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May 26, 1989, Vol 261, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | May 26, 1989

Prospects for Prevention of and Early Intervention Against HIV FREE

Dani P. Bolognesi, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 2926, Durham, NC 27710 (Dr Bolognesi).


JAMA. 1989;261(20):3007-3013. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420200097045
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Article
References

THE IMMUNE response that develops subsequent to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) consists of both humoral and cellular elements that, when assessed in vitro, can inhibit virus infection and lyse virus-infected target cells. If such activities were operative in vivo, one would expect that they would suppress virus replication and virus-induced cytopathic effects. The antiviral immune response may thus represent one of the primary host defense mechanisms responsible for the protracted asymptomatic phase of the disease, which, in most patients, can last several years. An important question to be answered for development of vaccine strategies against HIV is whether this response might be an effective barrier to HIV infection de novo. If the immune response can indeed control the virus even for a limited period, then the issue would not be whether it is possible to mount a protective immune response against HIV, but whether it may be necessary

REFERENCES

1 +
Haseltine WA, Wong-Staal F.  The molecular biology of the AIDS virus . Sci Am. (October) 1988;;259:52-62.
2 +
Allain JP, Laurian Y, Paul DA, Senn D.  Serological markers in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs . Lancet . 1986;;2:1233-1236.
3 +
Redfield RR, Wright DC, Tramont EC.  The Walter Reed staging classification for HTLV-III/ LAV infection . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:131-132.
4 +
Pedersen C, Nielsen CM, Vestergaard BF, Gerstoft J, Krogsgaard K, Nielsen JO.  Temporal relation of antigenaemia and loss of antibodies to care antigens to development of clinical disease in HIV infection . Br Med J. 1987;;295:567-569.
5 +
DeWolf F, Goudsmit J, Paul DA, et al.  Risk of AIDS related complex and AIDS in homosexual men with persistent HIV antigenaemia . Br Med J. 1987;;295:569-572.
6 +
Weber JN, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men: neutralizing sera and association of anti-gag antibody with prognosis . Lancet . 1987;;1:119-122.
7 +
Schafer W, Bolognesi D.  Mammalian C-type oncornaviruses: relationships between viral structural and cell-surface antigens and their possible significance in immunological defense mechanisms . Contemp Top Immunobiol. 1977;;6:127-167.
8 +
Thiel HJ, Schwarz H, Fischinger P, Bolognesi D, Schafer W.  Role of antibodies to murine leukemia virus p15E transmembrane protein in immunotherapy against AKR leukemia: a model for studies in human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:5893-5897.
9 +
Wu AM, Ting RC, Gallo RC.  RNA-directed DNA polymerase and virus-induced leukemia in mice . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1973;;70:1298-1302.
10 +
Ruprecht RM, O'Brien LG, Rossoni LD, Nusinoff-Lehrman S.  Suppression of mouse viraemia and retroviral disease by 3 '-azido-3 '-deoxythymidine . Nature . 1986;;323:467-469.
11 +
Sharpe AH, Jaenish RO, Ruprecht R.  A rapid model for neurovirulence and transplacental antiviral therapy . Science . 1987;;236:1671-1674.
12 +
Tavares L, Roneker C, Johnston K, Nusinoff-Lehrman S, de Noronha F.  3′-azido-3′deoxythymidine in feline leukemia virus-infected cats: a model for therapy and prophylaxis of AIDS . Cancer Res. 1987;;47:3190-3194.
13 +
Archibald DW, Barr CE, Torosian JP, McLane MF, Essex M.  Secretory IgA antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in the parotid saliva of patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex . J Infect Dis. 1987;;155:793-796.
14 +
Robert-Guroff M, Brown M, Gallo RC.  HTLV-III neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex . Nature . 1985;;316:72-74.
15 +
Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Robey WJ, et al.  Restricted neutralization of divergent human T-lymphotropic virus type III isolates by antibodies to the major envelope glycoprotein . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;;83:9709-9713.
16 +
Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Taylor ME, et al.  Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS . Science . 1986;;232:1548-1553.
