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February 23, 1990, Vol 263, No. 8 >
ARTICLE | February 23, 1990

Medical Informatics: Title and subTitle BreakAn Emerging Academic Discipline and Institutional Priority FREE

Robert A. Greenes, MD, PhD; Edward H. Shortliffe, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to the Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (Dr Greenes).


JAMA. 1990;263(8):1114-1120. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440080092030
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References

Information management constitutes a major activity of the health care professional. Currently, a number of forces are focusing attention on this function. After many years of development of information systems to support the infrastructure of medicine, greater focus on the needs of physicians and other health care managers and professionals is occurring—to support education, decision making, communication, and many other aspects of professional activity. Medical informatics is the field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including the information science and the technology to support these tasks. An intrinsically interdisciplinary field, medical informatics has a highly applied focus, but also addresses a number of fundamental research problems as well as planning and policy issues. Medical informatics is now emerging as a distinct academic entity. Health care institutions are considering, and a few are making, large-scale commitments to information systems and services that will affect every aspect of their organizations' function. While academic units of medical informatics are presently established at only a few medical institutions in the United States, increasing numbers of schools are considering this activity and many traditional departments are seeking and attracting individuals with medical informatics skills.

(JAMA. 1990;263:1114-1120)

REFERENCES

1 +
Covell DG, Uman GC, Manning PR.  Information needs in office practice: are they being met? Ann Intern Med. 1985;;103:496-599.
2 +
Straub DW, WetherbeJC.  Information technologies for the 1990s: an organizational impact perspective . Communications ACM. 1989;;32:1328-1339.
3 +
Schwartz WB.  Medicine and the computer: the promise and problems of change . N Engl J Med. 1970;;283:1257-1264.
4 +
Association of American Medical Colleges.  Physicians for the Twenty-First Century: Report of the Panel on the General Education of the Physician and College Preparation for Medicine . J Med Educ. 1984;;59:1-208.
5 +
Greenes RA, Siegel ER.  Characterization of an emerging field: approaches to defining the literature and disciplinary boundaries of medical informatics . In: Stead WW, ed. Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1987;:411-415.
6 +
Collen MF.  Origins of medical informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145:778-785.
7 +
Lincoln TL, Korpman RA.  Computers, health care, and medical information science . Science. 1980;;210:257-263.
8 +
Shortliffe EH, Fagan LM.  Research training in medical informatics . Acad Med. 1989;;65:575-578.
9 +
Association of American Medical Colleges.  Evaluation of medical information science in medical education . J Med Educ. 1986;;61( (suppl) ):487-543.
10 +
Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct of Research. Information Technology and the Conduct of Research: The User's View . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989;.
11 +
Blois MS, ed.  Medical informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145(special issue):775-873.
12 +
Shortliffe EH, Perrault L, Wiederhold G, Fagan L, eds. Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care . Menlo Park, Calif: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. In press.
13 +
Shortliffe EH.  Computer programs to support clinical decision making . JAMA. 1987;;258:61-66.
14 +
McDonald CJ, Tierney WM.  Computer-stored medical records: their future role in medical practice . JAMA. 1988;;259:3433-3440.
15 +
Piemme TE.  Computer-assisted learning and evaluation in medicine . JAMA. 1988;;260:367-372.
16 +
Greenes RA.  Medical informatics: academic and institutional perspectives of an emerging specialty . Presented at the Computer in Health Sciences Symposium; November 10, 1988 ; Newark, NJ.
17 +
Blum BI. Clinical Information Systems . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1986;.
18 +
Lindberg DAB, Schoolman HM.  The National Library of Medicine and Medical Informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145:786-790.
19 +
Greenes RA.  Knowledge management as an aid to medical decision making and education: the Explorer-1 system . In: Proceedings MEDINFO 86 . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1986;:895-899.
20 +
Shortliffe EH.  Testing reality: the introduction of decision-support technologies for physicians . Methods Inf Med. 1989;;28:1-5.
21 +
Clayton PD, Pryor TA, Wigertz OB, Johnson SB, Hripcsak CM.  Sharing medical knowledge for automated decision-making . In: Greenes RA, ed. Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1988;:591-594.
22 +
Williamson JW, German PS, Weiss R, Skinner EA, Bowes F.  Health science information management and continuing education of physicians . Ann Intern Med. 1989;;110:151-160.
23 +
Blum BI, ed.  Proceedings of a workshop entitled 'A Framework for Medical Information Science,' October 1983, Baltimore, MD . Med Inf. 1984;;9(special issue):167-315.
24 +
Shortliffe EH.  The science of biomedical computing . Med Inf. 1984;;9:185-193.
25 +
Clancey WJ, Shortliffe EH. Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1984;.
26 +
Humphreys BL, Lindberg DAB.  Building the Unified Medical Language System . In: Kingsland LC, ed. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1989;:475-480.
27 +
Greenes RA.  'Desktop knowledge': a new focus for medical education and decision support . Methods Inf Med. 1989;;28:332-339.
28 +
Matheson NW, Cooper JAD.  Academic information in the academic health sciences center: roles for the library in information management . J Med Educ. 1982;;57:1-93.
29 +
CorrellR, HillingL.  Healthcare-CIOs:national survey results . Healthcare Inf Manage. 1988;; 2( (2) ):6-7.
30 +
National Library of Medicine. A Long Range Plan for the National Library of Medicine . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1987;.
31 +
Greenes RA.  Career paths in medical information science . Med Inf. 1984;;9:207-209.
32 +
Rennels GD. A Computational Model of Reasoning From the Clinical Literature . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1987;.

