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February 26, 1988, Vol 259, No. 8 >
ARTICLE | February 26, 1988

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Central Nervous System FREE

George M. Bohigian, MD; E. Harvey Estes, Jr, MD; Ira R. Friedlander, MD; William C. Scott, MD; Joseph H Skom, MD; Richard M. Steinhilber, MD; Jack P. Strong, MD; Henry N. Wagner, Jr, MD; William R. Hendee, PhD; William T. McGivney, PhD; Ira R. Friedlander, MD; Jack Greenberg, MD; Lawrence D. Jacobs, MD; Alexander R. Margulis, MD; Thomas F Meaney, MD; William H. Oldendorf, MD, DSc; Gerald M. Pohost, MD; George A. Sisson, Sr, MD; Robert Spetzler, MD; Henry N. Wagner, Jr, MD; Peter R. Kinkel, MD; William R. Kinkel, MD; Lewis P. Rowland, MD; Robert C. Canby, MEE; William R. Hendee, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

This report will be presented to the American Medical Association's House of Delegates as an informational report at the 1988 Annual Meeting.

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all of the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the views of scientific literature as of December 1986.

Reprint requests to the Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, 535 N Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60610 (William R. Hendee, PhD).


JAMA. 1988;259(8):1211-1222. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720080045027
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Article
References

This report reviews the current applications of magnetic resonance imaging of the central nervous system. Since its introduction into the clinical environment in the early 1980s, this technology has had a major impact on the practice of neurology. It has proved to be superior to computed tomography for imaging many diseases of the brain and spine. In some instances it has clearly replaced computed tomography. It is likely that it will replace myelography for the assessment of cervicomedullary junction and spinal regions. The magnetic field strengths currently used appear to be entirely safe for clinical application in neurology, except in patients with cardiac pacemakers or vascular metallic clips. Some shortcomings of magnetic resonance imaging include its expense, the time required for scanning, and poor visualization of cortical bone. JAMA 1988;259:1211-1222)

