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May 12, 1989, Vol 261, No. 18 >
ARTICLE | May 12, 1989

Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Intravenous Drug Users in the United States FREE

Robert A. Hahn, PhD, MPH; Ida M. Onorato, MD; T. Stephen Jones, MD, MPH; John Dougherty, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

The opinions expressed are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, any other part of the US Department of Health and Human Services, or the Veterans Administration.

Reprint requests to Technical Information Services, Center for Prevention Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.


JAMA. 1989;261(18):2677-2684. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420180101039
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Article
References

We reviewed 92 published and unpublished studies of the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the United States. Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among IVDUs in drug treatment programs in the United States ranged from 0% to 65%. Seroprevalence was highest in the Northeast (10% to 65%) and Puerto Rico (45%to 59%); lower in the South Atlantic (7% to 29%) and in the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Ga (10%), Detroit, Mich (7% to 13%), and San Francisco, Calif (7% to 13%); and 5% or less in other areas of the West, the Midwest, and the South. Among IVDUs seen in drug treatment programs, risk of infection was not associated with gender or age but was associated with black and Hispanic ethnicity, male homosexual orientation, and certain intravenous drug—use practices. Cross-sectional and cohort studies indicated increases in seroprevalence of between 0% and 14% per year among IVDUs in treatment. We estimated that between 61 000 and 398 000 IVDUs in the United States were infected with human immunodeficiency virus, or 5% to 33% of the IVDU population. High rates of infection among IVDUs in treatment in the Northeast indicate the potential for rapid spread in regions where rates are currently low. An urgent need exists to monitor human immunodeficiency virus infection levels and trends more widely and to develop effective programs to reduce the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection among IVDUs.

(JAMA. 1989;261:2677-2684)

