Davies KE, Tilghman SM, eds. Genome Analysis . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1990;;1:159-181.
35 +
Green P, Helms C, Weiffenbach B, et al.  Construction of a linkage map of the human genome, and its applications to mapping genetic diseases. Clin Chem . 1989;;35:B33-B37.
36 +
Friedmann T.  The human genome project: some implications of extensive 'reverse genetic' medicine. Am J Hum Genet . 1990;;46:407-414.
37 +
Iannuzzi MC, Collins FS.  Reverse genetics and cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol . 1990;;2:309-316.
38 +
Rommens JM, Iannuzzi MC, Kerem B-S, et al.  Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science . 1989;;245:1059-1065.
39 +
Riordan JR, Rommens JM, Kerem B-S, et al.  Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA. Science . 1989;;245:1066-1073.
40 +
Wallace MR, Marchuk DA, Andersen LB, et al.  Type 1 neurofibromatosis gene: identification of a large transcript disrupted in three NF1 patients. Science . 1990;;249:181-186.
41 +
Viskochil D, Buchberg AM, Xu G, et al.  Deletions and a translocation interrupt a cloned gene at the neurofibromatosis type 1 locus. Cell . 1990;;62:187-192.
42 +
Donis-Keller H, Green P, Helms C, et al.  A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell . 1987;;51:319-337.
43 +
Barker PE.  Gene mapping and cystic fibrosis. Am J Med Sci . 1990;;299:69-72.
44 +
Porteous DJ, Dorin JR.  Cloning the cystic fibrosis gene: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Thorax . 1990;;45:46-55.
45 +
Knowlton RG, Cohen-Haguenauer O, Van Cong N, et al.  A polymorphic DNA marker linked to cystic fibrosis on chromosome 7. Nature . 1985;;318:380-382.
46 +
White R, Woodward S, Leppert M, et al.  A closely linked genetic marker for cystic fibrosis. Nature . 1985;;318:382-384.
47 +
Wainwright BJ, Scambler PJ, Schmidtke J, et al.  Localization of cystic fibrosis locus to human chromosome 7cen-q22. Nature . 1985;;318:384-385.
48 +
Estivill X, Farrall M, Scambler PJ, et al.  A candidate for the cystic fibrosis locus isolated by selection for methylation-free islands. Nature . 1987;;326:840-845.
49 +
Farrall M, Wainwright BJ, Feldman GL, et al.  Recombination between IRP and cystic fibrosis. Am J Hum Genet . 1988;;43:471-475.
50 +
Wainwright B.  The molecular pathology of cystic fibrosis. Curr Biol . 1991;;1:80-82.
51 +
Green ED, Olson MV.  Systematic screening of yeast artificial-chromosome libraries by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A . 1990;;87:1213-1217.
52 +
Huxley C, Hagino Y, Schlessinger D, Olson MV.  The human HPRT gene on a yeast artificial chromosome is functional when transferred to mouse cells by cell fusion. Genomics . 1991;;9:742-750.
53 +
Pavan WJ, Hieter P, Reeves RH.  Modification and transfer into an embryonal carcinoma cell line of a 360-kilobase human-derived yeast artificial chromosome. Mol Cell Biol . 1990;;10:4163-4169.
54 +
Pachnis V, Pevny L, Rothstein R, Costantini F.  Transfer of a yeast artificial chromosome carrying human DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1990;;87:5109-5113.
55 +
Green ED, Mohr RM, Idol JR, et al.  Systematic generation of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) for physical mapping of human chromosomes: application to the mapping of human chromosome 7 using yeast artificial chromosomes. Genomics . In press.
56 +
Lee MG, Nurse P.  Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2. Nature . 1987;;327:31-35.
57 +
Kataoka T, Powers S, Cameron S, et al.  Functional homology of mammalian and yeast RAS genes. Cell . 1985;;40:19-26.
58 +
Xu G, Lin B, Tanaka K, et al.  The catalytic domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product stimulates ras GTPase and complements ira mutants of S. cerevisiae. Cell . 1990;;63:835-841.
59 +
Martin GA, Viskochil D, Bollag G, et al.  The GAP-related domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product interacts with ras p21. Cell . 1990;;63:843-849.
60 +
Ballester R, Marchuk D, Boguski M, et al.  The NF1 locus encodes a protein functionally related to mammalian GAP and yeast IRA proteins. Cell . 1990;;63:851-859.
61 +
Kohara Y, Akiyama K, Isono K.  The physical map of the whole E. coli chromosome: application of a new strategy for rapid analysis and sorting of a large genomic library. Cell . 1987;;50:495-508.