REFERENCES

1 +
Council on Scientific Affairs:  Fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA 1987;;258: 3417-3423.
2 +
Council on Scientific Affairs:  Magnetic resonance imaging: Prologue. JAMA 1987;;258:3283-3285.
3 +
Wehrli FW, McFall JR, Newton T:  Parameters determining the appearance of NMR images , in Newton T, Potts DG (eds): Modern Neuroradiology . San Anselmo, Calif, Clavadel Press, 1983;, vol 2, pp 81-117.
4 +
Bradley WG, Newton TH, Crooks LE:  Physical principles of nuclear magnetic resonance , in Newton T, Potts DG (eds): Modern Neuroradiology . San Anselmo, Calif, Clavadel Press, 1983;, vol 2, pp 16-61.
5 +
Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, Heffner RR Jr, et al:  Pathologic correlation of computerized tomographic images in cerebral ischemia and infarction , in Proceedings of the 12th Research (Princeton) Conference on Cerebral Vascular Disease . New York, Raven Press, 1981;, pp 157-180.
6 +
Kinkel WR:  Computerized tomography in clinical neurology , in Backer AB, Baker LH (eds): Clinical Neurology . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1983;, pp 1-115.
7 +
Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stroke. Semin Neurol 1986;;6:43-52.
8 +
Spetzler RF, Azarmaski JM, Kaufman B, et al:  Acute changes during middle cerebral artery occlusion: A preliminary study in primates. Stroke 1983;;14:185-191.
9 +
Marcoux FEW, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM:  Differential regional vulnerability in transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1982;;13:339-346.
10 +
Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L:  Thresholds in cerebral ischemia—the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981;;12:723-725.
11 +
GomoriJ, Grossman R, Goldsberg H:  Intracranial hematomas: Imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985;;157:87-93.
12 +
Vermess M, Bernstein RM, Bydder GM, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1983;;7:461-467.
13 +
Kinkel WR, Green FA, Kinkel PR, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and signs of central nervous system involvement. Neurology 1985;;35:216.
14 +
Bradley WG Jr, Schmidt PG: The changing MRI appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Effect of methemoglobin formation. Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, New York, Aug 13-17,1984.
15 +
Mills CM, Brandt-Zawadzki M, Crooks LE:  Nuclear magnetic resonance: Principles of blood flow imaging. AJNR 1983;;4:1161-1166.
16 +
Wehrli FW, MacFall JR, Azel L, et al:  Approaches to in-plane and out-of-plane flow imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:127-136.
17 +
Bryant DJ, Payne JA, Firmin DN, et al:  Measurement of flow with NMR imaging using a gradient pulse and phase difference technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984;;8:588-593.
18 +
Singer JR, Crooks LE:  Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements in the human brain. Science 1983;;221:654-656.
19 +
Moon KL, Brandt-Zawadzki M, Pitts LH, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of CT isodense subdural hematomas. AJNR 1984;;5:319-323.
20 +
Bydder GM, Pesinock JM, Steiner RE, et al:  The NMR diagnosis of cerebral tumors. Magn Reson Med 1984;;1:5-29.
21 +
Zimmerman LA, Bilaniuk LT, Grossman RD, et al:  Cerebral NMR: Diagnostic evaluation of brain tumors by partial saturation technique with resistive NMR. Neuroradiology 1985;;27:9-15.
22 +
Partain CL, Price RR, Patton JA, et al: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI ), ed 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1986;.
23 +
Runge VM, Clanton JA, Herzer WA:  The application of paramagnetic contrast agents to magnetic resonance imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:137-147.
24 +
Hueftle MG, Han JS, Kaufman B, et al:  MR imaging of brain stem gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;;9:263-267.
25 +
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Packer R, et al:  Resistive NMR of brain stem glioma. Neuroradiology 1985;;27:21-25.
26 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel WR, Vincent R:  'Silent' brain metastases from lung carcinoma determined by computerized tomography. Arch Neurol 1977;;34: 690-693.
27 +
Zimmerman RD, Fleming CA, Saint Louis LA, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of meningiomas. AJNR 1985;;6:149-157.
28 +
Oot R, New PFJ, Byonanno FS, et al:  MRI imaging of pituitary adenomas using a prototype resistive magnet: Preliminary assessment. AJNR 1984;;5:131-137.
29 +
Daniels DL, Peck P, Mark L, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus. AJNR 1985;;6:187-192.
30 +
Lukes SA, Crooks LE, Aminoff MJ, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1983;;13:592-601.
31 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel WR, Polachini I, et al:  Correlations of magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and clinical profiles of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1986;;36:27-34.
32 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR:  Impact of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging on the assessment of multiple sclerosis patients. Semin Neurol 1986;;6:24-32.
33 +
