0
March 20, 1991, Vol 265, No. 11 >
ARTICLE | March 20, 1991

Biotechnology and the American Agricultural Industry FREE

[+] Author Affiliations

This report is Report D of the Council on Scientific Affairs; it was adopted in lieu of Resolution 232 by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association at the 1990 Annual Meeting.

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all of the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the views of scientific literature as of June 1990.

Reprint requests to Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, 515 N State St, Chicago, IL 60610 (William R. Hendee, PhD).


JAMA. 1991;265(11):1429-1436. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460110095032
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

To meet the needs of a rapidly growing population and minimize the toxic influences of traditional farming practices on the environment, the American agricultural industry has applied molecular technology to the development of food crops and livestock. By placing genes specific for highly desirable phenotypes into the DNA of plants, animals, and bacteria, farmers have increased crop and livestock survival, enhanced the nutritional quality of foods, increased industry productivity, and reduced the need for toxic pesticides and herbicides. However, introduction of genetically modified foods into the marketplace has raised a spectrum of public health issues. Physicians, as the most proximal scientific resource for most individuals, are uniquely positioned to address patient concerns regarding the safety of genetically altered foods. This report provides an overview of the inherent risks and benefits of "agrogenetics" and offers a series of recommendations designed to promote the education of the medical community and dispel public misconception regarding genetic manipulation.

(JAMA. 1991;265:1429-1436)

