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September 8, 1989, Vol 262, No. 10 >
ARTICLE | September 8, 1989

Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: Title and subTitle BreakCurrent Status FREE

Antonis S. Manolis, MD; Hassan Rastegar, MD; N. A. Mark Estes, III, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacemaker Laboratory, Box 197, Tufts—New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 (Dr Estes).


JAMA. 1989;262(10):1362-1368. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430100096036
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Article
References

The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator was conceived by Mirowski as an implantable device for detection and termination of ventricular fibrillation. Since the initial human implant of the defibrillator in 1980, there has been a dramatic expansion of the clinical experience with more than 5000 implants. The technology of the device, which is now capable of sensing and terminating both ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, has evolved rapidly. Although still not an ideal antiarrhythmic device, it has already had a major impact on arrhythmic mortality with a marked reduction in the sudden death rates in a high-risk patient population.

(JAMA. 1989;262:1362-1368)

REFERENCES

1 +
Akhtar M, Wolf E, Denker S.  Sudden cardiac death . In: Pollock ML, Schmidt DH, eds. Heart Disease and Rehabilitation . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1986;:115.
2 +
Prystowsky E.  Electrophysiologic-electropharmacologic testing in patients with ventricular arrhythmias . PACE. 1988;;11:225-251.
3 +
Eldar M, Sauve MJ, Scheinman MM.  Electrophysiologic testing and follow-up in patients with aborted sudden death . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;;10:291-298.
4 +
Golstein S, Landis JR, Leighton R, et al.  Predictive survival models for resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with coronary heart disease . Circulation. 1985;;71:873-880.
5 +
Swerdlow CD, Winkle RA, Mason JW.  Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias . N Engl J Med. 1983;;308:1436-1442.
6 +
Akhtar M, Shenasa M, Denker S, et al.  Role of cardiac electrophysiologic studies in patients with unexplained recurrent syncope . PACE. 1983;; 6:192-201.
7 +
Gottlieb C, Josephson ME.  The preference of programmed stimulation-guided therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias . In: Brugada P, Wellens, eds. Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where to Go From Here? Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1987;:421-434.
8 +
Kim SG.  The management of patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias: programmed stimulation or Holter monitoring (either or both)? Circulation . 1987;;76:1-5.
9 +
Mitchell LB, Duff HJ, Manyari DE, Wyse DG.  A randomized clinical trial of the noninvasive and invasive approaches to drug therapy of ventricular tachycardia . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:1681-1687.
10 +
Wilber DJ, Garan H, Finkelstein D, et al.  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: use of electrophysiologic testing in the prediction of long-term outcome . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:19-24.
11 +
Josephson ME, Miller JM, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE.  Nonpharmacologic therapy of ventricular tachycardia . Clin Cardiol. 1988;;11( (suppl 2) ):17-21.
12 +
Swerdlow CD, Mason JW, Stinson EB, Oyer PE, Winkle RA, Derby GC.  Results of operations for ventricular tachycardia in 105 patients . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;;92:105-113.
13 +
Krafchek J, Lawrie GM, Roberts R, Magro SA, Wyndham CRC.  Surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardia: improved results with a map-directed regional approach . Circulation . 1986;; 73:1239-1247.
14 +
Haines DE, Lerman BB, Kron IL, DiMarco JP.  Surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardia with sequential map-guided subendocardial resection: electrophysiologic assessment and long-term follow-up . Circulation . 1988;;77:131-141.
15 +
Miller JM, Kienzle MG, Harken AH, Josephson ME.  Subendocardial resection for ventricular tachycardia: predictors of surgical success . Circulation . 1984;;70:624-631.
16 +
Manolis AS, Rastegar H, Payne D, Cleveland R, Estes NAM III.  Surgical therapy for drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia: results with mapping-guided subendocardial resection . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;;13:1367-1373.
17 +
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, et al.  Clinical performance of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator . PACE. 1984;;7:1345-1350.
18 +
Mirowski M.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: an overview . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;;6:461-466.
