0
October 6, 1989, Vol 262, No. 13 >
ARTICLE | October 6, 1989

RU-486 as an Antiprogesterone Steroid: Title and subTitle BreakFrom Receptor to Contragestion and Beyond FREE

Etienne-Emile Baulieu, MD, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Based on a lecture given at the presentation of the Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award, New York, NY, September 27, 1989.

Reprint requests to INSERM U 33, Lab Hormones, 94275 Bicêtre, France.


JAMA. 1989;262(13):1808-1814. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430130084039
Text Size: A A A
Published online
Article
References

The steroid RU-486 (mifepristone) is an antiprogesterone that works at the receptor level. It can interrupt pregnancy very early on (contragestion), mostly by interfering with the process of implantation and decidua function. It also may facilitate surgical evacuation of the uterus and certain difficult deliveries. It impedes ovulation when taken during the follicular phase. Also, RU-486 is the first antiglucocorticosteroid available for clinical use. It deserves further studies to assess its wide range of therapeutic potential.

(JAMA. 1989;262:1808-1814)

REFERENCES

1 +
Barton DHR.  The principles of conformational analysis . Science. 1970;;169:539-544.
2 +
Djerassi C.  Birth control after 1984 . Science. 1970;;169:941-951.
3 +
Bergström S, Diczfalusy E, Borell U, et al.  Prostaglandins in fertility control . Science. 1972;; 175:1280-1287.
4 +
Lieberman S, Greenfield NJ, Wolfson A.  A heuristic proposal for understanding steroidogenic processes . Endocr Rev. 1981;;5:128-148.
5 +
Jensen EV, Jacobson HI.  Basic guide to mechanism of estrogen action . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1962;;18:387-414.
6 +
Baulieu EE.  Steroid receptors and hormone receptivity: new approaches in pharmacology and therapeutics . JAMA. 1975;;234:404-409.
7 +
Herrmann W, Wyss R, Riondel A, et al.  Effet d'un stéroïde anti-progestérone chez la femme: interruption du cycle menstruel et de la grossesse au début . C R Acad Sci Paris. 1982;;294:933-938.
8 +
Sakiz E, Euvrard C, Baulieu EE.  The antiprogesterone activity of RU 486, a contragestive agent in the human . In: Labrie F, Proulx L, eds. Endocrinology . Princeton, NJ: Excerpta Medica; 1984;:239-242.
9 +
Diczcfalusy E.  Has family planning a future?  In: Diczfalusy E, Bygdeman M, eds. Fertility Regulation Today and Tomorrow . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986;:3-19.
10 +
Research in Human Reproduction: Biennial Report 1986-1987 . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1988;.
11 +
Milgrom E, Atger M, Baulieu EE.  Progesterone in uterus and plasma, IV: progesterone receptor(s) in guinea pig uterus cytosol . Steroids. 1970;;16:741-754.
12 +
Wiest WG, Rao BR.  Progesterone binding proteins in rabbit uterus and human endometrium . In: Raspé G, ed. Advances in Biosciences 7 . Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press Inc; 1971;:251-266.
13 +
Baulieu EE.  Current approaches to steroid hormone-cell interactions . In: Fuxe K, Hökfelt T, Luft R, eds. Central Regulation of the Endocrine System . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp; 1979;:239-260.
14 +
Hertz R, Fraps RM, Sebrell WH.  Induction of avidin formation in the avian oviduct by stilbestrol plus progesterone . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1943;; 52:142-144.
15 +
O'Malley BW, McGuire WL, Kohler PO, et al.  Studies on the mechanism of steroid hormone regulation of synthesis of specific proteins . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1969;;25:105-160.
16 +
Schimke RT, McKnight GS, Shapiro DJ, et al.  Hormonal regulation of ovalbumin synthesis in the chick oviduct . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1975;;31:175-211.
17 +
Harper MJK, Walpole AL.  Contrasting endocrine activities of cis and trans isomers in a series of substituted triphenylethylenes . Nature. 1966;;212: 87.
18 +
Binart N, Catelli MG, Geynet C, et al.  Monohydroxytamoxifen: an antioestrogen with high affinity for the chick oviduct oestrogen receptor . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979;;91:812-818.
19 +
Hospital M, Busetta M, Bucourt R, et al.  X-ray crystallography of estrogens and their binding to receptor sites . Mol Pharmacol. 1972;;8:438-445.
20 +
Nedelec L.  Sur l'époxydation des estradienes-5(10),9(11) . Bull Soc Chim Fr. 1970;:2548-2556.
21 +
