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June 5, 1991, Vol 265, No. 21 >
ARTICLE | June 5, 1991

Gynecologic Sonography: Title and subTitle BreakReport of the Ultrasonography Task Force FREE

[+] Author Affiliations

This report was submitted to the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association on June 24,1990, as an informational report of the Council on Scientific Affairs.

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the scientific literature as of March 1990. Reprint requests to Council on Scientific Affairs, Group on Science and Technology, American Medical Association, 515 N State St, Chicago, IL 60610 (William T. McGiveney, PhD).


JAMA. 1991;265(21):2851-2855. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460210097037
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References

Sonography, because it is nonionizing, is the preferred imaging modality for the female pelvis. Traditionally, transabdominal, transcystic studies were performed. However, development of transvaginal and transrectal transducers has led to enhanced imaging capabilities of the pelvis. These new technologies will likely improve our ability to understand gynecologic pathology. The clinical use of pelvic ultrasonography depends on a thorough understanding of normal anatomy and cyclical changes and on the relative limitations of the imaging modality in specifically characterizing pathologic processes. This article reviews the accepted role of pelvic sonography in gynecologic disease and provides a preview of some of the potential applications of recent advances in sonographic technology.

(JAMA. 1991;265:2851-2855)

REFERENCES

1 +
Carroll R, Gombergh R.  Empty-bladder (hysterographic) view on US for evaluation of intrauterine devices . Radiology. 1987;;163:822-823.
2 +
Vilaro MM, Rifkin MD, Pennell RG, et al.  Endovaginal ultrasound: a technique for evaluation of non-follicular pelvic masses . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:697-701.
3 +
Coleman BG, Arger PH, Grumback K, Menard MK, Mintz MC, Allen KS.  Transvaginal and transabdominal sonography: prospective comparison . Radiology. 1989;;168:639-643.
4 +
Fleischer AC, Gordon AN, Entman SS.  Transabdominal and transvaginal sonography of pelvic masses . Ultrasound Med Biol. 1989;;15:529-533.
5 +
Meanwell CA, Rolfe EB, Blackledge G, Docker MF, Lawton FG, Mould JJ.  Recurrent female pelvic cancer: assessment with transrectal ultrasonography . Radiology. 1987;;162:278-281.
6 +
Squillaci E, Salzani MC, Grandinetti ML, et al.  Recurrence of ovarian and uterine neoplasms: diagnosis with transrectal US . Radiology. 1988;;169: 355-358.
7 +
Scanlan KA, Pozniak MA, Fagerholm M,  Shapiro S. Value of transperineal sonography in the assessment of vaginal atresia . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;;154:545-548.
8 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos IM, Feyock AL, et al.  Ectopic pregnancy: duplex Doppler evaluation . Radiology. 1989;;173:93-97.
9 +
Taylor KJW, Schwartz PE, Kohorn El.  Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: diagnosis with Doppler US . Radiology . 1987;;165:445-448.
10 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos I, Carter D, Morse SS, Snower D, Fortune K.  Correlation of Doppler US tumor signals with neovascular morphologic features . Radiology. 1988;;166:57-62.
11 +
Hata T, Hata K, Senoh D, et al.  Doppler ultrasound assessment of tumor vascularity in gynecologic disorders . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:309-314.
12 +
Beard RW, Reginald PW, Wadsworth J.  Clinical features of women with chronic lower abdominal pain and pelvic congestion . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;;95:153-161.
13 +
Rudoff JM, Astrauskas LJ, Rudoff JC, Spier RE, Schabel SI, Darling CA.  Ultrasonographic diagnosis of septic pelvic thrombophlebitis . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:287-291.
14 +
Orsini LIF, Salardi S, Pilu G, Bovicelli L, Cacciari E.  Pelvic organs in premenarcheal girls: realtime ultrasonography . Radiology . 1984;;153:113-116.
15 +
Fleischer AC, Kalemeris GC, Entman SS.  Sonographic depiction of the endometrium during normal cycles . Ultrasound Med Biol. 1986;;12:271-277.
16 +
Forrest TS, Elyaderani MK, Muilenburg MI, Bewtra C, Kable WT, Sullivan P.  Cyclic endometrial changes: US assessment with histologic correlation . Radiology . 1988;;167:233-237.
17 +
Mendelson EB, Friedman H, Neiman HL, Calenoff L, Vogelzang RL, Cohen MR.  The role of imaging in infertility management . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;;144:415-420.