17 +
Nara PL, Robey WG, Gonda MA, Cater SG, Fischinger PJ.  Absence of cytotoxic antibody to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells in humans and its induction in animals after infection or immunization with purified envelope glycoprotein gp120 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:3797-3801.
18 +
Lyerly HK, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ.  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus IIIB glycoprotein (gp120) bound to CD4 determinants on normal lymphocytes and expressed by infected cells serves as target for immune attack . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:4601-4605.
19 +
Lyerly HK, Reed DL, Matthews TJ, et al.  Anti-GP120 antibodies from HIV seropositive individuals mediate broadly reactive anti-HIV ADCC . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1987;;3:409-422.
20 +
Weinhold KJ, Lyerly HK, Matthews TJ, et al.  Cellular anti-gp120 cytolytic reactivities in HIV-1 seropositive individuals . Lancet . 1988;;1:902-905.
21 +
Howell DN, Andreotti PE, Dawson JR, Cresswell P.  Natural killing target antigens as inducers of interferon: studies with an immunoselected, natural killing-resistant human T lymphoblastoid cell line . J Immunol. 1985;;134:971-976.
22 +
Tyler DS, Nastala CL, Stanley SD, et al.  Gp120 specific cellular cytotoxicity in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: evidence for circulating CD16+ effector cells armed in vivo with cytophilic antibody . J Immunol. 1989;;142:1177-1182.
23 +
Walker BD, Chakrabarti S, Moss B, et al.  HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals . Nature . 1987;;328:345-348.
24 +
Plata F, Autran B, Matrins LP, et al.  AIDS virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders . Nature . 1987;;328:348-351.
25 +
Townsend ARM, Gotch FM, Davey J.  Cytotoxic T-cells recognize fragments of influenza nucleoprotein . Cell . 1985;;42:457-467.
26 +
Holt CA, Osorio K, Lilly F.  Friend virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize both gag and env gene-encoded specificities . J Exp Med. 1986;;164:211-226.
27 +
Dagleish AG, Beverley P, Clapham P, Crawford D, Greaves M, Weiss R.  The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus . Nature . 1984;;312:763-767.
28 +
Klatzmann D, Champagne E, Chamaret S, et al.  T-Lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV . Nature . 1984;;312:767-768.
29 +
McDougal JS, Kennedy MS, Sligh JN, Cort SP, Mawle A, Nicholson JKA.  Binding of HTLV-III/ LAV to T4+ cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule . Science . 1986;;231:382-385.
30 +
Lasky LA, Nakamura G, Smith DH, et al.  Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor . Cell . 1987;;50: 975-985.
31 +
Kowalski M, Potz J, Basiripour L, et al.  Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . Science . 1987;;237:1351-1355.
32 +
Gallaher WR.  Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus . Cell . 1987;;50:327-328.
33 +
Gonzalez-Scarano F, Waxham MN, Ross AM, Hoxie JA.  Sequence similarities between human immunodeficiency virus gp41 and paramyxovirus fusion proteins . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1987;;3:245-252.
34 +
Rusche JR, Lynn DL, Robert-Guroff M, et al.  Humoral immune response to the entire human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein made in insect cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:6924-6928.
35 +
Rusche JR, Javaherian K, McDanal C, et al.  Antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24 amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:3198-3202.
36 +
Palker TJ, Clark ME, Langlois AJ, et al.  Typespecific neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus with antibodies to env-encoded synthetic peptides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:1-5.
37 +
Colonno RJ, Condra JH, Mizutani S, Callahan PL, Davies ME, Murcko MA.  Evidence for the direct involvement of the rhinovirus canyon in receptor binding . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:5449-5452.
38 +
Cease KB, Margalit H, Cornette JL, et al.  Helper T-cell antigenic site identification in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus gp120 envelope protein and induction of immunity in mice to the native protein using a 16-residue synthetic peptide . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:4249-4253.
39 +
Takahashi H, Cohen J, Hosmalin A, et al.  An immunodominant epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp160 recognized by class I major histocompatibility complex molecule-restricted murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:3105-3109.
