Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension: results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 115 through 129 mm Hg . JAMA. 1967;;202:1028-1034.
Helgeland A. Treatment of mild hypertension: a 5 year controlled drug trial: the Oslo study . Am J Med. 1980;;69:725-732.
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, I: reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension . JAMA. 1979;;242:2562-2571.
European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial . Lancet. 1985;;1:1349-1354.
Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results . BMJ. 1985;;291:97-104.
MacMahon SW, Cutter JA, Neaton JD, Payne GH. Relationship of blood pressure to coronary and stroke morbidity and mortality in clinical trials and epidemiological studies . J Hypertens. 1986;;4(
(suppl 6)
):14-17.
Cruickshank JM. Why has the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in the treatment of hypertension been so elusive ? J Hum Hypertens. 1987;;1:73-81.
Beckenridge A. Compliance of hypertensive patients with pharmacological treatment . Hypertension. 1983;;5(
(suppl III)
):85-89.
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Baseline rest electrocardiographic abnormalities, antihypertensive treatment, and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial . Am J Cardiol. 1985;;55:1-15.
Hollifield JW. Potassium and magnesium abnormalities: diuretics and arrhythmias in hypertension . Am J Med. 1984;;77(
(suppl 5A)
):28-32.
Grimm RH Jr, Leon AS, Hunninghake DB, Lenz K, Hannan P, Blackburn H. Effects of thiazide diuretics on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypertensive patients: a double-blind controlled trial . Ann Intern Med. 1981;;94:7-11.
Finnerty FA Jr. Step-down treatment of mild systemic hypertension . Am J Cardiol. 1984;;53: 1304-1307.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Return of elevated blood pressure after withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs . Circulation. 1975;;51:1107-1113.
Stamler R, Stamler J, Grimm R, et al. Trial on control of hypertension by nutritional means: three-year results . J Hypertens. 1984;;2(
(suppl 3)
):167-170.
Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild Hypertension. Course of blood pressure in mild hypertensives after withdrawal of long term antihypertensive treatment . BMJ. 1986;;293:988-992.
Stamler R, Stamler J, Grimm R, et al. Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure: final report of a 4-year randomized controlled trial—The Hypertension Control Program . JAMA. 1987;;257: 1484-1491.
Freis ED, Thomas JR, Fisher SG, et al. Effects of reduction in drugs or dosage after long-term control of systemic hypertension . Am J Cardiol. 1989;;63:702-708.
Zanchetti A. Treatment goals in hypertension . Am J Med. 1984;;76:1-3.
The Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure . Arch Intern Med. 1988;;148: 1023-1038.
Page IH, Dustan HP. Persistence of normal blood pressure after discontinuing treatment in hypertensive patients . Circulation. 1962;;25:433-436.
Perry HM Jr, Schroeder HA, Catanzaro FJ, Moore-Jones D. Studies on the control of hypertension, VIII: mortality, morbidity, and remissions during 12 years of intensive therapy . Circulation. 1966;;33:958-972.
Thurm RH, Smith WM. On resetting of'barostats' in hypertensive patients . JAMA. 1967;;201: 301-304.
Dustan HP, Page IH, Tarazi RC, Frohlich ED. Arterial pressure responses to discontinuing antihypertensive drugs . Circulation. 1968;;37:370-379.
Boyle RM, Price ML, Hamilton M. Thiazide withdrawal in hypertension . J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1979;;13:172-173.
Levinson PD, Khatri IM, Freis ED. Persistence of normal BP after withdrawal of drug treatment in mild hypertension . Arch Intern Med. 1982;;142:2265-2268.
Fernandez PG, Kim BK, Galway AB, Sharma JN. Separation of essential hypertensive patients based on blood pressure responses after the withdrawal of antihypertensive agents by step-wise discriminant analysis . Curr Med Res Opin. 1983;;8: 509-517.
Maland LJ, Lutz LJ, Castle CH. Effects of withdrawing diuretic therapy on blood pressure in mild hypertension . Hypertension. 1983;;5:539-544.
Hansen AG, Jensen H, Langesen LP, Petersen A. Withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly . Acta Med Scand. 1983;;676(
(suppl 2)
):178-185.
Alderman MH, Davis T, Gerber LM. Systemic drug withdrawal to avoid unnecessary antihypertensive therapy . Abstract Volume of the International Society of Hypertension; 1984;:87.
