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ARTICLE |

Drowning, Near-Drowning, and Ice-Water Drowning FREE

James P. Orlowski, MD
JAMA. 1988;260(3):390-391. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410030106040
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Drowning has become an accident of affluence. As pointed out in the article by O'Carroll et AL1 in this issue of THE JOURNAL, close to 50% of all drowning accidents in Los Angeles County occur in swimming pools. Drowning is now the second leading cause of accidental death in children and the second leading cause of years of potential life lost. For all causes of death in children, drowning is exceeded only by motor vehicle accidents and cancer.2 As impressive as these figures are, mortality data fail to reflect the large toll in morbidity from anoxic brain damage caused by near-drowning accidents. It is estimated that one third of all survivors are moderately to severely neurologically damaged.3 Hospitalization for near-drowning occurs five times more frequently than for drownings, and near-drowning accidents are estimated to be 500 to 600 times more common than their fatal counterpart.

The vast

REFERENCES

O'Carroll PW, Alkon E, Weiss B:  Drowning mortality in Los Angeles County, 1976 to 1984 . JAMA 1988;;260:380-383.
Baker SP, O'Neill B, Karpf RS:  Drowning , in Injury Fact Book . Lexington, Mass, Lexington Books, 1984;, pp 155-165.
Cavalier S: Drownings, in National Pool and Spa Safety Conference . Washington, DC, US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1985;, pp 9-12.
Pearn J, Nixon J:  Prevention of childhood drowning accidents . Med J Aust 1977;;1:616-618.
Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, et al:  The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes . JAMA 1988;;260:377-379.
OrlowskiJP:  Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water submersions . Pediatr Clin North Am 1987;;34:75-92.
Young RSK, Zalneraitis EL, Dooling EC:  Neurological outcome in cold water drowning . JAMA 1980;;244:1233-1235.
Wind J:  Survival after drowning . Lancet 1975;;2:656-657.
Hayward JS, Hay C, Mathews BR, et al:  Temperature effect on the human dive response in relation to cold water near-drowning . J Appl Physiol 1984;;56:202-206.
Ramey CA, Ramey DN, Hayward JS:  Dive response of children in relation to cold water near-drowning . J Appl Physiol 1987;;63:665-668.
Falke KJ, Hill RD, Qvist J, et al:  Seal lungs collapse during free diving: Evidence from arterial nitrogen tensions . Science 1985;;229:556-558.
Rahn H, Prakash O (eds): Acid-Base Regulation and Body Temperature . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985;.
 Treatment of hypothermia . Med Lett 1986;;28:123-124.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

O'Carroll PW, Alkon E, Weiss B:  Drowning mortality in Los Angeles County, 1976 to 1984 . JAMA 1988;;260:380-383.
Baker SP, O'Neill B, Karpf RS:  Drowning , in Injury Fact Book . Lexington, Mass, Lexington Books, 1984;, pp 155-165.
Cavalier S: Drownings, in National Pool and Spa Safety Conference . Washington, DC, US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1985;, pp 9-12.
Pearn J, Nixon J:  Prevention of childhood drowning accidents . Med J Aust 1977;;1:616-618.
Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS, et al:  The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes . JAMA 1988;;260:377-379.
OrlowskiJP:  Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water submersions . Pediatr Clin North Am 1987;;34:75-92.
Young RSK, Zalneraitis EL, Dooling EC:  Neurological outcome in cold water drowning . JAMA 1980;;244:1233-1235.
Wind J:  Survival after drowning . Lancet 1975;;2:656-657.
Hayward JS, Hay C, Mathews BR, et al:  Temperature effect on the human dive response in relation to cold water near-drowning . J Appl Physiol 1984;;56:202-206.
Ramey CA, Ramey DN, Hayward JS:  Dive response of children in relation to cold water near-drowning . J Appl Physiol 1987;;63:665-668.
Falke KJ, Hill RD, Qvist J, et al:  Seal lungs collapse during free diving: Evidence from arterial nitrogen tensions . Science 1985;;229:556-558.
Rahn H, Prakash O (eds): Acid-Base Regulation and Body Temperature . Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985;.
 Treatment of hypothermia . Med Lett 1986;;28:123-124.
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