40 +
Siliciano RF, Lawton T, Knall C, et al.  Analysis of host-virus interactions in AIDS with antigp120 T cell clones: effect of HIV sequence variation and a mechanism for CD4 cell depletion . Cell . 1988;;54:561-575.
41 +
Lanzavecchia A, Roosnek E, Gregory T, Berman P, Agrignani S.  T cells can present antigens such as HIV gp120 targeted to their own surface molecules . Nature . 1988;;334:530-532.
42 +
Berzofsky JA, Bensussan A, Cease KB, et al.  Antigenic peptides recognized by T-lymphocytes from AIDS viral envelope-immune humans . Nature . 1988;;334:706-708.
43 +
Ahearne PM, Matthews TJ, Lyerly HK, White GC, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ.  Cellular immune response to viral peptides in patients exposed to HIV . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1988;;4:259-267.
44 +
Schrier RD, Gnann JW, Langlois AJ, Shriver K, Nelson JA, Oldstone MBA.  B and T lymphocyte responses to an immunodominant epitope of human immunodeficiency virus . J Virol. 1988;;62:2531-2536.
45 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Gartner S.  Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection among laboratory workers . Science . 1988;;239:68-71.
46 +
Gelderblom HR, Reupke H, Pauli G.  Loss of envelope antigens of HTLV-III/LAV, a factor in AIDS pathogenesis? Lancet . 1985;;2:1016-1017.
47 +
Cianciolo GJ, Matthews TJ, Bolognesi DP, Snyderman R.  Macrophage accumulation in mice is inhibited by low molecular weight products from murine leukemia viruses . J Immunol . 1980;;124: 2900-2905.
48 +
Cianciolo GJ, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S, Snyderman RL.  Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;;230:453-455.
49 +
Klasse PJ, Pipkorn R, Blomberg J.  Presence of antibodies to a putatively immunosuppressive part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp41 is strongly associated with health among HIV-positive subjects . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:5225-5229.
50 +
Takeda A, Tuazon CU, Ennis FA.  Antibody-enhanced infection by HIV-1 via Fc receptor-mediated entry . Science . 1988;;242:580-583.
51 +
Robey WG, Safai B, Oroszlan S, et al.  Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients . Science . 1985;;228:593-595.
52 +
Hu SL, Fultz PN, McClure HM, et al.  Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees . Nature . 1987;;328:721-723.
53 +
Staerz UD, Karasuyama H, Garner AM.  Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against a soluble protein . Nature . 1987;;329:449-451.
54 +
Ranki A, Krohn M, Allain JP, et al.  Long latency precedes overt seroconversion in sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection . Lancet . 1987;;2:589-593.
55 +
Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH, et al.  HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy . Nature . 1985;;227:177-182.
56 +
Gollins SW, Porterfield JS.  A new mechanism for the neutralization of enveloped viruses by antiviral antibody . Nature . 1986;;321:244-246.
57 +
Chanh TC, Dreesman GR, Kennedy RC.  Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody mimics the CD4 receptor and binds human immunodeficiency virus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:3891-3895.
58 +
Smith DH, Byan RA, Marsters SA, Gregory T, Groopman JE, Capon DJ.  Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen . Science . 1988;;238:1704.
59 +
Fisher RA, Bertonis JM, Meier W, et al.  HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4 . Nature . 1988;;331:76-77.
60 +
Hussey RE, Richardson NE, Kowalski M, et al.  A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation . Nature . 1988;;331:78-81.
61 +
Deen KC, McDougal JS, Inacker R, et al.  A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection . Nature . 1988;;331:82-83.
62 +
Traunecker A, Luke W, Karjalainen K.  Soluble Cd4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . Nature . 1988;;331:84-86.
63 +
Zagury D, Leonard R, Fouchard M, et al.  Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the AIDS virus . Nature . 1987;;326:249-250.
64 +
Salk J.  Prospects for the control of AIDS by immunizing seropositive individuals . Nature . 1987;;327:473-476.
65 +
Iglehart JD, Weinhold KJ, Ward EC, et al.  Prospects for the immunological management of lethal tumors . Cancer Invest . 1983;;1:409.
