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November 7, 1990, Vol 264, No. 17 >
ARTICLE | November 7, 1990

Life and Death in the US Army: Title and subTitle BreakIn Corpore Sano FREE

Joseph M. Rothberg, PhD; Paul T. Bartone, PhD; Harry C. Holloway, MD; David H. Marlowe, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

The views of the authors do not purport to reflect the position of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense (para 4-3, AR 360-5).

Reprint requests to Department of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100 (Dr Rothberg).


JAMA. 1990;264(17):2241-2244. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450170089028
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References

Using standardized mortality ratios, this study compares the sex- and race-specific, age-adjusted death rates for all US Army soldiers with those for the entire US population. Results show that soldiers are currently dying at a rate that is only half that of their civilian counterparts. The most striking difference in death rates by cause is a markedly lower homicide death rate for Army black men; homicides among the civilian black male population are 12 times more frequent than in the Army. Some factors that might account for these lower mortality rates in the Army are discussed.

(JAMA. 1990;264:2241-2244)

REFERENCES

1 +
Rothberg JM.  Some thoughts on health promotion . Milit Med. 1989;;154:457-461.
2 +
Hales D, Hales RE. The U.S. Army Total Fitness Program . New York, NY: Crown Publishers Inc; 1985;.
3 +
Rothberg JM, Datel WE. Deaths From Injury and From Disease in the U.S. Army in Peacetime . Washington, DC: Dept of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; 1982;.
4 +
Weed DL, Tyroler HA, Shy C.  The healthy worker effect in actively working communications workers . J Occup Med. 1987;;29:335-339.
5 +
Vinni K, Hakama M.  Healthy worker effect in total Finnish population . Br J Ind Med. 1980;; 37:180-184.
6 +
Bell CMJ, Coleman DA.  Models of the healthy worker effect in industrial cohorts . Stat Med. 1987;;6:901-909.
7 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP.  Anatomy of the healthy worker effect: a critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology . Scand J Work Environ Health. 1982;;8( (suppl 1) ):48-52.
8 +
Carpenter CM.  Some observations on the healthy worker effect . Br J Ind Med. 1987;;44:289-291.
9 +
Weed DL.  Historical roots of the healthy worker effect . J Occup Med. 1986;;28:343-347.
10 +
Monson RR.  Observation on the healthy worker effect . J Occup Med. 1986;;28:425-433.
11 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP, Gibson RL.  Anatomy of the healthy worker effect: a critical review . J Occup Med. 1983;;25:283-289.
12 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP, Weiss NS, Gibson RL.  Long-term mortality study of oil refinery workers, V: comparison of workers hired before, during, and after World War II (1940-1945) with a discussion of the impact of study designs on cohort results . Am J Ind Med. 1986;;9:171-180.
13 +
Fox AJ, Goldblatt PO, Adelstein AM.  Selection and mortality differentials . J Epidemiol Community Health. 1982;;36:69-79.
14 +
Leslie LA, Swider SM.  Changing factors and changing needs in women's health care . Nurs Clin North Am. 1986;;21:111-123.
15 +
Bond GG, McLaren EA, Cartmill JB, Wymer KT, Lipps TE, Cook RR.  Mortality among female employees of a chemical company . Am J Ind Med. 1987;;12:563-578.
16 +
Vena JE, Cookfair DL, Fiedler RC, Barnes RE.  Mortality of a municipal worker cohort, II: females . Am J Ind Med. 1986;;9:159-169.
17 +
Vena JE, Sultz HA, Fiedler RC, Barnes RE, Carlo GL.  Mortality of a municipal worker cohort, I: males . Am J Ind Med. 1985;;7:241-252.
18 +
Howe GR, Chiarelli AM, Lindsay JP.  Components and modifiers of the healthy worker effect: evidence from three occupational cohorts and implications for industrial compensation . Am J Epidemiol. 1988;;128:1364-1375.