62 +
Kroger M, Wahl R, Rice P.  Compilation of DNA sequences of Escherichia coli (update 1991). Nucleic Acids Res . 1991;;19:2023-2043.
63 +
Carle GF, Olson MV.  An electrophoretic karyotype for yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1985;;82:3756-3760.
64 +
Link AJ, Olson MV.  Physical map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome at 110-kilobase resolution. Genetics . 1991;;127:681-698.
65 +
Olson MV, Dutchik JE, Graham MY, et al.  Random-clone strategy for genomic restriction mapping in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1986;;83:7826-7830.
66 +
Wood WB, ed. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1988;.
67 +
Coulson A, Sulston J, Brenner S, Karn J.  Towards a physical map of the genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA . 1986;;83:7821-7825.
68 +
Roberts L.  The worm project. Science . 1990;;24:1310-1313.
69 +
Martin JB.  Molecular genetics: applications to the clinical neurosciences. Science . 1987;;238:765-772.
70 +
Gordon J.  The human genome project promises insight into aging. Geriatrics . 1989;;44:89-91.
71 +
Watson JD, Cook-Deegan RM.  The human genome project and international health. JAMA . 1990;;263:3322-3324.
72 +
Lubin MB, Lin HJ, Vadheim CM, Rotter JI.  Genetics of common diseases of adulthood: implications for prenatal counseling and diagnosis. Clin Perinatol . 1990;;17:889-910.
73 +
Antonarakis SE.  Diagnosis of genetic disorders at the DNA level. N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:153-163.
74 +
Grody WW, Gatti RA, Naeim F.  Diagnostic molecular pathology. Mod Pathol . 1989;;2:553-568.
75 +
Phillips JA III.  Diagnosis at the bedside by gene analysis. South Med J . 1990;;83:868-875.
76 +
Barker D, Green P, Knowlton R, et al.  Genetic linkage map of human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1987;;84:8006-8010.
77 +
Tsui L-C, Farrall M.  Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 7. Cytogenet Cell Genet . 1990;;55:122-127.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Watson JD, Crick FHC.  Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature . 1953;;171:737-738.
2 +
Watson JD.  The human genome project: past, present, and future. Science . 1990;;248:44-49.
3 +
Cantor CR.  Orchestrating the human genome project. Science . 1990;;248:49-51.
4 +
Claiborne Stephens J, Cavanaugh ML, Gradie MI, Mador ML, Kidd KK.  Mapping the human genome: current status. Science . 1990;;250:237-244.
5 +
Little PFR.  Gene mapping and the human genome mapping project. Curr Opin Cell Biol . 1990;;2:478-484.
6 +
McKusick VA.  Current trends in mapping human genes. FASEB J . 1991;;5:12-20.
7 +
McKusick VA.  Mapping and sequencing the human genome. N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:910-915.
8 +
Antonarakis SE.  The mapping and sequencing of the human genome. South Med J . 1990;;83:876-878.
9 +
White R, Caskey CT.  The human as an experimental system in molecular genetics. Science . 1988;;240:1483-1488.
10 +
Rossiter BJF, Caskey CT.  Molecular studies of human genetic disease. FASEBJ . 1991;;5:21-27.
11 +
Burke DT, Carle G, Olson MV.  Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science . 1987;;236:806-812.
12 +
Schlessinger D.  Yeast artificial chromosomes: tools for mapping and analysis of complex genomes. Trends Genet . 1990;;6:248-258.
13 +
Hieter P, Connelly C, Shero J, et al.  Yeast artificial chromosomes: promises kept and pending.  In: Davies KE, Tilghman SM, eds. Genome Analysis . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1990;;1:83-120.
14 +
Green ED, Olson MV.  Chromosomal region of the cystic fibrosis gene in yeast artificial chromosomes: a model for human genome mapping. Science . 1990;;250:94-98.
15 +
Coulson A, Waterston R, Kiff J, Sulston J, Kohara Y.  Genomic linking with yeast artificial chromosomes. Nature . 1988;;335:184-186.
16 +
Coulson A, Kozono Y, Lutterbach B, Shownkeen R, Sulston J, Waterston R.  YACs and the C. elegans genome. Bioessays . 1991;;13:413-417.
17 +
Garza D, Ajioka JW, Burke DT, Hartl DL.  Mapping the Drosophila genome with yeast artificial chromosomes. Science . 1989;;246:641-646.
18 +
Bronson SK, Pei J, Taillon-Miller P, Chorney MJ, Geraghty DE, Chaplin DD.  Isolation and characterization of yeast artificial chromosome clones linking the HLA-B and HLA-C loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1991;;88:1676-1680.
