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June 16, 1989, Vol 261, No. 23 >
ARTICLE | June 16, 1989

The Inexact Use of Fisher's Exact Test in Six Major Medical Journals FREE

W. Paul McKinney, MD; Mark J. Young, MD; Arthur Hartz, MD, PhD; Martha Bi-Fong Lee, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to the Department of Medicine, Box 135, Milwaukee County Medical Complex, 8700 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226 (Dr McKinney).


JAMA. 1989;261(23):3430-3433. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420230084031
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References

We reviewed the use of Fisher's Exact Test in 71 articles published between 1983 and 1987 in six medical journals. Thirty-three of 56 selected articles did not specify use of a one- or two-tailed test, and 12 (36%) of these actually used the one-tailed test. Five (42%) of these 12 articles contained at least one table in which the standard significance level of P<.05 was no longer met when a two-tailed analysis was run instead. Eleven (65%) of 17 articles with a statistical consultant compared with 10 (28%) of 36 articles without a consultant specified use of a one- or two-sided test. The use of Fisher's Exact Test without specification as a one- or two-tailed version may misrepresent the statistical significance of data. A uniform specification statement should be required for all manuscripts to correct such potential errors in interpretation.

(JAMA. 1989;261:3430-3433)

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Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A, et al.  Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:1229-1232.
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Weissman NJ, Shear MK, Kramer-Fox R, Devereux RB.  Contrasting patterns of autonomic dysfunction in patients with mitral valve prolapse and panic attacks . Am J Med. 1987;;82:880-888.
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Witt DJ, Craven DE, McCabe WR.  Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex . Am J Med. 1987;;82:900-906.
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Sobol RE, Mick R, Royston I, et al.  Clinical importance of myeloid antigen expression in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1987;; 316:1111-1117.
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Surawicz CM, Roberts PL, Rompalo A, Quinn TC, Holmes KK, Stamm WE.  Intestinal spirochetosis in homosexual men . Am J Med. 1987;;82:587-592.
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Sier H, Ouslander J, Orzeck S.  Urinary incontinence among geriatric patients in an acute-care hospital . JAMA. 1987;;257:1767-1771.
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Karp JE, Dick JD, Angelopulos C, et al.  Empiric use of vancomycin during prolonged treatment-induced granulocytopenias . Am J Med. 1986;;81:237-242.
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Yu VL, Muder RR, Poorsattar A.  Significance of isolation of aspergillus from the respiratory tract in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis . Am J Med. 1986;;81:249-254.
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Yu VL, Goetz A, Wagener M, et al.  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on hemodialysis . N Engl J Med. 1986;;315:91-96.
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Mitsuyasu RT, Champlin RE, Gale RP, et al.  Treatment of donor bone marrow with monoclonal anti-T-cell antibody and complement for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease . Ann Intern Med. 1986;;105:20-26.
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Gaston MH, Verter JI, Woods G, et al.  Prophylaxis with oral penicillin in children with sickle cell anemia . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1593-1599.
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Swain CP, Kirkham JS, Salmon PR, Brown SG, Northfield TC.  Controlled trial of Nd-YAG laser photocoagulation in bleeding peptic ulcers . Lancet. 1986;;1:1113-1116.
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Palestine AG, Austin HA, Balow JE, et al.  Renal histopathologic alterations in patients treated with cyclosporine for uveitis . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1293-1298.
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Mayo Smith MF, Hirsch PJ, Wodzinski SF, Schiffman FJ.  Acute epiglottitis in adults: an eightyear experience in the state of Rhode Island . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1133-1139.
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Browne MJ, Hubbard SM, Longo DL, et al.  Excess prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients treated for lymphoma with combination chemotherapy . Ann Intern Med. 1986;;104: 338-344.
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Charlesworth JA, Peake P, Campbell LV, et al.  Detection of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in relatives of patients with type I diabetes . Br Med J. 1986;;292:292-294.
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Mancebo J, Domingo P, Blanch L, Net A, Nolla J.  The predictive value of petechiae in adults with bacterial meningitis . JAMA. 1986;;256:2820.
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Fernandez de Castro J, Valdespino Gomex JL, Diaz Ortega JL, Zarate Aquino ML.  Diploid cell measles vaccine . JAMA. 1986;;256:714.
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Bedell SE, Pelle D, Maher PL, Cleary PD.  Donot-resuscitate orders for critically ill patients in the hospital: how are they used and what is their impact ? JAMA. 1986;;256:233-237.