19 +
Mirowski M, Mower MM, Staewen WS, Tabatznik B, Mendeloff AI.  Standby automatic defibrillator: an approach to prevention of sudden coronary death . Arch Intern Med. 1970;;126:158-161.
20 +
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, et al.  Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted defibrillator in human beings . N Engl J Med. 1980;;303:322-324.
21 +
Cannom DS, Winkle RA.  Implantation of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD): practical aspects . PACE. 1986;;9:793-809.
22 +
Pannizzo F, Mercando AD, Fisher JD, Furman S.  Automatic methods for detection of tachyarrhythmias by antitachycardia devices . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;11:308-316.
23 +
Winkle RA, Stinson EB, Echt DS, Mead RH, Schmidt P.  Practical aspects of automatic cardioverter/defibrillator implantation . Am Heart J. 1984;;108:1335-1346.
24 +
Thurer RJ, Luceri RM, Bolooki H.  Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: techniques of implantation and results . Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;;42:143-147.
25 +
Bardy GH, Ivey TD, Allen M, Johnson G.  A prospective, randomized evaluation of effect of ventricular fibrillation duration on defibrillation thresholds in humans . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;; 13:1362-1366.
26 +
Marchlinski FE, Flores B, Miller JM, Gottlieb CD, Hargrove WC.  Relation of the intraoperative defibrillation threshold to successful postoperative defibrillation with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Am J Cardiol. 1988;;62:393-398.
27 +
Troup PJ, Chapman PD, Olinger GN, Kleinman LH.  The implanted defibrillator: relation to defibrillating lead configuration and clinical variables to defibrillation threshold . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;;6:1315-1321.
28 +
Bardy GH, Ivey TD, Allen MD, Johnson G, Greene HL.  Evaluation of electrode polarity on defibrillation efficacy . Am J Cardiol. 1989;;63:433-437.
29 +
Kelly PA, Cannom DS, Garan H, et al.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: efficacy, complications and survival in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;142:70-76.
30 +
Guarnieri T, Levine JL, Veltri EP, et al.  Success of chronic defibrillation and the role of antiarrhythmic drugs with the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator . Am J Cardiol. 1987;; 60:1061-1064.
31 +
Veltri EP, Mower MM, Mirowski M.  Ambulatory monitoring of the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator: a practical guide . PACE. 1988;;11:315-325.
32 +
Garan H, Nguyen K, McGovern B, Buckley M, Ruskin JN.  Perioperative and long-term results after electrophysiologically directed ventricular surgery for recurrent ventricular tachycardia . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;;8:201-209.
33 +
Miller JM, Gottlieb CD, Marchlinski FE, Hargrove WC, Josephson ME.  Does ventricular tachycardia mapping influence the success of antiarrhythmic surgery? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;11:112.
34 +
Brandt B, Martins JB, Kienzle MG.  Predictors of failure after endocardial resection for sustained ventricular tachycardia . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;;95:495-500.
35 +
Watkins L, Platia EV, Mower MM, Griffith LSC, Mirowski M, Reid PR.  The treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with combined endocardial resection and implantation of the automatic defibrillator: preliminary report . Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;;37:60-66.
36 +
Platia EV, Griffith LSC, Watkins L, et al.  Treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with endocardial resection and implantation of the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:213-216.
37 +
Fonger JD, Guarnieri T, Griffith LSC, et al.  Impending sudden cardiac death: treatment with myocardial revascularization and the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;;46:13-19.
38 +
Tyers GFO.  Impending sudden cardiac death: treatment with myocardial revascularization and the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;;46:1-2.
39 +
Olinger GN, Chapman PD, Troup PJ, Almassi GH.  Stratified application of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;;96:141-149.
40 +
Manolis AS, Rastegar H, Estes NAM III.  Prophylactic automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator patches in patients at high risk for postoperative ventricular tachyarrhythmias . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;;13:1367-1373.
41 +
Winkle RA, Thomas A.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: the US experience . In: Brugada P, Wellens HJJ, eds. Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where to Go From Here? Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1987;:663-680.
42 +
Roy D, Waxman HL, Kienzle MG, Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Josephson ME.  Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest: relation to inducibility at electrophysiologic testing . Am J Cardiol. 1983;;52:969-974.
