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January 27, 1989, Vol 261, No. 4 >
ARTICLE | January 27, 1989

Links Between Cocaine and Retroviral Infection FREE

Stanley H. Weiss, MD
JAMA. 1989;261(4):607-609. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420040145035
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References

In 1981, clinicians and epidemiologists recognized the occurrence of a new syndrome since termed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).1,2 Since then, parenteral and sexual transmission of an agent were implicated.3,4 The subsequent discovery of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as the cause of AIDS, and tests for its reliable detection, revealed epidemic spread of this infectious agent that was more extensive and initially more silent than most observers had guessed.5-7

Intensive epidemiologic studies of homosexual men, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients have been numerous and revealing.4 Analogous research efforts among drug abusers have been somewhat slower to bear fruit.8 In part, this reflects the challenges faced by researchers in enlisting representative samples of drug abusers. Drug abusers are frequently suspicious of "the establishment" and researchers can be perceived as being part of that establishment. Trained interviewers and attention to confidentiality are integral components in obtaining

REFERENCES

1 +
 Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles . MMWR 1981;;30:250-252.
2 +
 Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men— New York City and California . MMWR 1981;;30:305-308.
3 +
Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al:  An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestations of cellular immune dysfunction . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:1431-1438.
4 +
Melbye M:  The natural history of human T lymphotropic virus—III infection: The cause of AIDS . Br Med J 1986;;292:5-12.
5 +
Landesman SH, Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH:  Special report: The AIDS epidemic . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:521-525.
6 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, et al:  Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies: Specificity, sensitivity, and applications . JAMA 1985;;253:221-225.
7 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, et al:  Natural history of HTLV-III seropositive persons from AIDS risk groups . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol , 1985;;4:2.
8 +
Kozel NJ, Adams EH:  Epidemiology of drug abuse: An overview . Science 1986;;234:970-974.
9 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, MacDonald MG, et al:  HTLV-III exposure among drug users . Cancer Res 1985;;45( (suppl) ):4605S-4608S.
10 +
Allison M, Hubbard RL, Cavanaugh ER, et al: Drug abuse treatment process: Descriptions of TOPS methadone, residential, and outpatient drug free programs . Research Triangle Park, NC, Research Triangle Institute, 1983;.
11 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Goedert JJ, et al:  Risk of HTLV-III exposure and AIDS among parenteral drug abusers in New Jersey . Presented at the First International Conference on AIDS, Atlanta, April 16,1985 (oral presentation).
12 +
Marmor M, Des Jarlais DC, Cohen H, et al:  Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City . AIDS 1987;;1:39-44.
13 +
Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, et al:  Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . JAMA 1989;;261:561-565.
14 +
Robert-Guroff M, Weiss SH, Giron JA, et al:  Prevalence of antibodies to HTLV-I, -II, and -III in intravenous drug abusers from an AIDS endemic region . JAMA 1986;;255:3133-3137.
15 +
Chaisson RE, Moss AR, Onishi R, et al:  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Am J Public Health 1987;;77:169-172.
16 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Feiner C, et al:  Prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among intravenous drug users in a methadone program in New York City . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25,1986 .
17 +
Moss AR, Chaisson R, Osmond D, et al:  Control of HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, June 15-16,1988 .
18 +
Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH:  Cocaine and other stimulants: Actions, abuse, and treatment . N Engl J Med 1988;;318:1173-1182.
19 +
Orangio GR, Pitlick SD, Della Latta P, et al:  Soft tissue infections in parenteral drug users . Ann Surg 1984;;199:97-100.
20 +
Goldsmith MF:  Sex tied to drugs = STD spread . JAMA 1988;;260:2009.
21 +
Raymond CA:  Study of IV drug users and AIDS finds differing infection rate, risk behaviors . JAMA 1988;;260:3105.
22 +
Marmor M, Friedman-Kien AE, Laubenstein L, et al:  Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men . Lancet 1982;;1:1083-1086.
23 +
Biggar RJ, Melbye M, Ebbesen P, et al:  Low T-lymphocyte ratios in homosexual men . JAMA 1984;;251:1441-1446.
24 +
Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, et al:  Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: Application in HIV infection . Immunology Today 1969;;9:150-155.
25 +
Fuchs D, Unterweger B, Hausen A, et al:  Anti-HIV antibodies, anti—HTLV-I antibodies and neopterin levels in parenteral drug addicts in the Austrian Tyrol . J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1988;;1:65-66.
26 +
Weiss SH, Margolis IB, Zelnick R, et al:  Mortality, AIDS outcome and immunologic abnormalities among intravenous drug abusers in New York City: A five-year prospective study . Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, (June 2) , 1987;.
27 +
Guynn RW, Biehl K, Merrill DK, et al:  Urinary neopterin in cocaine-abusing individuals , in Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines. Berlin , Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1986;, pp 257-262.
28 +
Hahn BH, Popovic M, Kalyanaraman VS, et al:  Detection and characterization of an HTLV-II provirus in a patient with AIDS , in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1984;, pp 73-81.
29 +
Weiss SH, Saxinger WC, Ginzburg HM, et al:  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and HIV prevalences among U.S. drug abusers . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1987;;6:4.
30 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Saxinger WC, et al:  Emerging high rates of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and HIV infection among U.S. drug abusers . Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June 5,1987 (oral presentation).
31 +
Saxinger C, Moore J, Weiss S, et al:  Retrospective study of HTLV1/HTLV2-related antibody reactivity in U.S. drug abusers . Presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, June 15,1988 (oral presentation).
32 +
Abelson HI, Miller JD:  A decade of trends in cocaine use in the household population . Natl Inst Drug Abuse Res Monogr Ser 1985;;61:35-49.
33 +
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1985 , publication ADM-87-1539. Rockville, Md, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1987;, p 14.