42 +
Shaw FE Jr, Barrett CL, Hamm R, et al.  Lethal outbreak of hepatitis B in a dental practice . JAMA. 1986;;255:3260-3264.
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Lammer EJ, Cordero JF.  Exogenous sex hormone exposure and the risk for major malformations . JAMA. 1986;;255:3128-3132.
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Simoons ML, Serruys PW, v/d Brand M, et al.  Improved survival after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction . Lancet. 1985;;2:578-581.
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Schiffer RB, Herndon RM, Rudick RA.  Treatment of pathologic laughing and weeping with amitriptyline . N Engl J Med. 1985;;312:1480-1482.
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Lambert HE, Berry RJ.  High dose cisplatin compared with high dose cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (FIGO stages III and IV): report from the North Thames Cooperative Group . Br Med J. 1985;;290: 889-893.
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Dahl-Jorgenson K, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Hanssen KF, Sandvik L, Aagenaes O.  Rapid tightening of blood glucose control leads to transient deterioration of retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the Oslo study . Br Med J. 1985;;290:811-815.
50 +
Davies VA, Rothberg AD, Argent AC, Atkinson PM, Staub H, Pienaar NL.  Precursor prothrombin status in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs . Lancet. 1985;;1:126-128.
51 +
Mann RG.  Why patient participation groups stop functioning: general practitioners' viewpoint . Br J Med. 1985;;290:209-211.
52 +
Hall CB, McBride JT, Gala CL, Hildreth SW, Schnabel KC.  Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease . JAMA. 1985;;254:3047-3051.
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Duncan JJ, Farr JE, Upton SJ, Hagan RD, Oglesby ME, Blair SN.  The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension . JAMA. 1985;;254:2609-2613.
54 +
Fleming DW, Leibenhaut MH, Albanes D, et al.  Secondary Haemophilus influenzae type b in day-care facilities: risk factors and prevention . JAMA. 1985;;254:509-514.
55 +
Fihn SD, Latham RH, Roberts P, Running K, Stamm WE.  Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection . JAMA. 1985;;254:240-245.
56 +
Kennan RL, Boyan CP.  Cardiac arrest due to anesthesia: a study of incidence and causes . JAMA. 1985;;253:2373-2377.
57 +
Hansen JH, Knigge U.  Failure of proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer resistant to cimetidine . Lancet. 1984;;2:84-85.
58 +
Band JD, Fraser DW.  Adverse effects of two rifampicin dosage regimens for the prevention of meningococcal infection . Lancet. 1984;;1:101-102.
59 +
Stern RS, Bigby M.  An expanded profile of cutaneous reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: reports to a specialty-based system for spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions to drugs . JAMA. 1984;;252:1433-1437.
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Goldbert WG, Tomlanovich MC.  Domestic violence victims in the emergency department: new findings . JAMA. 1984;;251:3259-3264.
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Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Colton T. Statistics in Medicine. Boston , Mass: Little Brown & Co Inc; 1974;:164-165.
2 +
Feinstein AR. Clinical Biostatistics . St Louis, Mo: CV Mosby Co; 1977;:312-313.
3 +
Schor S, Karten I.  Statistical evaluation of medical journal manuscripts . JAMA. 1966;;195:1123-1128.
4 +
Glantz SA.  Biostatistics: how to detect, correct and prevent errors in the medical literature . Circulation. 1980;;61:1-7.
5 +
MacArthur RD, Jackson GG.  An evaluation of the use of statistical methodology in the Journal of Infectious Diseases . J Infect Dis. 1984;;149:349-354.
6 +
Pocock SJ, Hughes MD, Lee RJ.  Statistical problems in the reporting of clinical trials . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:426-432.
7 +
Vadaillet HJ Jr, Pressley JC, Henke E, Harrell FE Jr, German LD.  Familial occurrence of accessory atrioventricular pathways (preexcitation syndrome) . N Engl J Med. 1987;;317:65-69.
8 +
Chambers HF, Morris DL, Tauber MG, Modin G.  Cocaine use and the risk for endocarditis in intravenous drug users . Ann Intern Med. 1987;; 106:833-836.
9 +
Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A, et al.  Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:1229-1232.
10 +
Weissman NJ, Shear MK, Kramer-Fox R, Devereux RB.  Contrasting patterns of autonomic dysfunction in patients with mitral valve prolapse and panic attacks . Am J Med. 1987;;82:880-888.
11 +
Witt DJ, Craven DE, McCabe WR.  Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex . Am J Med. 1987;;82:900-906.
12 +
Sobol RE, Mick R, Royston I, et al.  Clinical importance of myeloid antigen expression in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia . N Engl J Med. 1987;; 316:1111-1117.