Bélanger A, Philibert D, Teutsch G.  Regio and stereospecific synthesis of 11β-substituted 19-nor-steroids: influence of 11β-substitution on progesterone receptor affinity . Steroids. 1981;;37:361-383.
22 +
Teutsch G, Ojasoo T, Raynaud JP.  11β-substituted steroids: an original pathway to antihormones . J Steroid Biochem. 1988;;31:549-565.
23 +
Philibert D, Moguilewsky M, Mary I, et al.  Pharmacological profile of RU 486 in animals . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:49-68.
24 +
Evans RM.  The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily . Science. 1988;;240:889-895.
25 +
Teutsch G.  Analogues of RU-486 for the mapping of the progestin receptor: synthetic and structural aspects . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;: 27-47.
26 +
Beato M.  Gene regulation by steroid hormones . Cell. 1989;;56:335-344.
27 +
Green S, Chambon P.  Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation . Trends in Genetics. 1988;;4:309-314.
28 +
Archer TK, Cordingley MG, Marsaud V, et al.  Steroid transactivation at a promoter organized in a specifically- positioned array of nucleosomes . In: Carlstedt-Duke J, Eriksson H, Gustafsson JA, eds. The Steroid/Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family and Gene Regulation . Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag; 1989;:221-238.
29 +
Gase JM, Delahaye F, Baulieu EE.  Compared intracellular localization of the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors: an immunocytochemical study . Exp Cell Res. 1989;;181:492-504.
30 +
Joab I, Radanyi C, Renoir JM, et al.  Immunological evidence for a common non-hormone-binding component in 'nontransformed' chick oviduct receptors of four steroid hormones . Nature. 1984;;308:850-853.
31 +
Baulieu EE, Catelli MG.  Steroid hormone receptors and heat shock protein Mr 90,000 (hsp 90): a functional interaction?  In: Pardue ML, Feramisco JR, Lindquist S, eds. Stress-Induced Proteins . New York, NY: Alan R Liss Inc; 1989;:203-219.
32 +
Pratt WB, Jolly DJ, Pratt DV, et al.  A region in the steroid binding domain determines formation of the non-DNA-binding, 9S glucocorticoid complex . J Biol Chem. 1988;;263:267-273.
33 +
Groyer A, Schweizer-Groyer G, Cadepond F, et al.  Antiglucocorticosteroid effects suggest why steroid hormone is required for receptors to bind DNA in vivo but not in vitro . Nature. 1987;;928:624-626.
34 +
Bayard F, Damilano S, Robel P, et al.  Cytoplasmic and nuclear estradiol and human endometrium . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;;46:635-648.
35 +
Deraedt R, Bonnat C, Busigny M, et al.  Pharmacokinetics of RU 486 . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:103-122.
36 +
Tremblay D, Busigny M, Bonnat C, et al.  Experimental demonstration in the rat of the role played by human al glycoprotein (HAAG) in the nonlinearity of RU-486 pharmacokinetics in women . In: Baumann P, ed. Genetics, Biochemistry, Physiological Functions and Pharmacology of α1-Acid of Glycoprotein . New York, NY: Alan R Liss Inc; 1989;:441-444.
37 +
Csapo AI, Erdos T.  The critical control of progesterone levels and pregnancy by anti-progesterone . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;;126:598.
38 +
Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:353.
39 +
Ulmann A.  Uses of RU 486 for contragestion: an update . Contraception. 1987;;36:27-31.
40 +
Herrman WL, Schindler AM, Wyss R, et al.  Effects of the antiprogesterone RU 486 in early pregnancy and during the menstrual cycle . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:179-198.
41 +
Bygdeman M, Swahn ML.  Progesterone receptor blockage: effect on uterine contractility and early pregnancy . Contraception. 1985;;32:45-51.
42 +
Baird DT, Rodger M, Cameron IT, Roberts I.  Prostaglandins and the interruption of early pregnancy . J Reprod Fertil. 1988;;( (suppl 36) ):173-179.
43 +
Henrion R.  RU 486 abortions . Nature. 1989;; 338:110.
44 +
Messinis IE, Templeton A.  The effect of the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU-486) on maturation an in vitro fertilization of human oocytes . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;;95:592-595.
45 +
Elger W, Beier S, Fähnrich M, et al.  Studies on the mechanisms of action of progesterone antagonists . J Steroid Biochem. 1986;;25:835-845.
46 +
Haspels AA.  Post-coïtal contraception . Bull Med IPPF. 1988;;22:1-3.
47 +
Laffargue F, Boulot P, Lafont L, et al.  RU 486 et déclenchement du travail dans les interruptions du troisiéme trimestre de la grossesse . J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod. 1988;;17:1095-1098.