Alderman MH, Davis T, Gerber LM, Robb M. Antihypertensive drug therapy withdrawal in a general population . Arch Intern Med. 1986;;146: 1309-1311.
Jennings GL, Korner PI, Laufer E, Ester MD, Burton D, Bruce A. How hypertension redevelops after cessation of long-term therapy . J Hypertens. 1984;;2(
(suppl 3)
):217-219.
Langford HG. Drug and dietary intervention in hypertension . Hypertension. 1982;;4(
(suppl III)
): 166-169.
Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, et al. Dietary therapy slows the return of hypertension after stopping prolonged medication . JAMA. 1985;;253:657-664.
Blaufox MD, Langford HG, Oberman A, Hawkins CM, Wassertheil-Smooer S, Cutter GR. Effect of dietary change on the return of hypertension after withdrawal of prolonged antihypertensive therapy (DISH) . J Hypertens. 1984;;2(
(suppl 3)
):179-181.
Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Oberman A, et al. Does effective antihypertensive therapy partially 'cure' hypertension ? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1984;;96:111-119.
Schmieder RE, Ruddel H, Neus H, Neus J, Von Eiff AW. Predictors of blood pressure increases after withdrawal of antihypertensive therapy . J Hypertens. 1985;;3(
(suppl 3)
):S457-S459.
Bahr M, Ruddel H, Schmieder R, Schulte W. Langzeituntersuchungen nach Absetzen von Antihypertensiva bei Patienten mit milder Hypertonie . Med Welt. 1989;;40:1336-1338.
Horwitz D, Pettinger WA, Orvis H, Thomas RE, Sjoerdsma A. Effects of methyldopa in 50 hypertensive patients . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1967;;8:224-234.
Scott JN, McDevitt DG. Rebound hypertension after acute methyldopa withdrawal . BMJ. 1976;;2:367.
Frewin DB, Penhall RK. Rebound hypertension after sudden discontinuation of methyldopa therapy . Med J Aust. 1977;;1:659.
Garbus SB, Weber MA, Priest RT, Brewer DD, Hubbel FA. The abrupt discontinuation of antihypertensive treatment . J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;;19:476-486.
Mancia G. Methods for assessing blood pressure values in humans . Hypertension. 1983;;5(
(suppl III)
):13.
Management Committee of the Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. Untreated mild hypertension . Lancet. 1982;;1:185-191.
PickeringTG, James GD, Boddie C, Harshfield GA, Blank S, Laragh JH. How common is white coat hypertension ? JAMA. 1988;;259:225-228.
Management Committee of the Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension. The Australian Therapeutic Trial in Mild Hypertension: report by the management committee . Lancet. 1980;;1:1261-1267.
Folkow B. Physiological aspects of primary hypertension . Physiol Rev. 1982;;62:347-504.
Frohlich ED. Hemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis and maintenance of hypertension . Fed Proc. 1982;;41:2400-2408.
Frohlich ED, Kozul VJ, Tarazi RC, Dustan HP. Physiological comparison of labile and essential hypertension . Circ Res. 1970;;27(
(suppl I)
):55-63.
Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Suarez DH, et al. Borderline hypertension: relationship between age, hemodynamics and circulating catecholamines . Circulation. 1981;;64:760-764.
Messerli FH, De Carvalho JGR, Christie B, Frohlich ED. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in low, normal, and high cardiac output borderline hypertension . Circulation. 1978;;53:441-448.
Julius S, Pascual AV, Sannerstedt R, Mitchell C. Relationship between cardiac output and peripheral resistance in borderline hypertension . Circulation. 1971;;43:382-390.
Julius S, Esler M, Randall OS, et al. Neurogenic maintenance of peripheral resistance in borderline hypertension . Acta Physiol Lab Annu. 1974;;24:425-431.
Tanaka S, Takeshita A, Tomoike H, et al. Role of autonomic and non-autonomic circulatory components in borderline hypertension in young men . Jpn Heart J. 1978;;19:66-73.
Freis ED. Hemodynamics of hypertension . Physiol Rev. 1960;;40:27-53.
Folkow B. The Fourth Volhard lecture: cardiovascular structural adaptation: its role in the initiation and maintenance of primary hypertension . Clin Sci Mol Med. 1978;;55(
(suppl 4)
):3s-22s.