REFERENCES

1 +
 Biotechnologies and food: assuring the safety of foods produced by genetic modification. International Food Biotechnology Council . Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 1990;;12( (suppl II) ):S1-S196.
2 +
Harlander S.  Food biotechnology: yesterday, today, and tomorrow . Food Technol. (September) 1989;:196-206.
3 +
Goodman RM, Hauptli H, Crossway A, Knauf VC.  Gene transfer in crop improvement . Science . 1987;;236:48-54.
4 +
Hodgkin P, Yoxen E.  Biotechnology and general practice: recombinant DNA, monoclonal antibodies and genetic probes . J R Coll Gen Pract. 1985;;35:484-487.
5 +
Harrision LC.  The impact of molecular biology on the practice of medicine: a primer of recombinant DNA technology . Med J Aust. 1987;;147:17-28.
6 +
Anicetti VR, Keyt BA, Hancock WS.  Purity analysis of protein pharmaceuticals produced by recombinant DNA technology . Trends Biotechnol. 1989;;7:342-349.
7 +
Lurquin PF, Kleinhofs K.  Effects of chloramphenicol on plant cells: potential as a selectable marker for transformation studies . Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1982;;107:286-293.
8 +
Maniatis TE, Fritsche EF, Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1982;.
9 +
Hiatt A, Cafferkey R, Bowdish K.  Production of antibodies in transgenic plants . Nature . 1989;;342:76-78.
10 +
Hall R.  Biotechnology for plant disease control: application of biotechnology to plant pathology . Can J Plant Pathol. 1987;;9:152-154.
11 +
Shah D, Horsch R, Klee H, et al.  Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants . Science . 1986;;233:478-480.
12 +
Fischhoff D, Bowdish K, Perlak F, et al.  Insect-tolerant transgenic tomato plants . Biotechnology . 1987;;5:807-810.
13 +
Cuozzo M, O'Connell K, Kaniewski W, et al.  Viral protection in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein or its antisense RNA . Biotechnology . 1988;;6:549-451.
14 +
Postgate J.  Fixing the nitrogen fixers . New Scientist . (February) 1990;;3:57-61.
15 +
Gasser CS, Fraley RT.  Genetically engineering plants for crop improvement . Science . 1989;; 244:1293-1299.
16 +
Knight P.  Engineered fruit and vegetable crops . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:1233-1237.
17 +
Delannay X, LaVallee BJ, Proksch RK, et al.  Field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki insect control protein . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:1265-1269.
18 +
Wickelgren I.  Please pass the genes . Science News . 1989;;136:120-124.
19 +
Biopesticides—Toward a Safer Tomorrow . Washington, DC: Industrial Biotechnology Association; (October) 1989;.
20 +
Streber WR, Willmitzer L.  Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a bacterial detoxifying enzyme are resistant to 2,4-D . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:811-816.
21 +
Holden C.  A tasty new tomato? Science . 1989;;246:889.
22 +
Koshland DE.  The engineering of species . Science . 1989;;244:1233.
23 +
 Field testing genetically modified organisms: framework for decisions . Recombinant DNA Tech Bull. 1989;;12:183-190. National Research Council executive summary.
24 +
Petters RM.  Recombinant DNA, gene transfer and the future of animal agriculture . J Anim Sci. 1986;;62:1759-1768.
25 +
Pursel VG, Pinkert CA, Miller KF, et al.  Genetic engineering of livestock . Science . 1989;;244:1281-1288.
26 +
Glasgow L.  Kit for sexing embryos sets to work down on the farm . New Scientist . (December) 1989;;9:31.
27 +
 Animal bioengineering viewed as morally suspect, survey finds . Food Chemical News . (January) 1990;;22:54-57.
28 +
Clark AJ, Bessos H, Bishop JO, et al.  Expression of human anti-hemophilic factor IX in the milk of transgenic sheep . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:487-492.
29 +
Buhler THA, Bryere TH, Went DF, Stranzinger G, Burki K.  Rabbit beta-casein promoter directs secretion of human interleukin-2 into the milk of transgenic rabbits . Biotechnology . 1990;;8:140-143.
30 +
Orian JM, Lee CS, Weiss LM, Brandon MR.  The expression of a metallothionein-ovine growth hormone fusion gene in transgenic mice does not impair fertility but results in pathological lesions in the liver . Endocrinology . 1989;;124:455-463.
31 +
Quaife CJ, Mathews LS, Pinkert CA, Hammer RE, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD.  Histopathology associated with elevated levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in transgenic mice . Endocrinology . 1989;;124:40-48.
32 +
Campbell RG, Steele NC, Caperna TJ, McMurtry JP, Solomon MB, Mitchell AD.  Interrelationships between sex and exogenous growth hormone administration on performance, body composition and protein and fat accretion of growing pigs . J Anim Sci. 1989;;67:177.
33 +
Evock CM, Etherton TD, Chung CS, Ivy RE.  Pituitary porcine growth hormone (pGH) and a recombinant (rpGH) analogue stimulate pig growth performance in a similar manner . J Anim Sci. 1988;;66:1928.