43 +
Morady F, DiCarlo L, Winston S, Davis JC, Scheinman MM.  Clinical features and prognosis of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and a normal electrophysiologic study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;;4:39-44.
44 +
Manolis AS, Tbrdjman T, Mack KD, Estes NAM III.  Atypical pulmonary and neurologic complications of amiodarone in the same patient: report of a case and review of the literature . Arch Intern Med. 1987;;147:1805-1809.
45 +
DiCarlo LA, Morady F, Sauve MJ, et al.  Cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients treated with amiodarone for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation: risk stratification based on clinical variables . Am J Cardiol. 1985;;55:372-374.
46 +
Horowitz LN, Greenspan AM, Spielman SR, et al.  Usefulness of electrophysiologic testing in evaluation of amiodarone therapy of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary heart disease . Am J Cardiol. 1985;;55:367-371.
47 +
Manolis AS, Uricchio F, Estes NMA III.  Prognostic value of early electrophysiologic studies for ventricular tachycardia recurrence in patients with coronary artery disease treated with amiodarone . Am J Cardiol. 1989;;63:1052-1057.
48 +
Yazaki Y, Haffajee CI, Gold RL, Bishop RL, Alpert JS.  Electrophysiologic predictors of long-term clinical outcome with amiodarone for refractory ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol. 1987;;60:293-297.
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Trappe H.-J, Daniel WC, Klein H, Frank G, Lichtlen P.  Evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in patients with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . PACE. 1988;;11:1070-1076.
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Antunes ML, Spotnitz HM, Livelli FD, Steinberg JS, Bigger JT.  Effect of electrophysiologic testing on ejection fraction during cardioverter defibrillator implantation . Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;;45:315-318.
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Borbola J, Denes P, Ezri MD, Hauser RG, Serry C, Goldin MD.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: clinical experience, complications, and follow-up in 25 patients . Arch Intern Med. 1988;;142:70-76.
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Mirowski M, Reid PR, Winkle RA, et al.  Mortality in patients with implanted automatic defibrillators . Ann Intern Med. 1983;;98:585-588.
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72 +
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73 +
Veltri EP, Mower MM, Mirowski M, et al.  Clinical outcome of patients with noninducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias and the automatic implantable defibrillator . Circulation . 1986;;74( (suppl 2) ):109.
74 +
Kelly PA, Cannom DS, Garan H, et al.  Predictors of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias . Am J Cardiol. 1988;;62:83-87.
75 +
Luceri RM, Habal SM, Castellanos A, Thurer RJ, Waters RS, Brownstein SL.  Mechanism of death in patients with the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . PACE. 1988;;11(pt (2) ):2015-2022.
76 +
Mercando AD, Furman S, Johnston D, et al.  Survival of patients with the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . PACE. 1988;;11(pt (2) ):2059-2063.
77 +
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78 +
Winkle RA, Bach SM, Mead RH, et al.  Comparison of defibrillation efficacy in humans using a new catheter and superior vena cava spring-left ventricular patch electrodes . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;11:365-370.
79 +
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80 +
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81 +
Manz M, Gerckens U, Funke HD, Kirchhoff PG, Luderitz B.  Combination of antitachycardia pacemaker and automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator for ventricular tachycardia . PACE. 1986;;9:676-684.
82 +
Kral MA, Spotnitz HM, Hordof A, Bigger JT Jr, Steinberg JS, Livelli FD Jr.  Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation for malignant ventricular arrhythmias associated with congenital heart disease . Am J Cardiol. 1989;; 63:118-119.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Akhtar M, Wolf E, Denker S.  Sudden cardiac death . In: Pollock ML, Schmidt DH, eds. Heart Disease and Rehabilitation . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1986;:115.
2 +
Prystowsky E.  Electrophysiologic-electropharmacologic testing in patients with ventricular arrhythmias . PACE. 1988;;11:225-251.
3 +
Eldar M, Sauve MJ, Scheinman MM.  Electrophysiologic testing and follow-up in patients with aborted sudden death . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;;10:291-298.