18 +
Ritchie WGM.  Sonographic evaluation of normal and induced ovulation . Radiology . 1986;;161:1-10.
19 +
Hann LE, Crivello M, McArdle C, Seibel M, Fein V, Taymor M.  In vitro fertilization: sonographic perspective . Radiology. 1987;;163:665-668.
20 +
Bonilla-Musoles F, Pardo G, Perez-Gil M, Serra V, Pellicer A.  Abdominal ultrasonography versus transvaginal scanning: accuracy in follicular development evaluation and prediction for oocyte retrieval in stimulated cycles . J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;;17:469-473.
21 +
Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Thornton JC.  Polycystic ovarian disease: US features in 104 patients . Radiology . 1987;;163:111-116.
22 +
Feichtinger W, Kemeter P.  Transvaginal sector scan sonography for needle-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration and other applications in gynecologic routine and research . Fertil Steril. 1986;;45:722-725.
23 +
Hilgers TW, Dvorak AD, Tamisiea DF, Ellis RL, Yaksick PH.  Sonographic definition of the empty follicle syndrome . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:411-416.
24 +
Zandt-Stastny D, Thorsen MK, Middleton WD, et al.  Inability of sonography to detect imminent ovulation . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;;152:91-95.
25 +
Jaffe R, Abramowicz J, Eckstein N, Vagman I, Fejgin M, Ayalon D.  Sonographic monitoring of ovarian volume during LHRH analogue therapy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:203-206.
26 +
Friedman H, Vogelzang RL, Mendelson EB, Neiman HL, Cohen M.  Endometriosis detection by US with laparoscopic correlation . Radiology. 1985;;157:217-220.
27 +
Siedler D, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB Jr, Wing VW.  Uterine adenomyosis: a difficult sonographic diagnosis . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:345-349.
28 +
Lister JE, Kane GJ, Ehrmann RL, Benacerraf BR.  Ultrasound appearance of adenomyosis mimicking adenocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman . J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;;16:519-521.
29 +
Jolly HF.  The use of ultrasonography in elucidating the problem of imperforate vagina . Aust N Z J Surg. 1983;;53:49-51.
30 +
Valdes C, Malini S, Malinak LR.  Sonography in the surgical management of vaginal and cervical atresia . Fertil Steril. 1983;;40:263-265.
31 +
Wu A, Siegel MJ.  Sonography of pelvic masses in children: diagnostic predictability . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;;148:1199-1202.
32 +
Ali GM, Kordorff R, Franke D.  Ultrasound volumetry in hematometrocolpos . J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;;17:257-259.
33 +
Malini S, Valdes C, Malinak LR.  Sonographic diagnosis and classification of anomalies of the female genital tract . J Ultrasound Med. 1984;;3:397-404.
34 +
Reuter KL, Daly DC, Cohen SM.  Septate versus bicornate uteri: errors in imaging diagnosis. Radiology. 1989;;172:749-752.
35 +
Daly DC, Walters CA, Soto-Albors CE, Riddick DH.  Hysteroscopic metroplasty: surgical technique and obstetric outcome . Fertil Steril. 1983;;39:623-628.
36 +
McLaughlin DS.  Metroplasty and myomectomy with the CO2 laser for maximizing the preservation of normal tissue and minimizing blood loss . J Reproduct Med. 1985;;30:1-9.
37 +
Siegler AM, Valle RF.  Therapeutic hysteroscopic procedure . Fertil Steril. 1988;;50:685-701.
38 +
van Roessel J, Wamsteker K, Exalto N.  Sonographic investigation of the uterus during artificial uterine cavity distention . J Clin Ultrasound. 1987;;15:439-450.
39 +
Swayne LC, Love MB, Karasick SR.  Pelvic inflammatory disease: sonographic-pathologic correlation . Radiology. 1984;;151:751-755.
40 +
Tessler FN, Perrella RR, Fleischer AC, Grant EG.  Endovaginal sonographic diagnosis of dilated fallopian tubes . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;;153:523-525.
41 +
Nosher JL, Winchman HK, Needell GS.  Transvaginal pelvic abscess drainage with US guidance . Radiology. 1987;;165:872-873.
42 +
Requard CK, Mettler FA Jr, Wicks JD.  Preoperative sonography of malignant ovarian neoplasms . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;;137:79-82.
43 +
Moyle JW, Rochester D, Sider L, Shrock K, Krause P.  Sonography of ovarian tumors: predictability of tumor type . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;;141:985-991.