34 +
McClaren DG, Bechtel PJ, Grebner GL, et al.  Dose response and growth of pigs injected daily with porcine somatotropin from 57 to 103 kg . J Anim Sci. 1990;;68:640.
35 +
McLaughlin CL, Baile CA, Qi SZ, Wang LC, Xie JP.  Responses of Beijing black hogs to porcine somatotropin . J Anim Sci. 1989;;67:116.
36 +
Hammond B.  Food safety assessment for the use of BST in dairy cows . Proceedings of the 1990 Annual Winter Meeting of the Toxicology Forum; February 19-21,1990 :299.
37 +
Seamann WJ, Nappier JL, Olsen RF, et al.  The lack of growth-promoting effect of orally administered bovine somatotropin in the rat body-weightgain bioassay . Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1988;;10:287.
38 +
Groenewegen PP, McBride BW, Burton JH, Elsasser TH.  Bioactivity of milk from BST-treated cows . J Nutr. 1990;;120:514.
39 +
Apostolou A.  Somatotropin safety—a short regulatory overview . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;;192:1698-1700. FDA Veterinary Note.
40 +
Becker GS, Taylor S. Bovine Growth Hormone (Somatotropin): Agricultural and Regulatory Issues . Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service; (November 20) , 1986;.
41 +
Bauman DE, Eppard PJ, DeGeeter MJ, Lanza GM.  Responses of high-producing dairy cows to long-term treatment with pituitary somatotropin and recombinant somatotropin . J Dairy Sci. 1985;; 68:1352-1362.
42 +
Sechen SJ, McCutcheon SN, Bauman DE.  Response to metabolic challenges in early lactation dairy cows during treatment with bovine somatotropin . Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1989;;6:141-154.
43 +
Fullerton FM, Fleet IR, Heap RB, Hart IC, Mepham TB.  Cardiovascular responses and mammary substrate uptake in Jersey cows treated with pituitary-derived growth hormone during late lactation . J Dairy Res. 1989;;56:27-35.
44 +
Machlin LJ.  Effect of growth hormone on milk production and feed utilization in dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1973;;56:575.
45 +
 Bovine somatotropins: benefits and risks . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;;194:1009-1012.
46 +
Barnes JA, Kazmer GW, Akers RM, Pearson RE.  Influence of selection for milk yield on endogenous hormones and metabolites in Holstein heifers and cows . J Anim Sci. 1985;;60:271-284.
47 +
Peel CJ, Bauman DE.  Somatotropin and lactation . J Dairy Sci. 1987;;70:474-485.
48 +
Eppard PJ, Bauman DE, Curtis CR, Hollis NE, Lanza GM, DeGeeter MJ.  Effect of 188-day treatment with somatotropin on health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1987;;70:582-591.
49 +
Zoa-Mboe A, Head HH, Bachman KC, Baccari R, Wilcox CJ.  Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and some physiological functions of Holstein cows during heat stress . J Dairy Sci. 1989;;72:907-916.
50 +
Elvinger R, Head HH, Wilcox CJ, Natzke RP, Eggert RG.  Effects of administration of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:1515-1525.
51 +
Lough DS, Muller LD, Kensinger RS, Sweeney TF, Griel LC.  Effect of added dietary fat and bovine somatotropin on the performance and metabolism of lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:1161-1169.
52 +
Soderholm CG, Otterby DE, Linn JG, et al.  Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production, body composition, and physiological parameters . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:355-365.
53 +
Glimm DR, Baracos VE, Kennelly JJ.  Effect of bovine somatotropin on the distribution of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor-I in lactating bovine mammary tissue . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:2923-2935.
54 +
Kronfeld DS.  Biologic and economic risks associated with use of bovine somatotropins . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;;192:1693-1696.
55 +
 BST decision likely by latter half of this year: Teske . Food Chem News . (January 1) , 1990;:5-6.
56 +
Bauman DE, Hard DL, Drooker BA, et al.  Long-term evaluation of a prolonged release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1989;;72:642-651.
57 +
Staples CR, Head HH, Bauman DE.  Shortterm administration of bovine somatotropin to lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:3274-3282.
58 +
Brown DL, Taylor SJ, DePeters EJ, Baldwin RL.  Influence of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin) on the body composition of lactating cattle . J Nutr. 1989;;119:633-638.
59 +
Eppard PJ, Vicine JL, Cole WJ, Collier JR.  Effect of bovine somatotropin on animal health . Proceedings of the Maryland Nutritional Conference of Feed Manufacturers; College Park , Md; 1989;:74-79.
60 +
Weller RF, Phipps RH, Craven N, Peel CJ.  Use of prolonged-release bovine somatotropin for milk production in British Friesian dairy cows, 2: effect on health and reproduction in two consecutive lactations of treatment . J Agric Sci. (August) 1990;;115:105-112.
61 +
Prosser CG.  Bovine somatotropin and milk composition . Lancet . 1988;;2:1201.