4 +
Golstein S, Landis JR, Leighton R, et al.  Predictive survival models for resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with coronary heart disease . Circulation. 1985;;71:873-880.
5 +
Swerdlow CD, Winkle RA, Mason JW.  Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias . N Engl J Med. 1983;;308:1436-1442.
6 +
Akhtar M, Shenasa M, Denker S, et al.  Role of cardiac electrophysiologic studies in patients with unexplained recurrent syncope . PACE. 1983;; 6:192-201.
7 +
Gottlieb C, Josephson ME.  The preference of programmed stimulation-guided therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias . In: Brugada P, Wellens, eds. Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where to Go From Here? Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1987;:421-434.
8 +
Kim SG.  The management of patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias: programmed stimulation or Holter monitoring (either or both)? Circulation . 1987;;76:1-5.
9 +
Mitchell LB, Duff HJ, Manyari DE, Wyse DG.  A randomized clinical trial of the noninvasive and invasive approaches to drug therapy of ventricular tachycardia . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:1681-1687.
10 +
Wilber DJ, Garan H, Finkelstein D, et al.  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: use of electrophysiologic testing in the prediction of long-term outcome . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:19-24.
11 +
Josephson ME, Miller JM, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE.  Nonpharmacologic therapy of ventricular tachycardia . Clin Cardiol. 1988;;11( (suppl 2) ):17-21.
12 +
Swerdlow CD, Mason JW, Stinson EB, Oyer PE, Winkle RA, Derby GC.  Results of operations for ventricular tachycardia in 105 patients . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986;;92:105-113.
13 +
Krafchek J, Lawrie GM, Roberts R, Magro SA, Wyndham CRC.  Surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardia: improved results with a map-directed regional approach . Circulation . 1986;; 73:1239-1247.
14 +
Haines DE, Lerman BB, Kron IL, DiMarco JP.  Surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardia with sequential map-guided subendocardial resection: electrophysiologic assessment and long-term follow-up . Circulation . 1988;;77:131-141.
15 +
Miller JM, Kienzle MG, Harken AH, Josephson ME.  Subendocardial resection for ventricular tachycardia: predictors of surgical success . Circulation . 1984;;70:624-631.
16 +
Manolis AS, Rastegar H, Payne D, Cleveland R, Estes NAM III.  Surgical therapy for drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia: results with mapping-guided subendocardial resection . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;;13:1367-1373.
17 +
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, et al.  Clinical performance of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator . PACE. 1984;;7:1345-1350.
18 +
Mirowski M.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: an overview . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;;6:461-466.
19 +
Mirowski M, Mower MM, Staewen WS, Tabatznik B, Mendeloff AI.  Standby automatic defibrillator: an approach to prevention of sudden coronary death . Arch Intern Med. 1970;;126:158-161.
20 +
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, et al.  Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted defibrillator in human beings . N Engl J Med. 1980;;303:322-324.
21 +
Cannom DS, Winkle RA.  Implantation of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD): practical aspects . PACE. 1986;;9:793-809.
22 +
Pannizzo F, Mercando AD, Fisher JD, Furman S.  Automatic methods for detection of tachyarrhythmias by antitachycardia devices . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;11:308-316.
23 +
Winkle RA, Stinson EB, Echt DS, Mead RH, Schmidt P.  Practical aspects of automatic cardioverter/defibrillator implantation . Am Heart J. 1984;;108:1335-1346.
24 +
Thurer RJ, Luceri RM, Bolooki H.  Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: techniques of implantation and results . Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;;42:143-147.
25 +
Bardy GH, Ivey TD, Allen M, Johnson G.  A prospective, randomized evaluation of effect of ventricular fibrillation duration on defibrillation thresholds in humans . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;; 13:1362-1366.
26 +
Marchlinski FE, Flores B, Miller JM, Gottlieb CD, Hargrove WC.  Relation of the intraoperative defibrillation threshold to successful postoperative defibrillation with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Am J Cardiol. 1988;;62:393-398.
27 +
Troup PJ, Chapman PD, Olinger GN, Kleinman LH.  The implanted defibrillator: relation to defibrillating lead configuration and clinical variables to defibrillation threshold . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;;6:1315-1321.