44 +
Leibman AJ, Kruse B, McSweeney MB.  Transvaginal sonography: comparison with transabdominal sonography in the diagnosis of pelvic masses . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;151:89-92.
45 +
Alpern MB, Sandler MA, Madrazo BL.  Sonographic features of parovarian cysts and their complications . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;;143:157-160.
46 +
Quinn SF, Erickson S, Black WC.  Cystic ovarian teratomas: the sonographic appearance of the dermoid plug . Radiology. 1985;;155:477-478.
47 +
Khan O, Cosgrove DO, Fried AM, Savage PE.  Ovarian carcinoma follow-up US versus laparotomy . Radiology. 1986;;159:111-113.
48 +
Athey PA, Malone RS.  Sonography of ovarian fibromas/thecomas . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:431-436.
49 +
Athey PA, Siegel MF.  Sonographic features of Brenner tumor of the ovary . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:367-372.
50 +
Baltarowich OH, Kurtz AB, Pasto ME, Rifkin MD, Needleman L, Goldberg BB.  The spectrum of sonographic findings in hemorrhagic ovarian cysts . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;;148:901-905.
51 +
Hamper UM, Sheth S, Dahnert WF, Goldblum LE, Sanders RC.  Borderline ovarian cystadenoma: spontaneous rupture and reaccumulation documented by ultrasound . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:283-286.
52 +
Sheth S, Fishman EK, Buck JL, Hamper UM, Sanders RC.  The variable sonographic appearance of ovarian teratomas: correlation with CT . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;151:331-334.
53 +
Murolo C, Constantini S, Foglia G, et al.  Ultrasound examination in ovarian cancer patients: a comparison with second-look laparotomy . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:441-443.
54 +
Lynch HT, Albano WA, Lynch JF, Lynch PM, Campbell A.  Surveillance and management of patients at high genetic risk for ovarian carcinoma . Obstet Gynecol. 1982;;59:589-596.
55 +
Andolf E, Svalenius E, Astedt B.  Ultrasonography for early detection of ovarian carcinoma . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;;93:1286-1289.
56 +
Granberg S, Wikland M.  Comparison between endovaginal and transabdominal transducers for measuring ovarian volume . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:649-653.
57 +
Granberg S, Wikland M.  A comparison between ultrasound and gynecologic examination for detection of enlarged ovaries in a group of women at risk for ovarian carcinoma . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:59-64.
58 +
Lippe BM, Sample WF.  Pelvic ultrasonography in pediatric and adolescent endocrine disorders . J Pediatr. 1978;;92:897-902.
59 +
Fakhry J, Khoury A, Kotval PS, Noto RA.  Sonography of autonomous follicular ovarian cysts in precocious pseudopuberty . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:597-603.
60 +
Carr BR, Wilson JD.  Disorders of the ovary and female reproductive tract . In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RG, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Fauci AS, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill International Book Co; 1987;:1818-1837.
61 +
Graif M, Itzchak Y.  Sonographic evaluation of ovarian torsion in childhood and adolescence . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;150:647-649.
62 +
Helvie MA, Silver TM.  Ovarian torsion: sonographic evaluation . J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;;17:327-332.
63 +
Gross BH, Silver TM, Jaffe MH.  Sonographic features of uterine leiomyomas: analysis of 41 proven cases . J Ultrasound Med. 1983;;2:401-406.
64 +
Baltarowich OH, Kurtz AB, Pennell RG, Needleman L, Vilaro MM, Goldberg BB.  Pitfalls in the sonographic diagnosis of uterine fibroids . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;151:725-728.
65 +
Weinreb JC, Barkoff ND, Megibow A, Demopoulos R.  The value of MR imaging in distinguishing leiomyomas from other solid pelvic masses when sonography is indeterminate . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;;154:295-299.
66 +
McCarthy S.  MR imaging of the uterus . Radiology. 1989;;171:321-322.
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Mitchell DG, Schonholz L, Hilpert PL, Pennell RG, Blum L, Rifkin MD.  Zones of the uterus: discrepancy between US and MR images . Radiology. 1990;;174:827-831.
68 +
Chambers CB, Unis JS.  Ultrasonographic evidence of uterine malignancy in the postmenopausal uterus . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986;;154:1194-1199.
69 +
Fleischer AC, Kalemeris GC, Machin JE, Entman SS, James AE Jr.  Sonographic depiction of normal and abnormal endometrium with histopathologic correlation . J Ultrasound Med. 1986;;5:445-452.