13 +
Petri M, Rheinschmidt M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Hellmann D, Corash L.  The frequency of lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus . Ann Intern Med. 1987;;106:524-531.
14 +
Surawicz CM, Roberts PL, Rompalo A, Quinn TC, Holmes KK, Stamm WE.  Intestinal spirochetosis in homosexual men . Am J Med. 1987;;82:587-592.
15 +
Collier AC, Meyers JD, Corey L, Murphy VL, Roberts PL, Handsfield HH.  Cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men . Am J Med. 1987;;82:593-601.
16 +
Alvarez S, Shell C, Berk SL.  Pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly men . Am J Med. 1987;;82:602-606.
17 +
Toy PTCY, Strauss RG, Stehling LC, et al.  Predeposited autologous blood for elective surgery . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:517-520.
18 +
Trudinger BJ, Cook CM, Giles WB, Connelly A, Thompson RS.  Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in high-risk pregnancy . Lancet. 1987;; 1:188-190.
19 +
Stael von Holstein CCS, Eriksson SBS, Kallen R.  Tranexamic acid as an aid to reducing blood transfusion requirements in gastric and duodenal bleeding . Br Med J. 1987;;294:7-10.
20 +
Resnick NM, Yalla SV.  Detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile function: an unrecognized but common cause of incontinence in elderly patients . JAMA. 1987;;257:3076-3081.
21 +
Clark DC, Eckenfels EJ, Daugherty SR, Fawcett J.  Alcohol-use patterns through medical school: a longitudinal study of one class . JAMA. 1987;;257:2921-2926.
22 +
Sier H, Ouslander J, Orzeck S.  Urinary incontinence among geriatric patients in an acute-care hospital . JAMA. 1987;;257:1767-1771.
23 +
Bernard KW, Mallonee J, Wright JC, et al:  Preexposure immunization with intradermal human diploid cell rabies vaccine: risks and benefits of primary and booster vaccination . JAMA. 1987;;257: 1059-1063.
24 +
 The Collaborative Study Group of AIDS in Haitian-Americans. Risk factors for AIDS among Haitians residing in the United States: evidence of heterosexual transmission . JAMA. 1987;;257:635-639.
25 +
Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen ER, Deckert T.  Effect of two years of strict metabolic control on progression of incipient nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes . Lancet. 1986;;2:1300-1304.
26 +
Kaplan MM, Alling DW, Zimmerman HJ, et al.  A prospective trial of colchicine for primary biliary cirrhosis . N Engl J Med. 1986;;315:1448-1454.
27 +
Raimes SA, Smirniotis V, Wheldon EJ, Venables CW, Johnston IDA.  Postvagotomy diarrhoea put into perspective . Lancet. 1986;;2:851-853.
28 +
Greene MH, Harris EL, Gershenson DM, et al.  Melphalan may be a more potent leukemogen than cyclophosphamide . Ann Intern Med. 1986;;105:360-367.
29 +
Karp JE, Dick JD, Angelopulos C, et al.  Empiric use of vancomycin during prolonged treatment-induced granulocytopenias . Am J Med. 1986;;81:237-242.
30 +
Yu VL, Muder RR, Poorsattar A.  Significance of isolation of aspergillus from the respiratory tract in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis . Am J Med. 1986;;81:249-254.
31 +
Yu VL, Goetz A, Wagener M, et al.  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on hemodialysis . N Engl J Med. 1986;;315:91-96.
32 +
Mitsuyasu RT, Champlin RE, Gale RP, et al.  Treatment of donor bone marrow with monoclonal anti-T-cell antibody and complement for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease . Ann Intern Med. 1986;;105:20-26.
33 +
Gaston MH, Verter JI, Woods G, et al.  Prophylaxis with oral penicillin in children with sickle cell anemia . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1593-1599.
34 +
Swain CP, Kirkham JS, Salmon PR, Brown SG, Northfield TC.  Controlled trial of Nd-YAG laser photocoagulation in bleeding peptic ulcers . Lancet. 1986;;1:1113-1116.
35 +
Palestine AG, Austin HA, Balow JE, et al.  Renal histopathologic alterations in patients treated with cyclosporine for uveitis . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1293-1298.
36 +
Mayo Smith MF, Hirsch PJ, Wodzinski SF, Schiffman FJ.  Acute epiglottitis in adults: an eightyear experience in the state of Rhode Island . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:1133-1139.