66 +
Zagury D, Bernard J, Leonard R, et al.  Long-term cultures of HTLV-III-infected T-cells: a model of cytopathology of T-cell depletion in AIDS . Science . 1985;;231:850-853.
67 +
Chanh TL, Dreesman GR, Kanda P.  Induction of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies by synthetic peptides . EMBO J. 1986;;5:3065-3071.
68 +
Thomas EK, Weber JN, McClure J, et al.  Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the AIDS virus . AIDS. 1988;;2:25-29.
69 +
Ho DD, Kaplan JL, Rackauskas IE, Gurney ME.  Second conserved domain of gp120 is important for HIV infectivity and antibody neutralization . Science . 1988;;239:1021-1023.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Haseltine WA, Wong-Staal F.  The molecular biology of the AIDS virus . Sci Am. (October) 1988;;259:52-62.
2 +
Allain JP, Laurian Y, Paul DA, Senn D.  Serological markers in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs . Lancet . 1986;;2:1233-1236.
3 +
Redfield RR, Wright DC, Tramont EC.  The Walter Reed staging classification for HTLV-III/ LAV infection . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:131-132.
4 +
Pedersen C, Nielsen CM, Vestergaard BF, Gerstoft J, Krogsgaard K, Nielsen JO.  Temporal relation of antigenaemia and loss of antibodies to care antigens to development of clinical disease in HIV infection . Br Med J. 1987;;295:567-569.
5 +
DeWolf F, Goudsmit J, Paul DA, et al.  Risk of AIDS related complex and AIDS in homosexual men with persistent HIV antigenaemia . Br Med J. 1987;;295:569-572.
6 +
Weber JN, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men: neutralizing sera and association of anti-gag antibody with prognosis . Lancet . 1987;;1:119-122.
7 +
Schafer W, Bolognesi D.  Mammalian C-type oncornaviruses: relationships between viral structural and cell-surface antigens and their possible significance in immunological defense mechanisms . Contemp Top Immunobiol. 1977;;6:127-167.
8 +
Thiel HJ, Schwarz H, Fischinger P, Bolognesi D, Schafer W.  Role of antibodies to murine leukemia virus p15E transmembrane protein in immunotherapy against AKR leukemia: a model for studies in human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:5893-5897.
9 +
Wu AM, Ting RC, Gallo RC.  RNA-directed DNA polymerase and virus-induced leukemia in mice . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1973;;70:1298-1302.
10 +
Ruprecht RM, O'Brien LG, Rossoni LD, Nusinoff-Lehrman S.  Suppression of mouse viraemia and retroviral disease by 3 '-azido-3 '-deoxythymidine . Nature . 1986;;323:467-469.
11 +
Sharpe AH, Jaenish RO, Ruprecht R.  A rapid model for neurovirulence and transplacental antiviral therapy . Science . 1987;;236:1671-1674.
12 +
Tavares L, Roneker C, Johnston K, Nusinoff-Lehrman S, de Noronha F.  3′-azido-3′deoxythymidine in feline leukemia virus-infected cats: a model for therapy and prophylaxis of AIDS . Cancer Res. 1987;;47:3190-3194.
13 +
Archibald DW, Barr CE, Torosian JP, McLane MF, Essex M.  Secretory IgA antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in the parotid saliva of patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex . J Infect Dis. 1987;;155:793-796.
14 +
Robert-Guroff M, Brown M, Gallo RC.  HTLV-III neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex . Nature . 1985;;316:72-74.
15 +
Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Robey WJ, et al.  Restricted neutralization of divergent human T-lymphotropic virus type III isolates by antibodies to the major envelope glycoprotein . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;;83:9709-9713.
16 +
Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Taylor ME, et al.  Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS . Science . 1986;;232:1548-1553.
17 +
Nara PL, Robey WG, Gonda MA, Cater SG, Fischinger PJ.  Absence of cytotoxic antibody to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells in humans and its induction in animals after infection or immunization with purified envelope glycoprotein gp120 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:3797-3801.
18 +
Lyerly HK, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ.  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus IIIB glycoprotein (gp120) bound to CD4 determinants on normal lymphocytes and expressed by infected cells serves as target for immune attack . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:4601-4605.