Gebarski SS, Gabrielsen TO, Gilman S, et al:  The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Clinical impact of magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1985;;17:469-474.
34 +
Maravilla KR, Lesh P, Weinrab JC, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine with CT correlation. AJNR 1984;;6:237-245.
35 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR:  Silent brain lesions in patients with isolated optic neuritis. Arch Neurol 1986;;43:452-455.
36 +
Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, Polachini I, et al:  Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease): Computerized tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and clinical correlations. Arch Neurol 1985;;42:951-959.
37 +
Bradley WG Jr, Waluch V, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al:  Patchy periventricular white matter lesions in the elderly: A common observation during NMR imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:35-41.
38 +
Kortman WE, Bradley WG Jr:  Magnetic resonance imaging of normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR 1985;;6:468.
39 +
Sherman JL, Citrin CM, Gangarosa RE, et al:  The MR appearance of CSF pulsations in the spinal canal. AJNR 1986;;7:879-884.
40 +
Citrin CM, Sherman JL, Gangarosa RE, et al:  Physiology of the CSF flow-void sign: Modification by cardiac gating. AJNR 1986;;7:1021-1024.
41 +
Sherman JL, Citrin CM, Gangarosa RE, et al:  The MR appearance of CSF flow in patients with ventriculomegaly. AJNR 1986;;7:1025-1031.
42 +
Enzmann DR, Rubin JB, Wright A:  Use of cerebrospinal fluid gating to improve T2-weighted images: I. The spinal cord. Radiology 1987;;162:763-767.
43 +
Enzmann DR, Rubin JB, O'Donohue J, et al:  Use of cerebrospinal fluid gating to improve T2-weighted images: II. Temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and brain stem. Radiology 1987;;162:768-773.
44 +
Bosley TM, Cohen DA, Schatz NA, et al:  Comparison of metrizamide computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of lesions at the cervicomedullary junction. Neurology 1985;;35:485-492.
45 +
Hyman RA, Edwards JH, Vacica SJ, et al:  0.6T MR imaging of the cervical spine: Multislice and multiecho techniques. AJNR 1985;;6:229-236.
46 +
Norman D, Mills CM, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord and canal: Potentials and limitations. AJNR 1984;;5:9-14.
47 +
Randell CP, Collins AG, Young IR, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of posterior fossa tumors. AJNR 1983;;4:1027-1034.
48 +
New PFJ, Bachow TB, Wismer GL:  MR imaging of the acoustic nerves and small acoustic neuromas at 0.6T: Prospective study. AJNR 1985;;6:165-170.
49 +
Lee BCP, Kneeland JB, Walker RW, et al:  MR imaging of brainstem tumors. AJNR 1985;;6:159-163.
50 +
Koehler PR, Haughton VM, Daniels DL, et al:  MR measurement of normal brainstem diameters. AJNR 1985;;6:425-427.
51 +
Lee BCP, Zimmerman RD, Manning JJ, et al:  MR imaging of syringomyelia and hydromyelia. AJNR 1985;;6:221-228.
52 +
Quencer RM, Sheldon J, Post MJD, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chronically injured cervical spinal cord: Correlation with delayed metrizamide computed tomography (DMCT), intraoperative spinal sonography (IOSS) and surgery. AJNR 1985;;6:475.
53 +
Maravilla KR, Lesh P, Weinrab JC, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine with CT correlation. AJNR 1985;;6:237-245.
54 +
Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Boumphrey F, et al:  Lumbar herniated disk disease and canal stenosis: Prospective evaluation by surface coil MR, CT, and myelography. AJNR 1986;;7:709-717.
55 +
Modic MT, Maaryk TJ, Mulopulos GP, et al:  Cervical radiculopathy: Prospective evaluation with surface coil MR imaging, CT with metrizamide, and metrizamide myelography. Radiology 1986;;161:753-759.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Council on Scientific Affairs:  Fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA 1987;;258: 3417-3423.
2 +
Council on Scientific Affairs:  Magnetic resonance imaging: Prologue. JAMA 1987;;258:3283-3285.
3 +
Wehrli FW, McFall JR, Newton T:  Parameters determining the appearance of NMR images , in Newton T, Potts DG (eds): Modern Neuroradiology . San Anselmo, Calif, Clavadel Press, 1983;, vol 2, pp 81-117.
4 +
Bradley WG, Newton TH, Crooks LE:  Physical principles of nuclear magnetic resonance , in Newton T, Potts DG (eds): Modern Neuroradiology . San Anselmo, Calif, Clavadel Press, 1983;, vol 2, pp 16-61.
5 +
Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, Heffner RR Jr, et al:  Pathologic correlation of computerized tomographic images in cerebral ischemia and infarction , in Proceedings of the 12th Research (Princeton) Conference on Cerebral Vascular Disease . New York, Raven Press, 1981;, pp 157-180.
6 +
Kinkel WR:  Computerized tomography in clinical neurology , in Backer AB, Baker LH (eds): Clinical Neurology . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1983;, pp 1-115.
7 +
Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stroke. Semin Neurol 1986;;6:43-52.
8 +
Spetzler RF, Azarmaski JM, Kaufman B, et al:  Acute changes during middle cerebral artery occlusion: A preliminary study in primates. Stroke 1983;;14:185-191.
9 +