REFERENCES

1 +
Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al.  An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestations of cellular immune dysfunction . N Engl J Med. 1981;;305:1431-1436.
2 +
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al.  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Science. 1983;;220:868-871.
3 +
Chaisson RE, Moss AR, Onishi R, Osmond D, Carlson JR.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Am J Public Health. 1987;;77:169-172.
4 +
Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA, Moss AR.  Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . JAMA . 1989;;261:561-565.
5 +
Marmor M, Des Jarlais DC, Cohen H, et al.  Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City . AIDS . 1987;;1:39-44.
6 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Goedert JJ, et al.  Risk for HTLV-III exposure and AIDS among parenteral drug abusers in New Jersey . Presented at the First International AIDS Meeting; April 16, 1985; Atlanta, Ga .
7 +
AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report—United States . Atlanta, Ga: AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control; (January 2) , 1989;.
8 +
Hardy AM, Allen JR, Morgan WM, Curran JW.  The incidence rate of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in selected populations . JAMA . 1985;; 253:215-220.
9 +
Rogers MF, Thomas PA, Starcher ET, Noa MC, Bush TJ, Jaffe HW.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children: report of the Centers for Disease Control National Surveillance, 1982 to 1985 . Pediatrics. 1987;;79:1008-1014.
10 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among blacks and Hispanics—United States . MMWR . 1986;;35:655-658,663-666.
11 +
Selik RM, Castro KG, Pappaioanou M.  Racial/ ethnic differences in the risk of AIDS in the United States . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:1539-1545.
12 +
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1985 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
13 +
Kozel NJ, Adams EH.  Epidemiology of drug abuse: an overview . Science . 1986;;234:970-974.
14 +
Butynski W, Record N, Bruhn P, Canova D. State Resources and Services Related to Alcohol and Drug Abuse Problems: Fiscal Year 1986 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
15 +
Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Drug Use of Clients Admitted to Drug Abuse Treatment Programs in Selected States: Annual Data 1985 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
16 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, et al.  The geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:443.
17 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, Hubbard RL, et al.  Needle and syringe sharing among parenteral drug users in high, moderate, and low HTLV-III seroprevalence regions in the United States . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France .
18 +
Friedland GH, Harris C, Buktus-Small C, et al.  Intravenous drug abusers and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): demographic, drug use, and needle-sharing patterns . Arch Intern Med. 1985;;145:1413-1417.
19 +
Belongia EA, Golubjatnikov R, McClellan-Tilson R, Wiesen RL, Vergeront JM, Davis JP.  Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence and drug using behavior in Milwaukee intravenous drug abusers . J AIDS. 1988;;1:381-385.
20 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR.  HIV infection among intravenous drug users: epidemiology and risk reduction . AIDS . 1987;;1:67-76.
21 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, Kaistha V, Kaczaniuk MA, Jaffe JH.  HIV infection in Baltimore: antibody seroprevalence rates among parenteral drug users and prostitutes . Md State Med J. 1987;;36:757-761.
22 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Update—serologic testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus . MMWR . 1988;;36:833-840.
23 +
Perez Sanchez G.  Acquired immune deficiency and minority issues . Presented at the Third Annual Northeast Regional Methadone Conference; December 1986; Baltimore, Md.
24 +
Peterson LR, D'Aquila R, Williams AB, Williams AE.  Race/ethnicity as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in Connecticut intravenous drug users . Presented at the American Public Health Association Meeting; October 1987; New Orleans, La.
25 +
Weiss SM, Ginzburg MH, Altman R, et al.  Risk factors for HTLV-III/LAV infection and the development of AIDS among drug abusers (DA) . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France .
26 +
Klimas NG, Lian E, Fischl MA, Fletcher MA.  Apparent false-positive ELISA tests for HTLVIII/LAV antibody (AB) and polyclonal B cell activation (PCBA) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk groups . Presented at the Second International AIDS Meeting; June 1986; Paris, France .
27 +
Wendt D, Sedowski L, Markowitz N, Saravolatz L.  Prevention of serum antibody to HIV among hospitalized IVDAs in a low risk geographic area . J Infect Dis. 1987;;155:151-152.
28 +
Watters JK, Cheng Y-T.  HIV-1 infection and risk among intravenous drug users in San Francisco: preliminary results and implications . Contemp Drug Problems. 1987;;14:399-410.
29 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Marmor M, et al.  Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential cofactors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users . AIDS . 1987;;1:105-111.
30 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Klein RS, Davenny K, Friedland GN.  HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug abusers: rates and risk factors . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 3,1987; Washington, DC .
31 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Novick DM, et al.  HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987 . JAMA . 1989;;261:1008-1012.
32 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Klein RS, et al.  Prevalence of and risk factors associated with HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among IVDAs in methadone program in New York City . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France . Abstract 198.
33 +
Lieb L, Mascola L, Woodard L, et al.  Prevalence of HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in Los Angeles . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4,1987; Washington, DC .
34 +
Des Jarlais DC, Wish E, Friedman SR, et al.  Intravenous drug use and the heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: current trends in New York City . NY State J Med. 1987;;1:283-286.
35 +
Seligman PJ, Campbell RJ, Keeler GP, Halpin TJ.  HIV seropositivity in IV drug users in Ohio . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:720.
36 +
Abdul-Quader AS, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Marmor MM, Maslansky R, Bartelme S.  Methadone maintenance and behavior by intravenous drug users that can transmit HIV . Contemp Drug Problems. 1988;;14:425-434.
37 +
Landesman SH, Minkoff H, Holman S, McCalla S, Sijin O.  Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in parturients . JAMA. 1987;;258:2701.
38 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States—a review of current knowledge . MMWR . 1987;; 36( (suppl) ):1S.
39 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, MacDonald MG, Hubbard RL.  HTLV-III exposure among drug users . Cancer Res. 1985;;45( (suppl) ):4605S-4608S.
40 +
Dondero TJ, Pappaioanou M, Curran JW.  Monitoring the levels and trends of HIV infection: the Public Health Service HIV Surveillance Program . Public Health Rep. 1988;;103:213-220.
41 +
Levy N, Carlson JR, Hinrichs S, Lerche N, Schenker M, Gardner MB.  The prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among intravenous drug users attending treatment programs in California: a preliminary report . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:447.
42 +
Douglas JM, Neff PT, Cohn DL, Judson FN.  Prevalence of HTLV-III in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) . Presented at the 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 1, 1986; New Orleans, La .
43 +
Marlink RG, Foss B, Swift R, Davis W, Essex M, Groopman J.  High rate of HTLV-III/LAV exposure in IVDAs from a small-sized city and the failure of specialized methadone maintenance to prevent further drug use . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4, 1987; Washington, DC .
44 +
Moye J Jr, Day JM, Kunches LM, Mofenson LM.  Difference between sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic-based counseling and testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and an anonymous alternative testing system (ATS) . Presented at the 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 25, 1988; Los Angeles, Calif .
45 +
Johnson JP, Alger L, Nair P, Watkins S, Jett K, Alexander S.  HIV screening in the high risk obstetric population and infant serologic analysis . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 1,1987; Washington, DC .
46 +
Quinn TC, Glasser D, Cannon RO, Matuszak DL, Dunning RW, Kline RL.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:197-203.
47 +
Carlson GA, McCLellan TA.  The voluntary acceptance of HIV-antibody screening by intravenous drug users . Public Health Rep. 1987;;102:391-394.
48 +
Abdul-Quader AS, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Maslansky R, Bartelme S.  Behavior by intravenous drug users that can transmit HIV . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 1,1987; Washington, DC .
49 +
Wallace JI, Borek E, Buschman FL, Mann J, Solomon S, Sharma OK.  Elevated urinary excretion of modified nucleosides in HIV positive asymptomatic women in a methadone maintenance program . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4,1987; Washington, DC .
50 +
Chiasson MA, Stoneburner RL, Lifson AR, et al.  HIV infection in persons attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in New York City . Presented at the 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 6,1987; New York, NY . Abstract 694.
51 +
Black JL, Dolan MP, Skinner JR, Shorey J, DeFord HA.  Assessment of AIDS risk among treatment seeking drug abusers . Presented at the Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 1987; New York, NY .