19 +
Araki S, Murata K, Kumagai K, Nagasu M.  Mortality of medical practitioners in Japan: social class and the 'healthy worker effect.' Am J Ind Med. 1986;;10:91-99.
20 +
Pifer JW, Hearne FT, Friedlander BR, McDonough JR.  Mortality study of men employed at a large chemical plant . J Occup Med. 1982;;28:438-444.
21 +
Austin SG, Schnatter AR.  A cohort mortality study of petrochemical workers . J Occup Med. 1983;;25:304-312.
22 +
Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, Rose G.  Inequalities in death—specific explanations of a general pattern? Lancet. 1985;;1:1003-1006.
23 +
Koplan JP, Caspersen CJ, Powell KE.  Physical activity, physical fitness, and health: time to act . JAMA. 1989;;262:2437.
24 +
Keiding N.  The method of expected number of deaths, 1786-1886-1986 . Int Stat Rev. 1987;;55:1-20.
25 +
Shyrock HS, Siegal JS, et al. The Materials and Methods of Demography . New York, NY: Academic Press; 1976;.
26 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1986: Mortality, Part A . Washington, DC: Public Health Service; 1988;;2. DHHS publication (PHS) 88-1122.
27 +
Kahn HA, Sempos CT. Statistical Methods in Epidemiology . New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc;1989;.
28 +
Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW.  Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women . JAMA. 1989;;262:2395-2401.
29 +
Shils E, Janowitz M.  Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II . Public Opinion Q. (Summer) 1948;:280-315.
30 +
Solomon Z, Mikulincer M, Hobfoll S.  Effects of social support and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat . J Soc Pers Psychol. 1986;;51:1269-1276.
31 +
Bartone PT, Ursano RJ, Wright KM, Ingraham LH.  The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers: a prospective study . J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;;177:317-328.
32 +
McKinnon W, Weisse CS, Reynolds CP, Bowles CA, Baum A.  Chronic stress, leukocyte subpopulations, and humoral response to latent viruses . Health Psychol. 1989;;8:389-402.
33 +
Blendon RJ, Aiken LH, Freeman HE, Corey CR.  Access to medical care for black and white Americans . JAMA. 1989;;261:278-281.
34 +
Griffith EEH, Bell CC.  Recent trends in suicide and homicide among blacks . JAMA. 1989;;262: 2265-2269.
35 +
Sterling TD, Weinkam, JJ.  The 'healthy worker effect' on morbidity rates . J Occup Med. 1985;;27:477-482.
36 +
Page WF.  Mortality and morbidity selection effects among U.S. veterans . J Occup Med. 1987;;29:975-978.
37 +
Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 1988 . 108th ed. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1987;.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Rothberg JM.  Some thoughts on health promotion . Milit Med. 1989;;154:457-461.
2 +
Hales D, Hales RE. The U.S. Army Total Fitness Program . New York, NY: Crown Publishers Inc; 1985;.
3 +
Rothberg JM, Datel WE. Deaths From Injury and From Disease in the U.S. Army in Peacetime . Washington, DC: Dept of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; 1982;.
4 +
Weed DL, Tyroler HA, Shy C.  The healthy worker effect in actively working communications workers . J Occup Med. 1987;;29:335-339.
5 +
Vinni K, Hakama M.  Healthy worker effect in total Finnish population . Br J Ind Med. 1980;; 37:180-184.
6 +
Bell CMJ, Coleman DA.  Models of the healthy worker effect in industrial cohorts . Stat Med. 1987;;6:901-909.
7 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP.  Anatomy of the healthy worker effect: a critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology . Scand J Work Environ Health. 1982;;8( (suppl 1) ):48-52.
8 +
Carpenter CM.  Some observations on the healthy worker effect . Br J Ind Med. 1987;;44:289-291.
9 +
Weed DL.  Historical roots of the healthy worker effect . J Occup Med. 1986;;28:343-347.
10 +
Monson RR.  Observation on the healthy worker effect . J Occup Med. 1986;;28:425-433.