62 +
Prosser CG, Fleet IR, Corps AN.  Increased secretion of insulin-like growth factor I into milk of cows treated with recombinantly-derived bovine growth hormone . J Dairy Res. 1989;;56:17-26.
63 +
Binder L, Vogel T, Hadary D, Elberg B, Gertler A.  Chimeric bovine-human growth hormone prepared by recombinant DNA technology: binding properties and biological activity . Mol Endocrinol. 1989;;3:923-930.
64 +
Liberti JP.  Isolation and somatomedin activity of bovine growth hormone fragment (87-124) . Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;;675:239-247.
65 +
Watahiki M, Yamamoto M, Yamakawa M, Tanaka M, Nadashima K.  Conserved and unique amino acid residues in the domains of the growth hormones . J Biol Chem. 1989;;264:312-316.
66 +
Yamano Y, Oyabayashi K, Okuno M, et al.  Cloning and sequencing of cDNA that encodes goat growth hormone . FEBS Lett. 1988;;228:301-304.
67 +
Tomich CSC, Olson ER, Olsen MK, Kaytes PS, Rockenbach SK, Hatzenbuhler NT.  Effect of nucleotide sequences directly downstream from the AUG on the expression of bovine somatotropin in E coli . Nucleic Acids Res. 1989;;17:3179-3197.
68 +
Kaplan SL, August GP, Blethan SL, et al.  Clinical studies with recombinant DNA-derived methionyl human growth hormone in growth hormone deficient children . Lancet . 1986;;1:697-700.
69 +
Brunner E.  Safety of bovine somatotropin . Lancet . 1988;;2:629.
70 +
Juskevich JC, Guyer CG.  Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation . Science . 1990;;249:875.
71 +
Ratafia M.  The biotech revolution: new products are poised to alter the delivery of veterinary care . DVM . (February) 1988;:22-25.
72 +
Forsberg CW, Crosby B, Thomas DY.  Potential for manipulation of the rumen fermentation through the use of recombinant DNA techniques . J Anim Sci. 1986;;63:310-325.
73 +
Clauw DJ, Nashel DJ, Umhau A, Katz P.  Tryptophan-associated eosinophilic connective-tissue disease: a new clinical entity? JAMA . 1990;;263: 1502-1505.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
 Biotechnologies and food: assuring the safety of foods produced by genetic modification. International Food Biotechnology Council . Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 1990;;12( (suppl II) ):S1-S196.
2 +
Harlander S.  Food biotechnology: yesterday, today, and tomorrow . Food Technol. (September) 1989;:196-206.
3 +
Goodman RM, Hauptli H, Crossway A, Knauf VC.  Gene transfer in crop improvement . Science . 1987;;236:48-54.
4 +
Hodgkin P, Yoxen E.  Biotechnology and general practice: recombinant DNA, monoclonal antibodies and genetic probes . J R Coll Gen Pract. 1985;;35:484-487.
5 +
Harrision LC.  The impact of molecular biology on the practice of medicine: a primer of recombinant DNA technology . Med J Aust. 1987;;147:17-28.
6 +
Anicetti VR, Keyt BA, Hancock WS.  Purity analysis of protein pharmaceuticals produced by recombinant DNA technology . Trends Biotechnol. 1989;;7:342-349.
7 +
Lurquin PF, Kleinhofs K.  Effects of chloramphenicol on plant cells: potential as a selectable marker for transformation studies . Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1982;;107:286-293.
8 +
Maniatis TE, Fritsche EF, Sambrook J. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 1982;.
9 +
Hiatt A, Cafferkey R, Bowdish K.  Production of antibodies in transgenic plants . Nature . 1989;;342:76-78.
10 +
Hall R.  Biotechnology for plant disease control: application of biotechnology to plant pathology . Can J Plant Pathol. 1987;;9:152-154.
11 +
Shah D, Horsch R, Klee H, et al.  Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants . Science . 1986;;233:478-480.
12 +
Fischhoff D, Bowdish K, Perlak F, et al.  Insect-tolerant transgenic tomato plants . Biotechnology . 1987;;5:807-810.
13 +
Cuozzo M, O'Connell K, Kaniewski W, et al.  Viral protection in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the cucumber mosaic virus coat protein or its antisense RNA . Biotechnology . 1988;;6:549-451.
14 +
Postgate J.  Fixing the nitrogen fixers . New Scientist . (February) 1990;;3:57-61.
15 +
Gasser CS, Fraley RT.  Genetically engineering plants for crop improvement . Science . 1989;; 244:1293-1299.
16 +
Knight P.  Engineered fruit and vegetable crops . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:1233-1237.
17 +
Delannay X, LaVallee BJ, Proksch RK, et al.  Field performance of transgenic tomato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki insect control protein . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:1265-1269.
18 +
Wickelgren I.  Please pass the genes . Science News . 1989;;136:120-124.
19 +
Biopesticides—Toward a Safer Tomorrow . Washington, DC: Industrial Biotechnology Association; (October) 1989;.
20 +
Streber WR, Willmitzer L.  Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a bacterial detoxifying enzyme are resistant to 2,4-D . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:811-816.