70 +
Mendelson EB, Bohm-Velez M, Joseph N, Neiman HL.  Endometrial abnormalities: evaluation with transvaginal sonography . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;150:139-142.
71 +
Kim SH, Choi BI, Lee HP, et al.  Uterine cervical carcinoma: comparison of CT and MR findings . Radiology. 1990;;175:45-51.
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Hricak H, Stern JL, Fisher MR, Shapeero LG, Winkler ML, Lacey CG.  Endometrial carcinoma staging by MR imaging . Radiology. 1987;;162:297-305.
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Callen PW, Filly RA, Munyer TO.  Intrauterine contraceptive devices: evaluation by sonography . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;;135:797-800.
74 +
Najarian KE, Kurtz AB.  New observations in the sonographic evaluation of intrauterine contraceptive devices . J Ultrasound Med. 1986;;5:205-210.
75 +
Bree RL, Edwards M, Bohm-Velez M, Beyler S, Roberts J, Mendelson EB.  Transvaginal sonography in the valuation of normal early pregnancy: correlation with HCG level . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;;153:75-79.
76 +
Pennell RG, Baltarowich OH, Kurtz AB, et al.  Complicated first-trimester pregnancies: evaluation with endovaginal US versus transabdominal technique . Radiology. 1987;;165:79-83.
77 +
Levi CS, Lyons EA, Lindsay DJ.  Early diagnosis of non-viable pregnancy with endovaginal US . Radiology. 1988;;167:383-385.
78 +
Nyberg DA, Mack LA, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB.  Early pregnancy complications: endovaginal sonographic findings correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin levels . Radiology. 1988;;167:619-622.
79 +
Filly RA.  Ectopic pregnancy: the role of sonography . Radiology. 1987;;162:661-668.
80 +
Dashefsky SM, Lyons EA, Levi CS, Lindsay DJ.  Suspected ectopic pregnancy: endovaginal and transvesical US . Radiology. 1988;;169:661-668.
81 +
Rempen A.  Vaginal sonography in ectopic pregnancy: a prospective evaluation . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:381-387.
82 +
Fleischer AC, Pennell RG, McKee MS, et al.  Ectopic pregnancy: features a transvaginal sonography . Radiology. 1990;;174:375-378.
83 +
Lee CY, Madrazo B, Drukker BH.  Ultrasonic evaluation of the postpartum uterus in the management of postpartum bleeding . Obstet Gynecol. 1981;;58:227-232.
84 +
Lavery JP, Shaw LA.  Sonography of the puerperal uterus . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:481-486.
85 +
Lavery JP, Howell RS, Shaw L.  Ultrasonic demonstration of phlegmon following caesarean section . J Clin Ultrasound. 1985;;13:134-136.
86 +
Baker ME, Kay H, Mahony BS, Cooper CJ, Bowie JD.  Sonography of the low transverse incision, caesarean section: a prospective study . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:389-393.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Carroll R, Gombergh R.  Empty-bladder (hysterographic) view on US for evaluation of intrauterine devices . Radiology. 1987;;163:822-823.
2 +
Vilaro MM, Rifkin MD, Pennell RG, et al.  Endovaginal ultrasound: a technique for evaluation of non-follicular pelvic masses . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:697-701.
3 +
Coleman BG, Arger PH, Grumback K, Menard MK, Mintz MC, Allen KS.  Transvaginal and transabdominal sonography: prospective comparison . Radiology. 1989;;168:639-643.
4 +
Fleischer AC, Gordon AN, Entman SS.  Transabdominal and transvaginal sonography of pelvic masses . Ultrasound Med Biol. 1989;;15:529-533.
5 +
Meanwell CA, Rolfe EB, Blackledge G, Docker MF, Lawton FG, Mould JJ.  Recurrent female pelvic cancer: assessment with transrectal ultrasonography . Radiology. 1987;;162:278-281.
6 +
Squillaci E, Salzani MC, Grandinetti ML, et al.  Recurrence of ovarian and uterine neoplasms: diagnosis with transrectal US . Radiology. 1988;;169: 355-358.
7 +
Scanlan KA, Pozniak MA, Fagerholm M,  Shapiro S. Value of transperineal sonography in the assessment of vaginal atresia . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;;154:545-548.
8 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos IM, Feyock AL, et al.  Ectopic pregnancy: duplex Doppler evaluation . Radiology. 1989;;173:93-97.
9 +
Taylor KJW, Schwartz PE, Kohorn El.  Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: diagnosis with Doppler US . Radiology . 1987;;165:445-448.