19 +
Silverman GA, Jockel JI, Domer PH, Mohr RM, Taillon-Miller P, Korsmeyer SJ.  Yeast artificial chromosome cloning of a two-megabase-sized contig with chromosomal band 18q21 establishes physical linkage between BCL2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2. Genomics . 1991;;9:219-228.
20 +
Wada M, Little RD, Abidi F, et al.  Human Xq24-Xq28: approaches to mapping with yeast artificial chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet . 1990;;46;95-106.
21 +
Silverman GA, Green ED, Young RL, Jockel JI, Domer PH, Korsmeyer SJ.  Meiotic recombination between yeast artificial chromosomes yields a single clone containing the entire BCL2 protooncogene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1991;;87:9913-9917.
22 +
Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H.  Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:263-273.
23 +
Kumar R.  The technique of polymerase chain reaction. Technique . 1989;;1:133-152.
24 +
Wright PA, Wynford-Thomas D.  The polymerase chain reaction: miracle or mirage? a critical review of its uses and limitations in diagnosis and research. J Pathol . 1990;;162:99-117.
25 +
Rose EA.  Applications of the polymerase chain reaction to genome analysis. FASEB J . 1991;;5:46-54.
26 +
Dulbecco R.  A turning point in cancer research: sequencing the human genome. Science . 1986;;231:1055-1056.
27 +
Pinkel D, Straume T, Gray JW.  Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high sensitivity, fluorescence hybridization. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A . 1986;;83:2934-2938.
28 +
Lichter P, Tang CJ, Call K, et al.  High-resolution mapping of human chromosome 11 by in situ hybridization with cosmid clones. Science . 1990;;247:64-69.
29 +
Olson M, Hood L, Cantor C, Botstein D.  A common language for physical mapping of the human genome. Science . 1989;;245:1434-1435.
30 +
White R, Leppert M, Bishop DT, et al.  Construction of linkage maps with DNA markers for human chromosomes. Nature . 1985;;313:101-105.
31 +
Donis-Keller H, Barker DF, Knowlton RG, Schumm JW, Draman JC, Green P.  Highly polymorphic RFLP probes as diagnostic tools. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:317-324.
32 +
Lander ES, Botstein D.  Mapping complex genetic traits in humans: new methods using a complete RFLP linkage map. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol . 1986;;51:49-62.
33 +
Nakamura Y, Leppert M, O'Connell P, et al.  Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers for human gene mapping. Science . 1987;;235:1616-1622.
34 +
Weber JL.  Human DNA polymorphisms based on length variations in simple-sequence tandem repeats.  In: Davies KE, Tilghman SM, eds. Genome Analysis . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1990;;1:159-181.
35 +
Green P, Helms C, Weiffenbach B, et al.  Construction of a linkage map of the human genome, and its applications to mapping genetic diseases. Clin Chem . 1989;;35:B33-B37.
36 +
Friedmann T.  The human genome project: some implications of extensive 'reverse genetic' medicine. Am J Hum Genet . 1990;;46:407-414.
37 +
Iannuzzi MC, Collins FS.  Reverse genetics and cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol . 1990;;2:309-316.
38 +
Rommens JM, Iannuzzi MC, Kerem B-S, et al.  Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science . 1989;;245:1059-1065.
39 +
Riordan JR, Rommens JM, Kerem B-S, et al.  Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of complementary DNA. Science . 1989;;245:1066-1073.
40 +
Wallace MR, Marchuk DA, Andersen LB, et al.  Type 1 neurofibromatosis gene: identification of a large transcript disrupted in three NF1 patients. Science . 1990;;249:181-186.
41 +
Viskochil D, Buchberg AM, Xu G, et al.  Deletions and a translocation interrupt a cloned gene at the neurofibromatosis type 1 locus. Cell . 1990;;62:187-192.
42 +
Donis-Keller H, Green P, Helms C, et al.  A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell . 1987;;51:319-337.
43 +
Barker PE.  Gene mapping and cystic fibrosis. Am J Med Sci . 1990;;299:69-72.
44 +
Porteous DJ, Dorin JR.  Cloning the cystic fibrosis gene: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Thorax . 1990;;45:46-55.
45 +
Knowlton RG, Cohen-Haguenauer O, Van Cong N, et al.  A polymorphic DNA marker linked to cystic fibrosis on chromosome 7. Nature . 1985;;318:380-382.
46 +
White R, Woodward S, Leppert M, et al.  A closely linked genetic marker for cystic fibrosis. Nature . 1985;;318:382-384.
47 +
Wainwright BJ, Scambler PJ, Schmidtke J, et al.  Localization of cystic fibrosis locus to human chromosome 7cen-q22. Nature . 1985;;318:384-385.