19 +
Lyerly HK, Reed DL, Matthews TJ, et al.  Anti-GP120 antibodies from HIV seropositive individuals mediate broadly reactive anti-HIV ADCC . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1987;;3:409-422.
20 +
Weinhold KJ, Lyerly HK, Matthews TJ, et al.  Cellular anti-gp120 cytolytic reactivities in HIV-1 seropositive individuals . Lancet . 1988;;1:902-905.
21 +
Howell DN, Andreotti PE, Dawson JR, Cresswell P.  Natural killing target antigens as inducers of interferon: studies with an immunoselected, natural killing-resistant human T lymphoblastoid cell line . J Immunol. 1985;;134:971-976.
22 +
Tyler DS, Nastala CL, Stanley SD, et al.  Gp120 specific cellular cytotoxicity in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: evidence for circulating CD16+ effector cells armed in vivo with cytophilic antibody . J Immunol. 1989;;142:1177-1182.
23 +
Walker BD, Chakrabarti S, Moss B, et al.  HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals . Nature . 1987;;328:345-348.
24 +
Plata F, Autran B, Matrins LP, et al.  AIDS virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders . Nature . 1987;;328:348-351.
25 +
Townsend ARM, Gotch FM, Davey J.  Cytotoxic T-cells recognize fragments of influenza nucleoprotein . Cell . 1985;;42:457-467.
26 +
Holt CA, Osorio K, Lilly F.  Friend virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize both gag and env gene-encoded specificities . J Exp Med. 1986;;164:211-226.
27 +
Dagleish AG, Beverley P, Clapham P, Crawford D, Greaves M, Weiss R.  The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus . Nature . 1984;;312:763-767.
28 +
Klatzmann D, Champagne E, Chamaret S, et al.  T-Lymphocyte T4 molecule behaves as the receptor for human retrovirus LAV . Nature . 1984;;312:767-768.
29 +
McDougal JS, Kennedy MS, Sligh JN, Cort SP, Mawle A, Nicholson JKA.  Binding of HTLV-III/ LAV to T4+ cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T4 molecule . Science . 1986;;231:382-385.
30 +
Lasky LA, Nakamura G, Smith DH, et al.  Delineation of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 glycoprotein critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor . Cell . 1987;;50: 975-985.
31 +
Kowalski M, Potz J, Basiripour L, et al.  Functional regions of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . Science . 1987;;237:1351-1355.
32 +
Gallaher WR.  Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus . Cell . 1987;;50:327-328.
33 +
Gonzalez-Scarano F, Waxham MN, Ross AM, Hoxie JA.  Sequence similarities between human immunodeficiency virus gp41 and paramyxovirus fusion proteins . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1987;;3:245-252.
34 +
Rusche JR, Lynn DL, Robert-Guroff M, et al.  Humoral immune response to the entire human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein made in insect cells . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:6924-6928.
35 +
Rusche JR, Javaherian K, McDanal C, et al.  Antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24 amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:3198-3202.
36 +
Palker TJ, Clark ME, Langlois AJ, et al.  Typespecific neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus with antibodies to env-encoded synthetic peptides . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:1-5.
37 +
Colonno RJ, Condra JH, Mizutani S, Callahan PL, Davies ME, Murcko MA.  Evidence for the direct involvement of the rhinovirus canyon in receptor binding . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:5449-5452.
38 +
Cease KB, Margalit H, Cornette JL, et al.  Helper T-cell antigenic site identification in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus gp120 envelope protein and induction of immunity in mice to the native protein using a 16-residue synthetic peptide . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:4249-4253.
39 +
Takahashi H, Cohen J, Hosmalin A, et al.  An immunodominant epitope of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp160 recognized by class I major histocompatibility complex molecule-restricted murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:3105-3109.
40 +
Siliciano RF, Lawton T, Knall C, et al.  Analysis of host-virus interactions in AIDS with antigp120 T cell clones: effect of HIV sequence variation and a mechanism for CD4 cell depletion . Cell . 1988;;54:561-575.