11 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP, Gibson RL.  Anatomy of the healthy worker effect: a critical review . J Occup Med. 1983;;25:283-289.
12 +
Wen CP, Tsai SP, Weiss NS, Gibson RL.  Long-term mortality study of oil refinery workers, V: comparison of workers hired before, during, and after World War II (1940-1945) with a discussion of the impact of study designs on cohort results . Am J Ind Med. 1986;;9:171-180.
13 +
Fox AJ, Goldblatt PO, Adelstein AM.  Selection and mortality differentials . J Epidemiol Community Health. 1982;;36:69-79.
14 +
Leslie LA, Swider SM.  Changing factors and changing needs in women's health care . Nurs Clin North Am. 1986;;21:111-123.
15 +
Bond GG, McLaren EA, Cartmill JB, Wymer KT, Lipps TE, Cook RR.  Mortality among female employees of a chemical company . Am J Ind Med. 1987;;12:563-578.
16 +
Vena JE, Cookfair DL, Fiedler RC, Barnes RE.  Mortality of a municipal worker cohort, II: females . Am J Ind Med. 1986;;9:159-169.
17 +
Vena JE, Sultz HA, Fiedler RC, Barnes RE, Carlo GL.  Mortality of a municipal worker cohort, I: males . Am J Ind Med. 1985;;7:241-252.
18 +
Howe GR, Chiarelli AM, Lindsay JP.  Components and modifiers of the healthy worker effect: evidence from three occupational cohorts and implications for industrial compensation . Am J Epidemiol. 1988;;128:1364-1375.
19 +
Araki S, Murata K, Kumagai K, Nagasu M.  Mortality of medical practitioners in Japan: social class and the 'healthy worker effect.' Am J Ind Med. 1986;;10:91-99.
20 +
Pifer JW, Hearne FT, Friedlander BR, McDonough JR.  Mortality study of men employed at a large chemical plant . J Occup Med. 1982;;28:438-444.
21 +
Austin SG, Schnatter AR.  A cohort mortality study of petrochemical workers . J Occup Med. 1983;;25:304-312.
22 +
Marmot MG, Shipley MJ, Rose G.  Inequalities in death—specific explanations of a general pattern? Lancet. 1985;;1:1003-1006.
23 +
Koplan JP, Caspersen CJ, Powell KE.  Physical activity, physical fitness, and health: time to act . JAMA. 1989;;262:2437.
24 +
Keiding N.  The method of expected number of deaths, 1786-1886-1986 . Int Stat Rev. 1987;;55:1-20.
25 +
Shyrock HS, Siegal JS, et al. The Materials and Methods of Demography . New York, NY: Academic Press; 1976;.
26 +
National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1986: Mortality, Part A . Washington, DC: Public Health Service; 1988;;2. DHHS publication (PHS) 88-1122.
27 +
Kahn HA, Sempos CT. Statistical Methods in Epidemiology . New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc;1989;.
28 +
Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW.  Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women . JAMA. 1989;;262:2395-2401.
29 +
Shils E, Janowitz M.  Cohesion and disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II . Public Opinion Q. (Summer) 1948;:280-315.
30 +
Solomon Z, Mikulincer M, Hobfoll S.  Effects of social support and battle intensity on loneliness and breakdown during combat . J Soc Pers Psychol. 1986;;51:1269-1276.
31 +
Bartone PT, Ursano RJ, Wright KM, Ingraham LH.  The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers: a prospective study . J Nerv Ment Dis. 1989;;177:317-328.
32 +
McKinnon W, Weisse CS, Reynolds CP, Bowles CA, Baum A.  Chronic stress, leukocyte subpopulations, and humoral response to latent viruses . Health Psychol. 1989;;8:389-402.
33 +
Blendon RJ, Aiken LH, Freeman HE, Corey CR.  Access to medical care for black and white Americans . JAMA. 1989;;261:278-281.
34 +
Griffith EEH, Bell CC.  Recent trends in suicide and homicide among blacks . JAMA. 1989;;262: 2265-2269.
35 +
Sterling TD, Weinkam, JJ.  The 'healthy worker effect' on morbidity rates . J Occup Med. 1985;;27:477-482.
36 +
Page WF.  Mortality and morbidity selection effects among U.S. veterans . J Occup Med. 1987;;29:975-978.
37 +
Statistical Abstracts of the United States: 1988 . 108th ed. Washington, DC: US Bureau of the Census; 1987;.

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