10 +
Taylor KJW, Ramos I, Carter D, Morse SS, Snower D, Fortune K.  Correlation of Doppler US tumor signals with neovascular morphologic features . Radiology. 1988;;166:57-62.
11 +
Hata T, Hata K, Senoh D, et al.  Doppler ultrasound assessment of tumor vascularity in gynecologic disorders . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:309-314.
12 +
Beard RW, Reginald PW, Wadsworth J.  Clinical features of women with chronic lower abdominal pain and pelvic congestion . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;;95:153-161.
13 +
Rudoff JM, Astrauskas LJ, Rudoff JC, Spier RE, Schabel SI, Darling CA.  Ultrasonographic diagnosis of septic pelvic thrombophlebitis . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:287-291.
14 +
Orsini LIF, Salardi S, Pilu G, Bovicelli L, Cacciari E.  Pelvic organs in premenarcheal girls: realtime ultrasonography . Radiology . 1984;;153:113-116.
15 +
Fleischer AC, Kalemeris GC, Entman SS.  Sonographic depiction of the endometrium during normal cycles . Ultrasound Med Biol. 1986;;12:271-277.
16 +
Forrest TS, Elyaderani MK, Muilenburg MI, Bewtra C, Kable WT, Sullivan P.  Cyclic endometrial changes: US assessment with histologic correlation . Radiology . 1988;;167:233-237.
17 +
Mendelson EB, Friedman H, Neiman HL, Calenoff L, Vogelzang RL, Cohen MR.  The role of imaging in infertility management . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;;144:415-420.
18 +
Ritchie WGM.  Sonographic evaluation of normal and induced ovulation . Radiology . 1986;;161:1-10.
19 +
Hann LE, Crivello M, McArdle C, Seibel M, Fein V, Taymor M.  In vitro fertilization: sonographic perspective . Radiology. 1987;;163:665-668.
20 +
Bonilla-Musoles F, Pardo G, Perez-Gil M, Serra V, Pellicer A.  Abdominal ultrasonography versus transvaginal scanning: accuracy in follicular development evaluation and prediction for oocyte retrieval in stimulated cycles . J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;;17:469-473.
21 +
Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Thornton JC.  Polycystic ovarian disease: US features in 104 patients . Radiology . 1987;;163:111-116.
22 +
Feichtinger W, Kemeter P.  Transvaginal sector scan sonography for needle-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration and other applications in gynecologic routine and research . Fertil Steril. 1986;;45:722-725.
23 +
Hilgers TW, Dvorak AD, Tamisiea DF, Ellis RL, Yaksick PH.  Sonographic definition of the empty follicle syndrome . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:411-416.
24 +
Zandt-Stastny D, Thorsen MK, Middleton WD, et al.  Inability of sonography to detect imminent ovulation . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;;152:91-95.
25 +
Jaffe R, Abramowicz J, Eckstein N, Vagman I, Fejgin M, Ayalon D.  Sonographic monitoring of ovarian volume during LHRH analogue therapy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:203-206.
26 +
Friedman H, Vogelzang RL, Mendelson EB, Neiman HL, Cohen M.  Endometriosis detection by US with laparoscopic correlation . Radiology. 1985;;157:217-220.
27 +
Siedler D, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB Jr, Wing VW.  Uterine adenomyosis: a difficult sonographic diagnosis . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:345-349.
28 +
Lister JE, Kane GJ, Ehrmann RL, Benacerraf BR.  Ultrasound appearance of adenomyosis mimicking adenocarcinoma in a postmenopausal woman . J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;;16:519-521.
29 +
Jolly HF.  The use of ultrasonography in elucidating the problem of imperforate vagina . Aust N Z J Surg. 1983;;53:49-51.
30 +
Valdes C, Malini S, Malinak LR.  Sonography in the surgical management of vaginal and cervical atresia . Fertil Steril. 1983;;40:263-265.
31 +
Wu A, Siegel MJ.  Sonography of pelvic masses in children: diagnostic predictability . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;;148:1199-1202.
32 +
Ali GM, Kordorff R, Franke D.  Ultrasound volumetry in hematometrocolpos . J Clin Ultrasound. 1988;;17:257-259.
33 +
Malini S, Valdes C, Malinak LR.  Sonographic diagnosis and classification of anomalies of the female genital tract . J Ultrasound Med. 1984;;3:397-404.