48 +
Cabrol D, Bouvier d'Yvoire M, Mermet E, et al.  Induction of labour with mifepristone after intrauterine fetal death . Lancet. 1985;;2:1019.
49 +
Wolf JP, Sinosich M, Anderson TL, et al.  Progesterone antagonist (RU 486) for cervical dilation labor induction, and delivery in monkeys: effectiveness in combination with oxytocin . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;;160:45-47.
50 +
Croxatto HB, Salvatierra AM, Romero C, et al.  Late luteal phase administration of RU-486 for three successive cycles does not disrupt bleeding patterns or ovulation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;;65:1272-1277.
51 +
Garzo VG, Liu J, Ulmann A, et al.  Effects of an antiprogesterone (RU-486) on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian-endometrial axis during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;;66:508-517.
52 +
Croxatto HB, Spitz IM, Salvatierra AM, et al.  The demonstration of the antiprogestin effects of RU 486 when administered to the human during HCG-induced pseudopregnancy . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:263-270.
53 +
Nieman LK, Choate TM, Chrousos G.  The progesterone antagonist RU 486: a potential new contraceptive agent . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:187-191.
54 +
Ji G, Gen-Mei Q, Yu-Ming W, et al.  Pregnancy interruption with RU-486 in combination with dl-15-methylprostaglandin-F2α-methyl ester: the Chinese experience . Contraception. 1988;;38:675-683.
55 +
Lähteenmäki P, Alfthan H, Rapeli T, et al.  Late postcoital treatment against pregnancy with antiprogesterone RU 486 . Fertil Steril. 1988;;50:36-38.
56 +
Schaison G, George M, Lestrat N, et al.  Effects of the antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 during midluteal phase in normal women . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;;61:484-489.
57 +
Liu JH, Yen SSC.  Induction of midcycle gonadotropin surge by ovarian steroids in women: a critical evaluation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;;57: 797-802.
58 +
Van Uem JFHM, Hsiu JG, Chillik CF, et al.  Contraceptive potential of RU 486 by ovulation inhibition: I, pituitary versus ovarian action with blockade of estrogen-induced endometrial proliferation . Contraception. 1989;;40:171-184.
59 +
Markwalder TM, Waelti E.  Le méningiome: une tumeur endocrinologique? Méd Hyg. 1989;;47: 1605-1608.
60 +
Romieu G, Maudelonde T, Ulmann A, et al.  The antiprogestin RU-486 in advanced breast cancer: preliminary clinical trial . Bull Cancer. 1987;; 74:455-461.
61 +
Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Kellner C, et al.  Successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;;61:536-540.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Barton DHR.  The principles of conformational analysis . Science. 1970;;169:539-544.
2 +
Djerassi C.  Birth control after 1984 . Science. 1970;;169:941-951.
3 +
Bergström S, Diczfalusy E, Borell U, et al.  Prostaglandins in fertility control . Science. 1972;; 175:1280-1287.
4 +
Lieberman S, Greenfield NJ, Wolfson A.  A heuristic proposal for understanding steroidogenic processes . Endocr Rev. 1981;;5:128-148.
5 +
Jensen EV, Jacobson HI.  Basic guide to mechanism of estrogen action . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1962;;18:387-414.
6 +
Baulieu EE.  Steroid receptors and hormone receptivity: new approaches in pharmacology and therapeutics . JAMA. 1975;;234:404-409.
7 +
Herrmann W, Wyss R, Riondel A, et al.  Effet d'un stéroïde anti-progestérone chez la femme: interruption du cycle menstruel et de la grossesse au début . C R Acad Sci Paris. 1982;;294:933-938.
8 +
Sakiz E, Euvrard C, Baulieu EE.  The antiprogesterone activity of RU 486, a contragestive agent in the human . In: Labrie F, Proulx L, eds. Endocrinology . Princeton, NJ: Excerpta Medica; 1984;:239-242.
9 +
Diczcfalusy E.  Has family planning a future?  In: Diczfalusy E, Bygdeman M, eds. Fertility Regulation Today and Tomorrow . New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986;:3-19.
10 +
Research in Human Reproduction: Biennial Report 1986-1987 . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1988;.
11 +
Milgrom E, Atger M, Baulieu EE.  Progesterone in uterus and plasma, IV: progesterone receptor(s) in guinea pig uterus cytosol . Steroids. 1970;;16:741-754.
12 +
Wiest WG, Rao BR.  Progesterone binding proteins in rabbit uterus and human endometrium . In: Raspé G, ed. Advances in Biosciences 7 . Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press Inc; 1971;:251-266.