21 +
Holden C.  A tasty new tomato? Science . 1989;;246:889.
22 +
Koshland DE.  The engineering of species . Science . 1989;;244:1233.
23 +
 Field testing genetically modified organisms: framework for decisions . Recombinant DNA Tech Bull. 1989;;12:183-190. National Research Council executive summary.
24 +
Petters RM.  Recombinant DNA, gene transfer and the future of animal agriculture . J Anim Sci. 1986;;62:1759-1768.
25 +
Pursel VG, Pinkert CA, Miller KF, et al.  Genetic engineering of livestock . Science . 1989;;244:1281-1288.
26 +
Glasgow L.  Kit for sexing embryos sets to work down on the farm . New Scientist . (December) 1989;;9:31.
27 +
 Animal bioengineering viewed as morally suspect, survey finds . Food Chemical News . (January) 1990;;22:54-57.
28 +
Clark AJ, Bessos H, Bishop JO, et al.  Expression of human anti-hemophilic factor IX in the milk of transgenic sheep . Biotechnology . 1989;;7:487-492.
29 +
Buhler THA, Bryere TH, Went DF, Stranzinger G, Burki K.  Rabbit beta-casein promoter directs secretion of human interleukin-2 into the milk of transgenic rabbits . Biotechnology . 1990;;8:140-143.
30 +
Orian JM, Lee CS, Weiss LM, Brandon MR.  The expression of a metallothionein-ovine growth hormone fusion gene in transgenic mice does not impair fertility but results in pathological lesions in the liver . Endocrinology . 1989;;124:455-463.
31 +
Quaife CJ, Mathews LS, Pinkert CA, Hammer RE, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD.  Histopathology associated with elevated levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in transgenic mice . Endocrinology . 1989;;124:40-48.
32 +
Campbell RG, Steele NC, Caperna TJ, McMurtry JP, Solomon MB, Mitchell AD.  Interrelationships between sex and exogenous growth hormone administration on performance, body composition and protein and fat accretion of growing pigs . J Anim Sci. 1989;;67:177.
33 +
Evock CM, Etherton TD, Chung CS, Ivy RE.  Pituitary porcine growth hormone (pGH) and a recombinant (rpGH) analogue stimulate pig growth performance in a similar manner . J Anim Sci. 1988;;66:1928.
34 +
McClaren DG, Bechtel PJ, Grebner GL, et al.  Dose response and growth of pigs injected daily with porcine somatotropin from 57 to 103 kg . J Anim Sci. 1990;;68:640.
35 +
McLaughlin CL, Baile CA, Qi SZ, Wang LC, Xie JP.  Responses of Beijing black hogs to porcine somatotropin . J Anim Sci. 1989;;67:116.
36 +
Hammond B.  Food safety assessment for the use of BST in dairy cows . Proceedings of the 1990 Annual Winter Meeting of the Toxicology Forum; February 19-21,1990 :299.
37 +
Seamann WJ, Nappier JL, Olsen RF, et al.  The lack of growth-promoting effect of orally administered bovine somatotropin in the rat body-weightgain bioassay . Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1988;;10:287.
38 +
Groenewegen PP, McBride BW, Burton JH, Elsasser TH.  Bioactivity of milk from BST-treated cows . J Nutr. 1990;;120:514.
39 +
Apostolou A.  Somatotropin safety—a short regulatory overview . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;;192:1698-1700. FDA Veterinary Note.
40 +
Becker GS, Taylor S. Bovine Growth Hormone (Somatotropin): Agricultural and Regulatory Issues . Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service; (November 20) , 1986;.
41 +
Bauman DE, Eppard PJ, DeGeeter MJ, Lanza GM.  Responses of high-producing dairy cows to long-term treatment with pituitary somatotropin and recombinant somatotropin . J Dairy Sci. 1985;; 68:1352-1362.
42 +
Sechen SJ, McCutcheon SN, Bauman DE.  Response to metabolic challenges in early lactation dairy cows during treatment with bovine somatotropin . Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1989;;6:141-154.
43 +
Fullerton FM, Fleet IR, Heap RB, Hart IC, Mepham TB.  Cardiovascular responses and mammary substrate uptake in Jersey cows treated with pituitary-derived growth hormone during late lactation . J Dairy Res. 1989;;56:27-35.
44 +
Machlin LJ.  Effect of growth hormone on milk production and feed utilization in dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1973;;56:575.
45 +
 Bovine somatotropins: benefits and risks . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;;194:1009-1012.
46 +
Barnes JA, Kazmer GW, Akers RM, Pearson RE.  Influence of selection for milk yield on endogenous hormones and metabolites in Holstein heifers and cows . J Anim Sci. 1985;;60:271-284.
47 +
Peel CJ, Bauman DE.  Somatotropin and lactation . J Dairy Sci. 1987;;70:474-485.
48 +
Eppard PJ, Bauman DE, Curtis CR, Hollis NE, Lanza GM, DeGeeter MJ.  Effect of 188-day treatment with somatotropin on health and reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1987;;70:582-591.
49 +
Zoa-Mboe A, Head HH, Bachman KC, Baccari R, Wilcox CJ.  Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and some physiological functions of Holstein cows during heat stress . J Dairy Sci. 1989;;72:907-916.
50 +