48 +
Estivill X, Farrall M, Scambler PJ, et al.  A candidate for the cystic fibrosis locus isolated by selection for methylation-free islands. Nature . 1987;;326:840-845.
49 +
Farrall M, Wainwright BJ, Feldman GL, et al.  Recombination between IRP and cystic fibrosis. Am J Hum Genet . 1988;;43:471-475.
50 +
Wainwright B.  The molecular pathology of cystic fibrosis. Curr Biol . 1991;;1:80-82.
51 +
Green ED, Olson MV.  Systematic screening of yeast artificial-chromosome libraries by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A . 1990;;87:1213-1217.
52 +
Huxley C, Hagino Y, Schlessinger D, Olson MV.  The human HPRT gene on a yeast artificial chromosome is functional when transferred to mouse cells by cell fusion. Genomics . 1991;;9:742-750.
53 +
Pavan WJ, Hieter P, Reeves RH.  Modification and transfer into an embryonal carcinoma cell line of a 360-kilobase human-derived yeast artificial chromosome. Mol Cell Biol . 1990;;10:4163-4169.
54 +
Pachnis V, Pevny L, Rothstein R, Costantini F.  Transfer of a yeast artificial chromosome carrying human DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1990;;87:5109-5113.
55 +
Green ED, Mohr RM, Idol JR, et al.  Systematic generation of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) for physical mapping of human chromosomes: application to the mapping of human chromosome 7 using yeast artificial chromosomes. Genomics . In press.
56 +
Lee MG, Nurse P.  Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2. Nature . 1987;;327:31-35.
57 +
Kataoka T, Powers S, Cameron S, et al.  Functional homology of mammalian and yeast RAS genes. Cell . 1985;;40:19-26.
58 +
Xu G, Lin B, Tanaka K, et al.  The catalytic domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product stimulates ras GTPase and complements ira mutants of S. cerevisiae. Cell . 1990;;63:835-841.
59 +
Martin GA, Viskochil D, Bollag G, et al.  The GAP-related domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product interacts with ras p21. Cell . 1990;;63:843-849.
60 +
Ballester R, Marchuk D, Boguski M, et al.  The NF1 locus encodes a protein functionally related to mammalian GAP and yeast IRA proteins. Cell . 1990;;63:851-859.
61 +
Kohara Y, Akiyama K, Isono K.  The physical map of the whole E. coli chromosome: application of a new strategy for rapid analysis and sorting of a large genomic library. Cell . 1987;;50:495-508.
62 +
Kroger M, Wahl R, Rice P.  Compilation of DNA sequences of Escherichia coli (update 1991). Nucleic Acids Res . 1991;;19:2023-2043.
63 +
Carle GF, Olson MV.  An electrophoretic karyotype for yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1985;;82:3756-3760.
64 +
Link AJ, Olson MV.  Physical map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome at 110-kilobase resolution. Genetics . 1991;;127:681-698.
65 +
Olson MV, Dutchik JE, Graham MY, et al.  Random-clone strategy for genomic restriction mapping in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1986;;83:7826-7830.
66 +
Wood WB, ed. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1988;.
67 +
Coulson A, Sulston J, Brenner S, Karn J.  Towards a physical map of the genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA . 1986;;83:7821-7825.
68 +
Roberts L.  The worm project. Science . 1990;;24:1310-1313.
69 +
Martin JB.  Molecular genetics: applications to the clinical neurosciences. Science . 1987;;238:765-772.
70 +
Gordon J.  The human genome project promises insight into aging. Geriatrics . 1989;;44:89-91.
71 +
Watson JD, Cook-Deegan RM.  The human genome project and international health. JAMA . 1990;;263:3322-3324.
72 +
Lubin MB, Lin HJ, Vadheim CM, Rotter JI.  Genetics of common diseases of adulthood: implications for prenatal counseling and diagnosis. Clin Perinatol . 1990;;17:889-910.
73 +
Antonarakis SE.  Diagnosis of genetic disorders at the DNA level. N Engl J Med . 1989;;320:153-163.
74 +
Grody WW, Gatti RA, Naeim F.  Diagnostic molecular pathology. Mod Pathol . 1989;;2:553-568.
75 +
Phillips JA III.  Diagnosis at the bedside by gene analysis. South Med J . 1990;;83:868-875.
76 +
Barker D, Green P, Knowlton R, et al.  Genetic linkage map of human chromosome 7 with 63 DNA markers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1987;;84:8006-8010.
77 +
Tsui L-C, Farrall M.  Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 7. Cytogenet Cell Genet . 1990;;55:122-127.

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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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