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May 26, 1989, Vol 261, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | May 26, 1989

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and the Pathogenesis of AIDS FREE

Jay A. Levy, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Cancer Research Institute, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128 (Dr Levy).


JAMA. 1989;261(20):2997-3006. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420200087044
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References

THE ACQUIRED immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a newly recognized member of the lentivirus family, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1 This retrovirus family is distinct from the other subfamilies of human retroviruses, the Spumavirinae and Oncovirinae (Table 1). In particular, lentivirus genomes are large and contain several viral genes; the viruses frequently induce cytopathic effects in infected cells, and the disease they cause has a long incubation period resulting in immunologic disorders and neurological disease.2 Lentiviruses have been identified in several other animal species, including horses, sheep, goats, cows, cats, and monkeys.1,2 This finding suggests that a progenitor virus entered the animal kingdom in the distant past and various strains evolved over time within each species. This could be the reason that the primate and human lentiviruses (the simian immunodeficiency virus and HIV) resemble each other.3 Two subtypes of HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, have been

REFERENCES

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Levy JA.  The multifaceted retrovirus . Cancer Res. 1986;;46:5457-5468.
3 +
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4 +
Clavel F, Maninho K, Chamaret S, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in west Africa . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:1180-1185.
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Rabson AB.  The molecular biology of HIV infection: clues for possible therapy . In: Levy JA, ed. AIDS: Pathogenesis and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1989;:231-256.
6 +
Peterlin BM, Luciw PA.  Molecular biology of HIV . AIDS. 1988;;2:s29-s40.
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Gelderblom HR, Hausmann EHS, Ozel M, Pauli G, Koch MA.  Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunolocalization of structural proteins . Virology . 1987;;156:171-176.
8 +
Klatzmann D, Barre-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre M, et al.  Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T-lymphocytes . Science . 1984;;225:59-62.
9 +
Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Dalgleish AG, Exley M, Whitby D, Hogg N.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocytic and T-lymphocytic cells: receptor modulation and differentiation induced by phorbol ester . Virology . 1987;;158:44-51.
10 +
Kikikawa R, Koyanagi Y, Harada S, Kobayashi N, Hatanaka M, Yamamoto N.  Differential susceptibility to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus in cloned cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4 . J Virol. 1986;;57:1159-1162.
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Gallaher WR.  Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus . Cell . 1987;;50:327-328.
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Pauza CD, Price TM.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection of T cells and monocytes proceeds via receptor-mediated endocytosis . J Cell Biol. 1988;;107:959-968.
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Ou C-Y, Kwok S, Mitchell SW, et al.  DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV-1 in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Science . 1988;;239:295-297.
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Luciw PA, Cheng-Mayer C, Levy JA.  Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): the orf-B region down-regulates virus replication . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:1434-1438.
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Bednarik DP, Mosca JD, Raj NBK.  Methylation as a modulator of expression of human immunodeficiency virus . J Virol. 1987;;61:1253-1257.
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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Levy JA.  The human immunodeficiency viruses: detection and pathogenesis . In: Levy JA, ed. AIDS: Pathogenesis and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1989;:159-230.
2 +
Levy JA.  The multifaceted retrovirus . Cancer Res. 1986;;46:5457-5468.
3 +
Clavel F, Guetard D, Brun-Vezinet F, et al.  Isolation of a new human retrovirus from west African patients with AIDS . Science . 1986;;233:343-346.
4 +
Clavel F, Maninho K, Chamaret S, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in west Africa . N Engl J Med. 1987;;316:1180-1185.
5 +
Rabson AB.  The molecular biology of HIV infection: clues for possible therapy . In: Levy JA, ed. AIDS: Pathogenesis and Treatment . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1989;:231-256.
6 +
Peterlin BM, Luciw PA.  Molecular biology of HIV . AIDS. 1988;;2:s29-s40.
7 +
Gelderblom HR, Hausmann EHS, Ozel M, Pauli G, Koch MA.  Fine structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunolocalization of structural proteins . Virology . 1987;;156:171-176.
8 +
Klatzmann D, Barre-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre M, et al.  Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T-lymphocytes . Science . 1984;;225:59-62.
9 +
Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Dalgleish AG, Exley M, Whitby D, Hogg N.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection of monocytic and T-lymphocytic cells: receptor modulation and differentiation induced by phorbol ester . Virology . 1987;;158:44-51.
10 +
Kikikawa R, Koyanagi Y, Harada S, Kobayashi N, Hatanaka M, Yamamoto N.  Differential susceptibility to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus in cloned cells of human leukemic T-cell line Molt-4 . J Virol. 1986;;57:1159-1162.
11 +
Maddon PJ, Dalgleish AG, McDougal JS, Clapham PR, Weiss RA, Axel R.  The T4 gene encodes the AIDS virus receptor and is expressed in the immune system and the brain . Cell . 1986;;47:333-348.
12 +
Gallaher WR.  Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus . Cell . 1987;;50:327-328.
13 +
Pauza CD, Price TM.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection of T cells and monocytes proceeds via receptor-mediated endocytosis . J Cell Biol. 1988;;107:959-968.
14 +
Ou C-Y, Kwok S, Mitchell SW, et al.  DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV-1 in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Science . 1988;;239:295-297.
15 +
Farzadegan H, Polis MA, Wolinsky SM, et al.  Loss of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies with evidence of viral infection in asymptomatic homosexual men . Ann Intern Med. 1988;;108:785-790.
16 +
Folks T, Powell DM, Lightfoote MM, Benn S, Martin MA, Fauci AS.  Induction of HTLV-III/ LAV from a non virus-producing T cell line: implications for latency . Science . 1986;;231:600-602.
17 +
Luciw PA, Cheng-Mayer C, Levy JA.  Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): the orf-B region down-regulates virus replication . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;;84:1434-1438.
18 +
Bednarik DP, Mosca JD, Raj NBK.  Methylation as a modulator of expression of human immunodeficiency virus . J Virol. 1987;;61:1253-1257.
19 +
Rosenberg ZF, Fauci AS.  Induction of expression of HIV in latently or chronically infected cells . AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses . 1989;;5:1-4.
20 +
Margolick JB, Volkman DJ, Folks TM, Fauci AS.  Amplification of HTLV-III/LAV infection by antigen-induced activation of T cells and direct suppression by virus of lymphocyte blastogenic responses . J Immunol. 1987;;138:1719-1723.
21 +
Guy B, Kieny MP, Riviere Y, et al.  HIV F/3 orf encodes a phosphorylated GPT-binding protein resembling an oncogene product . Nature . 1987;;330: 266-269.
22 +
Ahmad N, Venkatesan S.  nef protein of HIV-1 is a transcriptional repressor of HIV-1 LTR . Science . 1988;;241:1481-1485.
23 +
Nabel G, Baltimore D.  An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells . Nature . 1987;;326:711-713.
24 +
Garcia JA, Wu FK, Mitsuyasu R, Gaynor RB.  Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus . EMBO J. 1987;;6:3716-3717.
25 +
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