Elvinger R, Head HH, Wilcox CJ, Natzke RP, Eggert RG.  Effects of administration of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:1515-1525.
51 +
Lough DS, Muller LD, Kensinger RS, Sweeney TF, Griel LC.  Effect of added dietary fat and bovine somatotropin on the performance and metabolism of lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:1161-1169.
52 +
Soderholm CG, Otterby DE, Linn JG, et al.  Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on milk production, body composition, and physiological parameters . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:355-365.
53 +
Glimm DR, Baracos VE, Kennelly JJ.  Effect of bovine somatotropin on the distribution of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor-I in lactating bovine mammary tissue . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:2923-2935.
54 +
Kronfeld DS.  Biologic and economic risks associated with use of bovine somatotropins . J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;;192:1693-1696.
55 +
 BST decision likely by latter half of this year: Teske . Food Chem News . (January 1) , 1990;:5-6.
56 +
Bauman DE, Hard DL, Drooker BA, et al.  Long-term evaluation of a prolonged release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows . J Dairy Sci. 1989;;72:642-651.
57 +
Staples CR, Head HH, Bauman DE.  Shortterm administration of bovine somatotropin to lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment . J Dairy Sci. 1988;;71:3274-3282.
58 +
Brown DL, Taylor SJ, DePeters EJ, Baldwin RL.  Influence of sometribove, USAN (recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin) on the body composition of lactating cattle . J Nutr. 1989;;119:633-638.
59 +
Eppard PJ, Vicine JL, Cole WJ, Collier JR.  Effect of bovine somatotropin on animal health . Proceedings of the Maryland Nutritional Conference of Feed Manufacturers; College Park , Md; 1989;:74-79.
60 +
Weller RF, Phipps RH, Craven N, Peel CJ.  Use of prolonged-release bovine somatotropin for milk production in British Friesian dairy cows, 2: effect on health and reproduction in two consecutive lactations of treatment . J Agric Sci. (August) 1990;;115:105-112.
61 +
Prosser CG.  Bovine somatotropin and milk composition . Lancet . 1988;;2:1201.
62 +
Prosser CG, Fleet IR, Corps AN.  Increased secretion of insulin-like growth factor I into milk of cows treated with recombinantly-derived bovine growth hormone . J Dairy Res. 1989;;56:17-26.
63 +
Binder L, Vogel T, Hadary D, Elberg B, Gertler A.  Chimeric bovine-human growth hormone prepared by recombinant DNA technology: binding properties and biological activity . Mol Endocrinol. 1989;;3:923-930.
64 +
Liberti JP.  Isolation and somatomedin activity of bovine growth hormone fragment (87-124) . Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;;675:239-247.
65 +
Watahiki M, Yamamoto M, Yamakawa M, Tanaka M, Nadashima K.  Conserved and unique amino acid residues in the domains of the growth hormones . J Biol Chem. 1989;;264:312-316.
66 +
Yamano Y, Oyabayashi K, Okuno M, et al.  Cloning and sequencing of cDNA that encodes goat growth hormone . FEBS Lett. 1988;;228:301-304.
67 +
Tomich CSC, Olson ER, Olsen MK, Kaytes PS, Rockenbach SK, Hatzenbuhler NT.  Effect of nucleotide sequences directly downstream from the AUG on the expression of bovine somatotropin in E coli . Nucleic Acids Res. 1989;;17:3179-3197.
68 +
Kaplan SL, August GP, Blethan SL, et al.  Clinical studies with recombinant DNA-derived methionyl human growth hormone in growth hormone deficient children . Lancet . 1986;;1:697-700.
69 +
Brunner E.  Safety of bovine somatotropin . Lancet . 1988;;2:629.
70 +
Juskevich JC, Guyer CG.  Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation . Science . 1990;;249:875.
71 +
Ratafia M.  The biotech revolution: new products are poised to alter the delivery of veterinary care . DVM . (February) 1988;:22-25.
72 +
Forsberg CW, Crosby B, Thomas DY.  Potential for manipulation of the rumen fermentation through the use of recombinant DNA techniques . J Anim Sci. 1986;;63:310-325.
73 +
Clauw DJ, Nashel DJ, Umhau A, Katz P.  Tryptophan-associated eosinophilic connective-tissue disease: a new clinical entity? JAMA . 1990;;263: 1502-1505.

Letters

Submit a Letter
CME Course for:


You need to register in order to view this quiz.


To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
Note: You must get at least of the answers correct to pass this quiz.
You have not filled in all the answers to complete this quiz
The following questions were not answered:
Sorry, you have unsuccessfully completed this CME quiz with a score of
The following questions were not answered correctly:
For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
Submit a Response

Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.

Related Content

Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.

© 2012 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
Powered bySilverchair Information Systems