37 +
Browne MJ, Hubbard SM, Longo DL, et al.  Excess prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients treated for lymphoma with combination chemotherapy . Ann Intern Med. 1986;;104: 338-344.
38 +
Charlesworth JA, Peake P, Campbell LV, et al.  Detection of lymphocytotoxic antibodies in relatives of patients with type I diabetes . Br Med J. 1986;;292:292-294.
39 +
Mancebo J, Domingo P, Blanch L, Net A, Nolla J.  The predictive value of petechiae in adults with bacterial meningitis . JAMA. 1986;;256:2820.
40 +
Fernandez de Castro J, Valdespino Gomex JL, Diaz Ortega JL, Zarate Aquino ML.  Diploid cell measles vaccine . JAMA. 1986;;256:714.
41 +
Bedell SE, Pelle D, Maher PL, Cleary PD.  Donot-resuscitate orders for critically ill patients in the hospital: how are they used and what is their impact ? JAMA. 1986;;256:233-237.
42 +
Shaw FE Jr, Barrett CL, Hamm R, et al.  Lethal outbreak of hepatitis B in a dental practice . JAMA. 1986;;255:3260-3264.
43 +
Lammer EJ, Cordero JF.  Exogenous sex hormone exposure and the risk for major malformations . JAMA. 1986;;255:3128-3132.
44 +
Simoons ML, Serruys PW, v/d Brand M, et al.  Improved survival after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction . Lancet. 1985;;2:578-581.
45 +
Jokipii AMM, Hemila M, Jokipii L.  Prospective study of acquisition of Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and gastrointestinal illness . Lancet. 1985;;2:487-489.
46 +
Johnson JT, Yu VL, Best MG, et al.  Nosocomial legionellosis in surgical patients with head-and-neck cancer: implications for epidemiological reservoir and mode of transmission . Lancet. 1985;;2:298-300.
47 +
Schiffer RB, Herndon RM, Rudick RA.  Treatment of pathologic laughing and weeping with amitriptyline . N Engl J Med. 1985;;312:1480-1482.
48 +
Lambert HE, Berry RJ.  High dose cisplatin compared with high dose cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (FIGO stages III and IV): report from the North Thames Cooperative Group . Br Med J. 1985;;290: 889-893.
49 +
Dahl-Jorgenson K, Brinchmann-Hansen O, Hanssen KF, Sandvik L, Aagenaes O.  Rapid tightening of blood glucose control leads to transient deterioration of retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the Oslo study . Br Med J. 1985;;290:811-815.
50 +
Davies VA, Rothberg AD, Argent AC, Atkinson PM, Staub H, Pienaar NL.  Precursor prothrombin status in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs . Lancet. 1985;;1:126-128.
51 +
Mann RG.  Why patient participation groups stop functioning: general practitioners' viewpoint . Br J Med. 1985;;290:209-211.
52 +
Hall CB, McBride JT, Gala CL, Hildreth SW, Schnabel KC.  Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease . JAMA. 1985;;254:3047-3051.
53 +
Duncan JJ, Farr JE, Upton SJ, Hagan RD, Oglesby ME, Blair SN.  The effects of aerobic exercise on plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in patients with mild essential hypertension . JAMA. 1985;;254:2609-2613.
54 +
Fleming DW, Leibenhaut MH, Albanes D, et al.  Secondary Haemophilus influenzae type b in day-care facilities: risk factors and prevention . JAMA. 1985;;254:509-514.
55 +
Fihn SD, Latham RH, Roberts P, Running K, Stamm WE.  Association between diaphragm use and urinary tract infection . JAMA. 1985;;254:240-245.
56 +
Kennan RL, Boyan CP.  Cardiac arrest due to anesthesia: a study of incidence and causes . JAMA. 1985;;253:2373-2377.
57 +
Hansen JH, Knigge U.  Failure of proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer resistant to cimetidine . Lancet. 1984;;2:84-85.
58 +
Band JD, Fraser DW.  Adverse effects of two rifampicin dosage regimens for the prevention of meningococcal infection . Lancet. 1984;;1:101-102.
59 +
Stern RS, Bigby M.  An expanded profile of cutaneous reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: reports to a specialty-based system for spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions to drugs . JAMA. 1984;;252:1433-1437.
60 +
Goldbert WG, Tomlanovich MC.  Domestic violence victims in the emergency department: new findings . JAMA. 1984;;251:3259-3264.
61 +
Band JD, Fraser DW, Ajello G, Hemophilus Influenzae Disease Study Group.  Prevention of Hemophilus influenzae type b disease . JAMA. 1984;;251:2381-2386.
62 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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