13 +
Baulieu EE.  Current approaches to steroid hormone-cell interactions . In: Fuxe K, Hökfelt T, Luft R, eds. Central Regulation of the Endocrine System . New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp; 1979;:239-260.
14 +
Hertz R, Fraps RM, Sebrell WH.  Induction of avidin formation in the avian oviduct by stilbestrol plus progesterone . Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1943;; 52:142-144.
15 +
O'Malley BW, McGuire WL, Kohler PO, et al.  Studies on the mechanism of steroid hormone regulation of synthesis of specific proteins . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1969;;25:105-160.
16 +
Schimke RT, McKnight GS, Shapiro DJ, et al.  Hormonal regulation of ovalbumin synthesis in the chick oviduct . Recent Prog Horm Res. 1975;;31:175-211.
17 +
Harper MJK, Walpole AL.  Contrasting endocrine activities of cis and trans isomers in a series of substituted triphenylethylenes . Nature. 1966;;212: 87.
18 +
Binart N, Catelli MG, Geynet C, et al.  Monohydroxytamoxifen: an antioestrogen with high affinity for the chick oviduct oestrogen receptor . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1979;;91:812-818.
19 +
Hospital M, Busetta M, Bucourt R, et al.  X-ray crystallography of estrogens and their binding to receptor sites . Mol Pharmacol. 1972;;8:438-445.
20 +
Nedelec L.  Sur l'époxydation des estradienes-5(10),9(11) . Bull Soc Chim Fr. 1970;:2548-2556.
21 +
Bélanger A, Philibert D, Teutsch G.  Regio and stereospecific synthesis of 11β-substituted 19-nor-steroids: influence of 11β-substitution on progesterone receptor affinity . Steroids. 1981;;37:361-383.
22 +
Teutsch G, Ojasoo T, Raynaud JP.  11β-substituted steroids: an original pathway to antihormones . J Steroid Biochem. 1988;;31:549-565.
23 +
Philibert D, Moguilewsky M, Mary I, et al.  Pharmacological profile of RU 486 in animals . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:49-68.
24 +
Evans RM.  The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily . Science. 1988;;240:889-895.
25 +
Teutsch G.  Analogues of RU-486 for the mapping of the progestin receptor: synthetic and structural aspects . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;: 27-47.
26 +
Beato M.  Gene regulation by steroid hormones . Cell. 1989;;56:335-344.
27 +
Green S, Chambon P.  Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation . Trends in Genetics. 1988;;4:309-314.
28 +
Archer TK, Cordingley MG, Marsaud V, et al.  Steroid transactivation at a promoter organized in a specifically- positioned array of nucleosomes . In: Carlstedt-Duke J, Eriksson H, Gustafsson JA, eds. The Steroid/Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family and Gene Regulation . Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag; 1989;:221-238.
29 +
Gase JM, Delahaye F, Baulieu EE.  Compared intracellular localization of the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors: an immunocytochemical study . Exp Cell Res. 1989;;181:492-504.
30 +
Joab I, Radanyi C, Renoir JM, et al.  Immunological evidence for a common non-hormone-binding component in 'nontransformed' chick oviduct receptors of four steroid hormones . Nature. 1984;;308:850-853.
31 +
Baulieu EE, Catelli MG.  Steroid hormone receptors and heat shock protein Mr 90,000 (hsp 90): a functional interaction?  In: Pardue ML, Feramisco JR, Lindquist S, eds. Stress-Induced Proteins . New York, NY: Alan R Liss Inc; 1989;:203-219.
32 +
Pratt WB, Jolly DJ, Pratt DV, et al.  A region in the steroid binding domain determines formation of the non-DNA-binding, 9S glucocorticoid complex . J Biol Chem. 1988;;263:267-273.
33 +
Groyer A, Schweizer-Groyer G, Cadepond F, et al.  Antiglucocorticosteroid effects suggest why steroid hormone is required for receptors to bind DNA in vivo but not in vitro . Nature. 1987;;928:624-626.
34 +
Bayard F, Damilano S, Robel P, et al.  Cytoplasmic and nuclear estradiol and human endometrium . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;;46:635-648.
35 +
Deraedt R, Bonnat C, Busigny M, et al.  Pharmacokinetics of RU 486 . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:103-122.
36 +
Tremblay D, Busigny M, Bonnat C, et al.  Experimental demonstration in the rat of the role played by human al glycoprotein (HAAG) in the nonlinearity of RU-486 pharmacokinetics in women . In: Baumann P, ed. Genetics, Biochemistry, Physiological Functions and Pharmacology of α1-Acid of Glycoprotein . New York, NY: Alan R Liss Inc; 1989;:441-444.
