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October 21, 1988, Vol 260, No. 15 >
ARTICLE | October 21, 1988

Increased Medication Use in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Regressive or Appropriate? FREE

Sally E. Shaywitz, MD; Bennett A. Shaywitz, MD
JAMA. 1988;260(15):2270-2272. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410150118044
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References

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) represents one of the most common and serious neurobehavioral disorders of childhood, affecting children from early childhood into adult life. The cardinal clinical characteristics of the disorder, inattention and, at times, impulsivity and hyperactivity, may interfere with the child's adjustment in every phase of existence, both through time and across experiences. Though its etiology may involve environmental influences,1 evidence from a number of lines of investigation suggests that biologic factors play an important role in a significant number of cases (S.E.S. and B.A.S., in press).

The entity we today label ADHD has undergone multiple transformations over the past century. Some of these are semantic; others, however, are more substantive and reveal significant changes in our understanding of the disorder. Review of the evolution of these changes provides important insights into the current conceptualizations of the disorder.

The origins of ADHD can be traced to the

REFERENCES

1 +
Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ:  Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty , in Horowitz FD, Heterington M, Scarr-Salapatek S, et al (eds): Review of Child Development Research . University of Chicago Press, 1975;, pp 187-244.
2 +
Strauss AA, Lehtinen LE: Psychopathology and Education in the Brain-Injured Child . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1947;.
3 +
Clements SD, Peters JE:  Minimal brain dysfunctions in the school-aged child . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1962;;6:185-187.
4 +
Kirk SA: Educating Exceptional Children . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1962;.
5 +
Laufer M, Denhoff E:  Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children . J Pediatr 1957;;50:463-474.
6 +
Safer DJ, Karger JM:  A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students . JAMA 1988;;260:2256-2258.
7 +
Dykman RA, Ackerman PT, Clements SD, et al:  Specific learning disabilities: An attentional deficit syndrome , in Myklebust HR (ed): Progress in Learning Disabilities . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1971;.
8 +
Whalen CK, Henker B:  Psychostimulants and children: A review and analysis . Psychol Bull 1976;;83:1113-1130.
9 +
Douglas VI, Peters KG:  Toward a clearer definition of the attentional deficit of hyperactive children , in Hale G, Lewis M (eds): Attention and the Development of Cognitive Style . New York, Plenum Press, 1979;, pp 173-247.
10 +
Cantwell DP:  Diagnostic validity of the hyperactive child (attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity) syndrome . Psychiatr Dev 1983;;3:277-300.
11 +
Edelbrock C, Costello AJ, Kessler MD:  Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;;23:285-290.
12 +
Berry CA, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA:  Girls with attention deficit disorder: A silent minority? A report on behavioral and cognitive characteristics . Pediatrics 1985;;76:801-809.
13 +
Barkley RA:  The effects of methylphenidate on various types of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1977;;5:350-369.
14 +
Conners CK, Werry JS:  Pharmacotherapy , in Quay HC, Werry JS (eds): Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1979;.
15 +
Gadow KD:  Effects of stimulant drugs on academic performance in hyperactive and learning disabled children . J Learning Disabil 1983;;16:290-299.
16 +
Rosenthal RH, Allen TW:  An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children . Psychol Bull 1978;;85:689-715.
17 +
Kavale K:  The efficiency of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A meta-analysis . J Learn Disabil 1982;;15:280-289.
18 +
Ottenbacher KJ, Cooper MM:  Drug treatment of hyperactivity in children . Dev Med Child Neurol 1983;;25:358-366.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ:  Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty , in Horowitz FD, Heterington M, Scarr-Salapatek S, et al (eds): Review of Child Development Research . University of Chicago Press, 1975;, pp 187-244.
2 +
Strauss AA, Lehtinen LE: Psychopathology and Education in the Brain-Injured Child . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1947;.
3 +
Clements SD, Peters JE:  Minimal brain dysfunctions in the school-aged child . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1962;;6:185-187.
4 +
Kirk SA: Educating Exceptional Children . Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co, 1962;.
5 +
Laufer M, Denhoff E:  Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children . J Pediatr 1957;;50:463-474.
6 +
Safer DJ, Karger JM:  A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students . JAMA 1988;;260:2256-2258.
7 +
Dykman RA, Ackerman PT, Clements SD, et al:  Specific learning disabilities: An attentional deficit syndrome , in Myklebust HR (ed): Progress in Learning Disabilities . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1971;.
8 +
Whalen CK, Henker B:  Psychostimulants and children: A review and analysis . Psychol Bull 1976;;83:1113-1130.
9 +
Douglas VI, Peters KG:  Toward a clearer definition of the attentional deficit of hyperactive children , in Hale G, Lewis M (eds): Attention and the Development of Cognitive Style . New York, Plenum Press, 1979;, pp 173-247.
10 +
Cantwell DP:  Diagnostic validity of the hyperactive child (attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity) syndrome . Psychiatr Dev 1983;;3:277-300.
11 +
Edelbrock C, Costello AJ, Kessler MD:  Empirical corroboration of attention deficit disorder . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;;23:285-290.
12 +
Berry CA, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA:  Girls with attention deficit disorder: A silent minority? A report on behavioral and cognitive characteristics . Pediatrics 1985;;76:801-809.
13 +
Barkley RA:  The effects of methylphenidate on various types of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children . J Abnorm Child Psychol 1977;;5:350-369.
14 +
Conners CK, Werry JS:  Pharmacotherapy , in Quay HC, Werry JS (eds): Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1979;.
15 +
Gadow KD:  Effects of stimulant drugs on academic performance in hyperactive and learning disabled children . J Learning Disabil 1983;;16:290-299.
16 +
Rosenthal RH, Allen TW:  An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children . Psychol Bull 1978;;85:689-715.
17 +
Kavale K:  The efficiency of stimulant drug treatment for hyperactivity: A meta-analysis . J Learn Disabil 1982;;15:280-289.
18 +
Ottenbacher KJ, Cooper MM:  Drug treatment of hyperactivity in children . Dev Med Child Neurol 1983;;25:358-366.

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