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1 +
Covell DG, Uman GC, Manning PR.  Information needs in office practice: are they being met? Ann Intern Med. 1985;;103:496-599.
2 +
Straub DW, WetherbeJC.  Information technologies for the 1990s: an organizational impact perspective . Communications ACM. 1989;;32:1328-1339.
3 +
Schwartz WB.  Medicine and the computer: the promise and problems of change . N Engl J Med. 1970;;283:1257-1264.
4 +
Association of American Medical Colleges.  Physicians for the Twenty-First Century: Report of the Panel on the General Education of the Physician and College Preparation for Medicine . J Med Educ. 1984;;59:1-208.
5 +
Greenes RA, Siegel ER.  Characterization of an emerging field: approaches to defining the literature and disciplinary boundaries of medical informatics . In: Stead WW, ed. Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1987;:411-415.
6 +
Collen MF.  Origins of medical informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145:778-785.
7 +
Lincoln TL, Korpman RA.  Computers, health care, and medical information science . Science. 1980;;210:257-263.
8 +
Shortliffe EH, Fagan LM.  Research training in medical informatics . Acad Med. 1989;;65:575-578.
9 +
Association of American Medical Colleges.  Evaluation of medical information science in medical education . J Med Educ. 1986;;61( (suppl) ):487-543.
10 +
Panel on Information Technology and the Conduct of Research. Information Technology and the Conduct of Research: The User's View . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989;.
11 +
Blois MS, ed.  Medical informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145(special issue):775-873.
12 +
Shortliffe EH, Perrault L, Wiederhold G, Fagan L, eds. Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care . Menlo Park, Calif: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. In press.
13 +
Shortliffe EH.  Computer programs to support clinical decision making . JAMA. 1987;;258:61-66.
14 +
McDonald CJ, Tierney WM.  Computer-stored medical records: their future role in medical practice . JAMA. 1988;;259:3433-3440.
15 +
Piemme TE.  Computer-assisted learning and evaluation in medicine . JAMA. 1988;;260:367-372.
16 +
Greenes RA.  Medical informatics: academic and institutional perspectives of an emerging specialty . Presented at the Computer in Health Sciences Symposium; November 10, 1988 ; Newark, NJ.
17 +
Blum BI. Clinical Information Systems . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1986;.
18 +
Lindberg DAB, Schoolman HM.  The National Library of Medicine and Medical Informatics . West J Med. 1986;;145:786-790.
19 +
Greenes RA.  Knowledge management as an aid to medical decision making and education: the Explorer-1 system . In: Proceedings MEDINFO 86 . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1986;:895-899.
20 +
Shortliffe EH.  Testing reality: the introduction of decision-support technologies for physicians . Methods Inf Med. 1989;;28:1-5.
21 +
Clayton PD, Pryor TA, Wigertz OB, Johnson SB, Hripcsak CM.  Sharing medical knowledge for automated decision-making . In: Greenes RA, ed. Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1988;:591-594.
22 +
Williamson JW, German PS, Weiss R, Skinner EA, Bowes F.  Health science information management and continuing education of physicians . Ann Intern Med. 1989;;110:151-160.
23 +
Blum BI, ed.  Proceedings of a workshop entitled 'A Framework for Medical Information Science,' October 1983, Baltimore, MD . Med Inf. 1984;;9(special issue):167-315.
24 +
Shortliffe EH.  The science of biomedical computing . Med Inf. 1984;;9:185-193.
25 +
Clancey WJ, Shortliffe EH. Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade . Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1984;.
26 +
Humphreys BL, Lindberg DAB.  Building the Unified Medical Language System . In: Kingsland LC, ed. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care . New York, NY: IEEE Computer Society Press; 1989;:475-480.
27 +
Greenes RA.  'Desktop knowledge': a new focus for medical education and decision support . Methods Inf Med. 1989;;28:332-339.
28 +
Matheson NW, Cooper JAD.  Academic information in the academic health sciences center: roles for the library in information management . J Med Educ. 1982;;57:1-93.
29 +
CorrellR, HillingL.  Healthcare-CIOs:national survey results . Healthcare Inf Manage. 1988;; 2( (2) ):6-7.
30 +
National Library of Medicine. A Long Range Plan for the National Library of Medicine . Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 1987;.
31 +
Greenes RA.  Career paths in medical information science . Med Inf. 1984;;9:207-209.
32 +
Rennels GD. A Computational Model of Reasoning From the Clinical Literature . New York, NY: Springer-Verlag NY Inc; 1987;.

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