37 +
Csapo AI, Erdos T.  The critical control of progesterone levels and pregnancy by anti-progesterone . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;;126:598.
38 +
Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:353.
39 +
Ulmann A.  Uses of RU 486 for contragestion: an update . Contraception. 1987;;36:27-31.
40 +
Herrman WL, Schindler AM, Wyss R, et al.  Effects of the antiprogesterone RU 486 in early pregnancy and during the menstrual cycle . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:179-198.
41 +
Bygdeman M, Swahn ML.  Progesterone receptor blockage: effect on uterine contractility and early pregnancy . Contraception. 1985;;32:45-51.
42 +
Baird DT, Rodger M, Cameron IT, Roberts I.  Prostaglandins and the interruption of early pregnancy . J Reprod Fertil. 1988;;( (suppl 36) ):173-179.
43 +
Henrion R.  RU 486 abortions . Nature. 1989;; 338:110.
44 +
Messinis IE, Templeton A.  The effect of the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU-486) on maturation an in vitro fertilization of human oocytes . Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988;;95:592-595.
45 +
Elger W, Beier S, Fähnrich M, et al.  Studies on the mechanisms of action of progesterone antagonists . J Steroid Biochem. 1986;;25:835-845.
46 +
Haspels AA.  Post-coïtal contraception . Bull Med IPPF. 1988;;22:1-3.
47 +
Laffargue F, Boulot P, Lafont L, et al.  RU 486 et déclenchement du travail dans les interruptions du troisiéme trimestre de la grossesse . J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod. 1988;;17:1095-1098.
48 +
Cabrol D, Bouvier d'Yvoire M, Mermet E, et al.  Induction of labour with mifepristone after intrauterine fetal death . Lancet. 1985;;2:1019.
49 +
Wolf JP, Sinosich M, Anderson TL, et al.  Progesterone antagonist (RU 486) for cervical dilation labor induction, and delivery in monkeys: effectiveness in combination with oxytocin . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;;160:45-47.
50 +
Croxatto HB, Salvatierra AM, Romero C, et al.  Late luteal phase administration of RU-486 for three successive cycles does not disrupt bleeding patterns or ovulation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;;65:1272-1277.
51 +
Garzo VG, Liu J, Ulmann A, et al.  Effects of an antiprogesterone (RU-486) on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian-endometrial axis during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;;66:508-517.
52 +
Croxatto HB, Spitz IM, Salvatierra AM, et al.  The demonstration of the antiprogestin effects of RU 486 when administered to the human during HCG-induced pseudopregnancy . In: Baulieu EE, Segal SJ, eds. The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control . New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1985;:263-270.
53 +
Nieman LK, Choate TM, Chrousos G.  The progesterone antagonist RU 486: a potential new contraceptive agent . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:187-191.
54 +
Ji G, Gen-Mei Q, Yu-Ming W, et al.  Pregnancy interruption with RU-486 in combination with dl-15-methylprostaglandin-F2α-methyl ester: the Chinese experience . Contraception. 1988;;38:675-683.
55 +
Lähteenmäki P, Alfthan H, Rapeli T, et al.  Late postcoital treatment against pregnancy with antiprogesterone RU 486 . Fertil Steril. 1988;;50:36-38.
56 +
Schaison G, George M, Lestrat N, et al.  Effects of the antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 during midluteal phase in normal women . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;;61:484-489.
57 +
Liu JH, Yen SSC.  Induction of midcycle gonadotropin surge by ovarian steroids in women: a critical evaluation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;;57: 797-802.
58 +
Van Uem JFHM, Hsiu JG, Chillik CF, et al.  Contraceptive potential of RU 486 by ovulation inhibition: I, pituitary versus ovarian action with blockade of estrogen-induced endometrial proliferation . Contraception. 1989;;40:171-184.
59 +
Markwalder TM, Waelti E.  Le méningiome: une tumeur endocrinologique? Méd Hyg. 1989;;47: 1605-1608.
60 +
Romieu G, Maudelonde T, Ulmann A, et al.  The antiprogestin RU-486 in advanced breast cancer: preliminary clinical trial . Bull Cancer. 1987;; 74:455-461.
61 +
Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Kellner C, et al.  Successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486 . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;;61:536-540.

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