Figures

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Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al.  An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestations of cellular immune dysfunction . N Engl J Med. 1981;;305:1431-1436.
2 +
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al.  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Science. 1983;;220:868-871.
3 +
Chaisson RE, Moss AR, Onishi R, Osmond D, Carlson JR.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco . Am J Public Health. 1987;;77:169-172.
4 +
Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA, Moss AR.  Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco . JAMA . 1989;;261:561-565.
5 +
Marmor M, Des Jarlais DC, Cohen H, et al.  Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City . AIDS . 1987;;1:39-44.
6 +
Weiss SH, Ginzburg HM, Goedert JJ, et al.  Risk for HTLV-III exposure and AIDS among parenteral drug abusers in New Jersey . Presented at the First International AIDS Meeting; April 16, 1985; Atlanta, Ga .
7 +
AIDS Weekly Surveillance Report—United States . Atlanta, Ga: AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control; (January 2) , 1989;.
8 +
Hardy AM, Allen JR, Morgan WM, Curran JW.  The incidence rate of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in selected populations . JAMA . 1985;; 253:215-220.
9 +
Rogers MF, Thomas PA, Starcher ET, Noa MC, Bush TJ, Jaffe HW.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children: report of the Centers for Disease Control National Surveillance, 1982 to 1985 . Pediatrics. 1987;;79:1008-1014.
10 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among blacks and Hispanics—United States . MMWR . 1986;;35:655-658,663-666.
11 +
Selik RM, Castro KG, Pappaioanou M.  Racial/ ethnic differences in the risk of AIDS in the United States . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:1539-1545.
12 +
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates 1985 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
13 +
Kozel NJ, Adams EH.  Epidemiology of drug abuse: an overview . Science . 1986;;234:970-974.
14 +
Butynski W, Record N, Bruhn P, Canova D. State Resources and Services Related to Alcohol and Drug Abuse Problems: Fiscal Year 1986 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
15 +
Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Drug Use of Clients Admitted to Drug Abuse Treatment Programs in Selected States: Annual Data 1985 . Rockville, Md: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1987;.
16 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, et al.  The geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:443.
17 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, Hubbard RL, et al.  Needle and syringe sharing among parenteral drug users in high, moderate, and low HTLV-III seroprevalence regions in the United States . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France .
18 +
Friedland GH, Harris C, Buktus-Small C, et al.  Intravenous drug abusers and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): demographic, drug use, and needle-sharing patterns . Arch Intern Med. 1985;;145:1413-1417.
19 +
Belongia EA, Golubjatnikov R, McClellan-Tilson R, Wiesen RL, Vergeront JM, Davis JP.  Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence and drug using behavior in Milwaukee intravenous drug abusers . J AIDS. 1988;;1:381-385.
20 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR.  HIV infection among intravenous drug users: epidemiology and risk reduction . AIDS . 1987;;1:67-76.
21 +
Lange WR, Snyder FR, Lozovsky D, Kaistha V, Kaczaniuk MA, Jaffe JH.  HIV infection in Baltimore: antibody seroprevalence rates among parenteral drug users and prostitutes . Md State Med J. 1987;;36:757-761.
22 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Update—serologic testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus . MMWR . 1988;;36:833-840.
23 +
Perez Sanchez G.  Acquired immune deficiency and minority issues . Presented at the Third Annual Northeast Regional Methadone Conference; December 1986; Baltimore, Md.
24 +
Peterson LR, D'Aquila R, Williams AB, Williams AE.  Race/ethnicity as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in Connecticut intravenous drug users . Presented at the American Public Health Association Meeting; October 1987; New Orleans, La.
25 +
Weiss SM, Ginzburg MH, Altman R, et al.  Risk factors for HTLV-III/LAV infection and the development of AIDS among drug abusers (DA) . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France .
26 +
Klimas NG, Lian E, Fischl MA, Fletcher MA.  Apparent false-positive ELISA tests for HTLVIII/LAV antibody (AB) and polyclonal B cell activation (PCBA) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk groups . Presented at the Second International AIDS Meeting; June 1986; Paris, France .
27 +
Wendt D, Sedowski L, Markowitz N, Saravolatz L.  Prevention of serum antibody to HIV among hospitalized IVDAs in a low risk geographic area . J Infect Dis. 1987;;155:151-152.
28 +
Watters JK, Cheng Y-T.  HIV-1 infection and risk among intravenous drug users in San Francisco: preliminary results and implications . Contemp Drug Problems. 1987;;14:399-410.