34 +
Reuter KL, Daly DC, Cohen SM.  Septate versus bicornate uteri: errors in imaging diagnosis. Radiology. 1989;;172:749-752.
35 +
Daly DC, Walters CA, Soto-Albors CE, Riddick DH.  Hysteroscopic metroplasty: surgical technique and obstetric outcome . Fertil Steril. 1983;;39:623-628.
36 +
McLaughlin DS.  Metroplasty and myomectomy with the CO2 laser for maximizing the preservation of normal tissue and minimizing blood loss . J Reproduct Med. 1985;;30:1-9.
37 +
Siegler AM, Valle RF.  Therapeutic hysteroscopic procedure . Fertil Steril. 1988;;50:685-701.
38 +
van Roessel J, Wamsteker K, Exalto N.  Sonographic investigation of the uterus during artificial uterine cavity distention . J Clin Ultrasound. 1987;;15:439-450.
39 +
Swayne LC, Love MB, Karasick SR.  Pelvic inflammatory disease: sonographic-pathologic correlation . Radiology. 1984;;151:751-755.
40 +
Tessler FN, Perrella RR, Fleischer AC, Grant EG.  Endovaginal sonographic diagnosis of dilated fallopian tubes . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;;153:523-525.
41 +
Nosher JL, Winchman HK, Needell GS.  Transvaginal pelvic abscess drainage with US guidance . Radiology. 1987;;165:872-873.
42 +
Requard CK, Mettler FA Jr, Wicks JD.  Preoperative sonography of malignant ovarian neoplasms . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;;137:79-82.
43 +
Moyle JW, Rochester D, Sider L, Shrock K, Krause P.  Sonography of ovarian tumors: predictability of tumor type . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;;141:985-991.
44 +
Leibman AJ, Kruse B, McSweeney MB.  Transvaginal sonography: comparison with transabdominal sonography in the diagnosis of pelvic masses . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;151:89-92.
45 +
Alpern MB, Sandler MA, Madrazo BL.  Sonographic features of parovarian cysts and their complications . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;;143:157-160.
46 +
Quinn SF, Erickson S, Black WC.  Cystic ovarian teratomas: the sonographic appearance of the dermoid plug . Radiology. 1985;;155:477-478.
47 +
Khan O, Cosgrove DO, Fried AM, Savage PE.  Ovarian carcinoma follow-up US versus laparotomy . Radiology. 1986;;159:111-113.
48 +
Athey PA, Malone RS.  Sonography of ovarian fibromas/thecomas . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:431-436.
49 +
Athey PA, Siegel MF.  Sonographic features of Brenner tumor of the ovary . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:367-372.
50 +
Baltarowich OH, Kurtz AB, Pasto ME, Rifkin MD, Needleman L, Goldberg BB.  The spectrum of sonographic findings in hemorrhagic ovarian cysts . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;;148:901-905.
51 +
Hamper UM, Sheth S, Dahnert WF, Goldblum LE, Sanders RC.  Borderline ovarian cystadenoma: spontaneous rupture and reaccumulation documented by ultrasound . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:283-286.
52 +
Sheth S, Fishman EK, Buck JL, Hamper UM, Sanders RC.  The variable sonographic appearance of ovarian teratomas: correlation with CT . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;;151:331-334.
53 +
Murolo C, Constantini S, Foglia G, et al.  Ultrasound examination in ovarian cancer patients: a comparison with second-look laparotomy . J Ultrasound Med. 1989;;8:441-443.
54 +
Lynch HT, Albano WA, Lynch JF, Lynch PM, Campbell A.  Surveillance and management of patients at high genetic risk for ovarian carcinoma . Obstet Gynecol. 1982;;59:589-596.
55 +
Andolf E, Svalenius E, Astedt B.  Ultrasonography for early detection of ovarian carcinoma . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;;93:1286-1289.
56 +
Granberg S, Wikland M.  Comparison between endovaginal and transabdominal transducers for measuring ovarian volume . J Ultrasound Med. 1987;;6:649-653.
57 +
Granberg S, Wikland M.  A comparison between ultrasound and gynecologic examination for detection of enlarged ovaries in a group of women at risk for ovarian carcinoma . J Ultrasound Med. 1988;;7:59-64.
58 +
Lippe BM, Sample WF.  Pelvic ultrasonography in pediatric and adolescent endocrine disorders . J Pediatr. 1978;;92:897-902.
59 +
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60 +
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61 +
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62 +
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63 +
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70 +
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77 +
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78 +
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79 +
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81 +
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