Folkow B, Grimby G, Thulesius O. Adaptive structural changes of the vascular wall in hypertension and their relation to the control of peripheral resistance . Acta Physiol Scand. 1958;;44:255-272.
Korner PI, Bobik A, Angens JA, Adams MA, Friberg P. Resistance control in hypertension . J Hypertens. 1989;;7(
(suppl 4)
):S125-S134.
Perera GA. Hypertensive vascular disease: description and natural history . J Chronic Dis. 1955;;1:33-42.
Kannei WB. Prevalence and natural history of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy . Am J Med. 1983;;75(
(suppl 3A)
):4-11.
Asmar RG, Pannier B, Jantoni JPH, et al. Reversion of cardiac hypertrophy and reduced arterial compliance after converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension . Circulation. 1988;; 78:941-950.
Garavaglia GE, Messerli FH, Nunez BD, Schmieder R, Frohlich EE. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: disparities in the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect . Am J Hypertens. 1988;;1:214-216.
Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, Nunez BD. Cardiovascular effects of verapamil in patients with essential hypertension . Circulation. 1987;;75:1030-1036.
Schmieder RE, Rueddel H, Neus H, Messerli FH, von Eiff AW. Disparate hemodynamic response to mental challenge after antihypertensive therapy with beta blockers and calcium entry blockers . Am J Med. 1987;;82:11-16.
Christensen KL, Jespersen LT, Mulvany MJ. Development of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats after withdrawal of long-term treatment related to vascular structure . J Hypertens. 1989;;7:83-90.
Adams MA, Bobik A, Korner PI. Enalapril induced regression of vascular structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats attenuates redevelopment of blood pressure when treatment is withdrawn . J Hypertens. 1989;;7(
(suppl 6)
):351. Abstract.
Sen S, Tarazi RC. Regression of myocardial hypertrophy and influence of adrenergic system . Am J Physiol. 1983;;244:H97-H101.
Trimarco B, Wikstrand J. Regression of cardiovascular structural changes by antihypertensive treatment: functional consequences and time course reversal judged from clinical studies . Hypertension . 1984;;6(
(suppl III)
):150-157.
Tarazi RC. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by medical treatment: present status and possible implications . Am J Med. 1983;;75:80-86.
Kannel WB, D'Agostini RB, Levy D, Belanger A J. Prognostic significance of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy . Circulation. 1988;;78 (
(suppl II)
): 89. Abstract.
Dunn FG, Ventura HO, Messerli FH, Kobrin I, Frohlich EE. Time course of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with atenolol . Circulation. 1987;;76:254-258.
Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Sturgill D, Garavaglia GE, Nunez BD. Cardiac performance after reduction of myocardial hypertrophy . Am J Med. 1989;;87:22-27.
Trimarco B, De Luca N, Ricciardelli B, et al. Cardiac function in systemic hypertension before and after reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy . Am J Cardiol. 1988;;62:745-750.
Spech MM, Ferrario CM, Tarazi RC. Cardiac pumping ability following reversal of hypertrophy and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats . Hypertension. 1980;;2:75-82.
Inouye I, Massie B, Lije D, et al. Abnormal left ventricular filling: an early finding in mild to moderate systemic hypertension . Am J Cardiol. 1984;; 53:120-126.
Smith V-E, Katz AM. Left ventricular relaxation in hypertension . In: Messerli FH, ed. The Heart and Hypertension . New York, NY: Yorke Medical Books; 1987;:143-152.
Trimarco B, De Luca N, Rosiello G, et al. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy improves diastolic function in hypertension . Circulation. 1988;;78(
(suppl II)
):64. Abstract.
Tubau JF, Szlachcic J, Massie BM, Hendersson S, Volmer C. Improvement of diastolic filling following hypertrophy reversal . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;;7:112A. Abstract.
Fletcher AE, Franks PJ, Bulpitt CJ. The effect of withdrawing antihypertensive therapy: a review . J Hypertens. 1988;;6:431-436.
Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, Whincup P. Alcohol and blood pressure in middle-aged British men . J Hum Hypertens. 1988;;2:71-78.
Keys A, Taylor HL, Blackburn H, Brozek J, Anderson JT, Simonson E. Mortality and coronary heart disease among men studied for 23 years . Arch Intern Med. 1971;;128:201-210.