Figures

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
 Pneumocystis pneumonia—Los Angeles . MMWR 1981;;30:250-252.
2 +
 Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men— New York City and California . MMWR 1981;;30:305-308.
3 +
Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al:  An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestations of cellular immune dysfunction . N Engl J Med 1981;;305:1431-1438.
4 +
Melbye M:  The natural history of human T lymphotropic virus—III infection: The cause of AIDS . Br Med J 1986;;292:5-12.
5 +
Landesman SH, Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH:  Special report: The AIDS epidemic . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:521-525.
6 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, et al:  Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies: Specificity, sensitivity, and applications . JAMA 1985;;253:221-225.
7 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, et al:  Natural history of HTLV-III seropositive persons from AIDS risk groups . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol , 1985;;4:2.
8 +
Kozel NJ, Adams EH:  Epidemiology of drug abuse: An overview . Science 1986;;234:970-974.
9 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, MacDonald MG, et al:  HTLV-III exposure among drug users . Cancer Res 1985;;45( (suppl) ):4605S-4608S.
10 +
Allison M, Hubbard RL, Cavanaugh ER, et al: Drug abuse treatment process: Descriptions of TOPS methadone, residential, and outpatient drug free programs . Research Triangle Park, NC, Research Triangle Institute, 1983;.
11 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Goedert JJ, et al:  Risk of HTLV-III exposure and AIDS among parenteral drug abusers in New Jersey . Presented at the First International Conference on AIDS, Atlanta, April 16,1985 (oral presentation).
12 +
Marmor M, Des Jarlais DC, Cohen H, et al:  Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City . AIDS 1987;;1:39-44.
13 +
Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, et al:  Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . JAMA 1989;;261:561-565.
14 +
Robert-Guroff M, Weiss SH, Giron JA, et al:  Prevalence of antibodies to HTLV-I, -II, and -III in intravenous drug abusers from an AIDS endemic region . JAMA 1986;;255:3133-3137.
15 +
Chaisson RE, Moss AR, Onishi R, et al:  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Am J Public Health 1987;;77:169-172.
16 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Feiner C, et al:  Prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among intravenous drug users in a methadone program in New York City . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25,1986 .
17 +
Moss AR, Chaisson R, Osmond D, et al:  Control of HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, June 15-16,1988 .
18 +
Gawin FH, Ellinwood EH:  Cocaine and other stimulants: Actions, abuse, and treatment . N Engl J Med 1988;;318:1173-1182.
19 +
Orangio GR, Pitlick SD, Della Latta P, et al:  Soft tissue infections in parenteral drug users . Ann Surg 1984;;199:97-100.
20 +
Goldsmith MF:  Sex tied to drugs = STD spread . JAMA 1988;;260:2009.
21 +
Raymond CA:  Study of IV drug users and AIDS finds differing infection rate, risk behaviors . JAMA 1988;;260:3105.
22 +
Marmor M, Friedman-Kien AE, Laubenstein L, et al:  Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men . Lancet 1982;;1:1083-1086.
23 +
Biggar RJ, Melbye M, Ebbesen P, et al:  Low T-lymphocyte ratios in homosexual men . JAMA 1984;;251:1441-1446.
24 +
Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, et al:  Neopterin as a marker for activated cell-mediated immunity: Application in HIV infection . Immunology Today 1969;;9:150-155.
25 +
Fuchs D, Unterweger B, Hausen A, et al:  Anti-HIV antibodies, anti—HTLV-I antibodies and neopterin levels in parenteral drug addicts in the Austrian Tyrol . J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1988;;1:65-66.
26 +
Weiss SH, Margolis IB, Zelnick R, et al:  Mortality, AIDS outcome and immunologic abnormalities among intravenous drug abusers in New York City: A five-year prospective study . Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, (June 2) , 1987;.
27 +
Guynn RW, Biehl K, Merrill DK, et al:  Urinary neopterin in cocaine-abusing individuals , in Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines. Berlin , Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1986;, pp 257-262.
28 +
Hahn BH, Popovic M, Kalyanaraman VS, et al:  Detection and characterization of an HTLV-II provirus in a patient with AIDS , in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome . New York, Alan R Liss Inc, 1984;, pp 73-81.
29 +
Weiss SH, Saxinger WC, Ginzburg HM, et al:  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and HIV prevalences among U.S. drug abusers . Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1987;;6:4.
30 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Saxinger WC, et al:  Emerging high rates of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and HIV infection among U.S. drug abusers . Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June 5,1987 (oral presentation).
31 +
Saxinger C, Moore J, Weiss S, et al:  Retrospective study of HTLV1/HTLV2-related antibody reactivity in U.S. drug abusers . Presented at the Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, June 15,1988 (oral presentation).
32 +
Abelson HI, Miller JD:  A decade of trends in cocaine use in the household population . Natl Inst Drug Abuse Res Monogr Ser 1985;;61:35-49.
33 +
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1985 , publication ADM-87-1539. Rockville, Md, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1987;, p 14.

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