28 +
Bardy GH, Ivey TD, Allen MD, Johnson G, Greene HL.  Evaluation of electrode polarity on defibrillation efficacy . Am J Cardiol. 1989;;63:433-437.
29 +
Kelly PA, Cannom DS, Garan H, et al.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: efficacy, complications and survival in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;142:70-76.
30 +
Guarnieri T, Levine JL, Veltri EP, et al.  Success of chronic defibrillation and the role of antiarrhythmic drugs with the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator . Am J Cardiol. 1987;; 60:1061-1064.
31 +
Veltri EP, Mower MM, Mirowski M.  Ambulatory monitoring of the automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator: a practical guide . PACE. 1988;;11:315-325.
32 +
Garan H, Nguyen K, McGovern B, Buckley M, Ruskin JN.  Perioperative and long-term results after electrophysiologically directed ventricular surgery for recurrent ventricular tachycardia . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;;8:201-209.
33 +
Miller JM, Gottlieb CD, Marchlinski FE, Hargrove WC, Josephson ME.  Does ventricular tachycardia mapping influence the success of antiarrhythmic surgery? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;;11:112.
34 +
Brandt B, Martins JB, Kienzle MG.  Predictors of failure after endocardial resection for sustained ventricular tachycardia . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;;95:495-500.
35 +
Watkins L, Platia EV, Mower MM, Griffith LSC, Mirowski M, Reid PR.  The treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with combined endocardial resection and implantation of the automatic defibrillator: preliminary report . Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;;37:60-66.
36 +
Platia EV, Griffith LSC, Watkins L, et al.  Treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with endocardial resection and implantation of the automatic cardioverter-defibrillator . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:213-216.
37 +
Fonger JD, Guarnieri T, Griffith LSC, et al.  Impending sudden cardiac death: treatment with myocardial revascularization and the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;;46:13-19.
38 +
Tyers GFO.  Impending sudden cardiac death: treatment with myocardial revascularization and the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . Ann Thorac Surg. 1988;;46:1-2.
39 +
Olinger GN, Chapman PD, Troup PJ, Almassi GH.  Stratified application of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;;96:141-149.
40 +
Manolis AS, Rastegar H, Estes NAM III.  Prophylactic automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator patches in patients at high risk for postoperative ventricular tachyarrhythmias . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;;13:1367-1373.
41 +
Winkle RA, Thomas A.  The automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator: the US experience . In: Brugada P, Wellens HJJ, eds. Cardiac Arrhythmias: Where to Go From Here? Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Publishing Co Inc; 1987;:663-680.
42 +
Roy D, Waxman HL, Kienzle MG, Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Josephson ME.  Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest: relation to inducibility at electrophysiologic testing . Am J Cardiol. 1983;;52:969-974.
43 +
Morady F, DiCarlo L, Winston S, Davis JC, Scheinman MM.  Clinical features and prognosis of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and a normal electrophysiologic study . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;;4:39-44.
44 +
Manolis AS, Tbrdjman T, Mack KD, Estes NAM III.  Atypical pulmonary and neurologic complications of amiodarone in the same patient: report of a case and review of the literature . Arch Intern Med. 1987;;147:1805-1809.
45 +
DiCarlo LA, Morady F, Sauve MJ, et al.  Cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients treated with amiodarone for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation: risk stratification based on clinical variables . Am J Cardiol. 1985;;55:372-374.
46 +
Horowitz LN, Greenspan AM, Spielman SR, et al.  Usefulness of electrophysiologic testing in evaluation of amiodarone therapy of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with coronary heart disease . Am J Cardiol. 1985;;55:367-371.
47 +
Manolis AS, Uricchio F, Estes NMA III.  Prognostic value of early electrophysiologic studies for ventricular tachycardia recurrence in patients with coronary artery disease treated with amiodarone . Am J Cardiol. 1989;;63:1052-1057.
48 +
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49 +
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51 +
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52 +
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53 +
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56 +
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57 +
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58 +
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59 +
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60 +
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77 +
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78 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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