29 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Marmor M, et al.  Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential cofactors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users . AIDS . 1987;;1:105-111.
30 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Klein RS, Davenny K, Friedland GN.  HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug abusers: rates and risk factors . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 3,1987; Washington, DC .
31 +
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Novick DM, et al.  HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987 . JAMA . 1989;;261:1008-1012.
32 +
Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Klein RS, et al.  Prevalence of and risk factors associated with HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among IVDAs in methadone program in New York City . Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS; June 1986; Paris, France . Abstract 198.
33 +
Lieb L, Mascola L, Woodard L, et al.  Prevalence of HIV antibodies among intravenous drug users in Los Angeles . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4,1987; Washington, DC .
34 +
Des Jarlais DC, Wish E, Friedman SR, et al.  Intravenous drug use and the heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: current trends in New York City . NY State J Med. 1987;;1:283-286.
35 +
Seligman PJ, Campbell RJ, Keeler GP, Halpin TJ.  HIV seropositivity in IV drug users in Ohio . Am J Public Health. 1988;;78:720.
36 +
Abdul-Quader AS, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Marmor MM, Maslansky R, Bartelme S.  Methadone maintenance and behavior by intravenous drug users that can transmit HIV . Contemp Drug Problems. 1988;;14:425-434.
37 +
Landesman SH, Minkoff H, Holman S, McCalla S, Sijin O.  Serosurvey of human immunodeficiency virus infection in parturients . JAMA. 1987;;258:2701.
38 +
Centers for Disease Control.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States—a review of current knowledge . MMWR . 1987;; 36( (suppl) ):1S.
39 +
Ginzburg HM, Weiss SH, MacDonald MG, Hubbard RL.  HTLV-III exposure among drug users . Cancer Res. 1985;;45( (suppl) ):4605S-4608S.
40 +
Dondero TJ, Pappaioanou M, Curran JW.  Monitoring the levels and trends of HIV infection: the Public Health Service HIV Surveillance Program . Public Health Rep. 1988;;103:213-220.
41 +
Levy N, Carlson JR, Hinrichs S, Lerche N, Schenker M, Gardner MB.  The prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies among intravenous drug users attending treatment programs in California: a preliminary report . N Engl J Med. 1986;;314:447.
42 +
Douglas JM, Neff PT, Cohn DL, Judson FN.  Prevalence of HTLV-III in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) . Presented at the 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 1, 1986; New Orleans, La .
43 +
Marlink RG, Foss B, Swift R, Davis W, Essex M, Groopman J.  High rate of HTLV-III/LAV exposure in IVDAs from a small-sized city and the failure of specialized methadone maintenance to prevent further drug use . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4, 1987; Washington, DC .
44 +
Moye J Jr, Day JM, Kunches LM, Mofenson LM.  Difference between sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic-based counseling and testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and an anonymous alternative testing system (ATS) . Presented at the 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 25, 1988; Los Angeles, Calif .
45 +
Johnson JP, Alger L, Nair P, Watkins S, Jett K, Alexander S.  HIV screening in the high risk obstetric population and infant serologic analysis . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 1,1987; Washington, DC .
46 +
Quinn TC, Glasser D, Cannon RO, Matuszak DL, Dunning RW, Kline RL.  Human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases . N Engl J Med. 1988;;318:197-203.
47 +
Carlson GA, McCLellan TA.  The voluntary acceptance of HIV-antibody screening by intravenous drug users . Public Health Rep. 1987;;102:391-394.
48 +
Abdul-Quader AS, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Maslansky R, Bartelme S.  Behavior by intravenous drug users that can transmit HIV . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 1,1987; Washington, DC .
49 +
Wallace JI, Borek E, Buschman FL, Mann J, Solomon S, Sharma OK.  Elevated urinary excretion of modified nucleosides in HIV positive asymptomatic women in a methadone maintenance program . Presented at the Third International AIDS Meeting; June 4,1987; Washington, DC .
50 +
Chiasson MA, Stoneburner RL, Lifson AR, et al.  HIV infection in persons attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in New York City . Presented at the 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; October 6,1987; New York, NY . Abstract 694.
51 +
Black JL, Dolan MP, Skinner JR, Shorey J, DeFord HA.  Assessment of AIDS risk among treatment seeking drug abusers . Presented at the Convention of the American Psychological Association; August 1987; New York, NY .

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