41 +
Lanzavecchia A, Roosnek E, Gregory T, Berman P, Agrignani S.  T cells can present antigens such as HIV gp120 targeted to their own surface molecules . Nature . 1988;;334:530-532.
42 +
Berzofsky JA, Bensussan A, Cease KB, et al.  Antigenic peptides recognized by T-lymphocytes from AIDS viral envelope-immune humans . Nature . 1988;;334:706-708.
43 +
Ahearne PM, Matthews TJ, Lyerly HK, White GC, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ.  Cellular immune response to viral peptides in patients exposed to HIV . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1988;;4:259-267.
44 +
Schrier RD, Gnann JW, Langlois AJ, Shriver K, Nelson JA, Oldstone MBA.  B and T lymphocyte responses to an immunodominant epitope of human immunodeficiency virus . J Virol. 1988;;62:2531-2536.
45 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Gartner S.  Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection among laboratory workers . Science . 1988;;239:68-71.
46 +
Gelderblom HR, Reupke H, Pauli G.  Loss of envelope antigens of HTLV-III/LAV, a factor in AIDS pathogenesis? Lancet . 1985;;2:1016-1017.
47 +
Cianciolo GJ, Matthews TJ, Bolognesi DP, Snyderman R.  Macrophage accumulation in mice is inhibited by low molecular weight products from murine leukemia viruses . J Immunol . 1980;;124: 2900-2905.
48 +
Cianciolo GJ, Copeland TD, Oroszlan S, Snyderman RL.  Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;;230:453-455.
49 +
Klasse PJ, Pipkorn R, Blomberg J.  Presence of antibodies to a putatively immunosuppressive part of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp41 is strongly associated with health among HIV-positive subjects . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;;85:5225-5229.
50 +
Takeda A, Tuazon CU, Ennis FA.  Antibody-enhanced infection by HIV-1 via Fc receptor-mediated entry . Science . 1988;;242:580-583.
51 +
Robey WG, Safai B, Oroszlan S, et al.  Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients . Science . 1985;;228:593-595.
52 +
Hu SL, Fultz PN, McClure HM, et al.  Effect of immunization with a vaccinia-HIV env recombinant on HIV infection of chimpanzees . Nature . 1987;;328:721-723.
53 +
Staerz UD, Karasuyama H, Garner AM.  Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against a soluble protein . Nature . 1987;;329:449-451.
54 +
Ranki A, Krohn M, Allain JP, et al.  Long latency precedes overt seroconversion in sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus infection . Lancet . 1987;;2:589-593.
55 +
Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH, et al.  HTLV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy . Nature . 1985;;227:177-182.
56 +
Gollins SW, Porterfield JS.  A new mechanism for the neutralization of enveloped viruses by antiviral antibody . Nature . 1986;;321:244-246.
57 +
Chanh TC, Dreesman GR, Kennedy RC.  Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody mimics the CD4 receptor and binds human immunodeficiency virus . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:3891-3895.
58 +
Smith DH, Byan RA, Marsters SA, Gregory T, Groopman JE, Capon DJ.  Blocking of HIV-1 infectivity by a soluble, secreted form of the CD4 antigen . Science . 1988;;238:1704.
59 +
Fisher RA, Bertonis JM, Meier W, et al.  HIV infection is blocked in vitro by recombinant soluble CD4 . Nature . 1988;;331:76-77.
60 +
Hussey RE, Richardson NE, Kowalski M, et al.  A soluble CD4 protein selectively inhibits HIV replication and syncytium formation . Nature . 1988;;331:78-81.
61 +
Deen KC, McDougal JS, Inacker R, et al.  A soluble form of CD4 (T4) protein inhibits AIDS virus infection . Nature . 1988;;331:82-83.
62 +
Traunecker A, Luke W, Karjalainen K.  Soluble Cd4 molecules neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . Nature . 1988;;331:84-86.
63 +
Zagury D, Leonard R, Fouchard M, et al.  Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to the AIDS virus . Nature . 1987;;326:249-250.
64 +
Salk J.  Prospects for the control of AIDS by immunizing seropositive individuals . Nature . 1987;;327:473-476.
65 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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