Marcoux FEW, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM:  Differential regional vulnerability in transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1982;;13:339-346.
10 +
Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L:  Thresholds in cerebral ischemia—the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981;;12:723-725.
11 +
GomoriJ, Grossman R, Goldsberg H:  Intracranial hematomas: Imaging by high-field MR. Radiology 1985;;157:87-93.
12 +
Vermess M, Bernstein RM, Bydder GM, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1983;;7:461-467.
13 +
Kinkel WR, Green FA, Kinkel PR, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and signs of central nervous system involvement. Neurology 1985;;35:216.
14 +
Bradley WG Jr, Schmidt PG: The changing MRI appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Effect of methemoglobin formation. Presented at the Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, New York, Aug 13-17,1984.
15 +
Mills CM, Brandt-Zawadzki M, Crooks LE:  Nuclear magnetic resonance: Principles of blood flow imaging. AJNR 1983;;4:1161-1166.
16 +
Wehrli FW, MacFall JR, Azel L, et al:  Approaches to in-plane and out-of-plane flow imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:127-136.
17 +
Bryant DJ, Payne JA, Firmin DN, et al:  Measurement of flow with NMR imaging using a gradient pulse and phase difference technique. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984;;8:588-593.
18 +
Singer JR, Crooks LE:  Nuclear magnetic resonance blood flow measurements in the human brain. Science 1983;;221:654-656.
19 +
Moon KL, Brandt-Zawadzki M, Pitts LH, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of CT isodense subdural hematomas. AJNR 1984;;5:319-323.
20 +
Bydder GM, Pesinock JM, Steiner RE, et al:  The NMR diagnosis of cerebral tumors. Magn Reson Med 1984;;1:5-29.
21 +
Zimmerman LA, Bilaniuk LT, Grossman RD, et al:  Cerebral NMR: Diagnostic evaluation of brain tumors by partial saturation technique with resistive NMR. Neuroradiology 1985;;27:9-15.
22 +
Partain CL, Price RR, Patton JA, et al: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI ), ed 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1986;.
23 +
Runge VM, Clanton JA, Herzer WA:  The application of paramagnetic contrast agents to magnetic resonance imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:137-147.
24 +
Hueftle MG, Han JS, Kaufman B, et al:  MR imaging of brain stem gliomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;;9:263-267.
25 +
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT, Packer R, et al:  Resistive NMR of brain stem glioma. Neuroradiology 1985;;27:21-25.
26 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel WR, Vincent R:  'Silent' brain metastases from lung carcinoma determined by computerized tomography. Arch Neurol 1977;;34: 690-693.
27 +
Zimmerman RD, Fleming CA, Saint Louis LA, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of meningiomas. AJNR 1985;;6:149-157.
28 +
Oot R, New PFJ, Byonanno FS, et al:  MRI imaging of pituitary adenomas using a prototype resistive magnet: Preliminary assessment. AJNR 1984;;5:131-137.
29 +
Daniels DL, Peck P, Mark L, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus. AJNR 1985;;6:187-192.
30 +
Lukes SA, Crooks LE, Aminoff MJ, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1983;;13:592-601.
31 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel WR, Polachini I, et al:  Correlations of magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and clinical profiles of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1986;;36:27-34.
32 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR:  Impact of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging on the assessment of multiple sclerosis patients. Semin Neurol 1986;;6:24-32.
33 +
Gebarski SS, Gabrielsen TO, Gilman S, et al:  The initial diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Clinical impact of magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1985;;17:469-474.
34 +
Maravilla KR, Lesh P, Weinrab JC, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine with CT correlation. AJNR 1984;;6:237-245.
35 +
Jacobs L, Kinkel PR, Kinkel WR:  Silent brain lesions in patients with isolated optic neuritis. Arch Neurol 1986;;43:452-455.
36 +
Kinkel WR, Jacobs L, Polachini I, et al:  Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease): Computerized tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and clinical correlations. Arch Neurol 1985;;42:951-959.
37 +
Bradley WG Jr, Waluch V, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al:  Patchy periventricular white matter lesions in the elderly: A common observation during NMR imaging. Noninvasive Med Imaging 1984;;1:35-41.
38 +
Kortman WE, Bradley WG Jr:  Magnetic resonance imaging of normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR 1985;;6:468.
39 +
Sherman JL, Citrin CM, Gangarosa RE, et al:  The MR appearance of CSF pulsations in the spinal canal. AJNR 1986;;7:879-884.
40 +
Citrin CM, Sherman JL, Gangarosa RE, et al:  Physiology of the CSF flow-void sign: Modification by cardiac gating. AJNR 1986;;7:1021-1024.
41 +
Sherman JL, Citrin CM, Gangarosa RE, et al:  The MR appearance of CSF flow in patients with ventriculomegaly. AJNR 1986;;7:1025-1031.
42 +
Enzmann DR, Rubin JB, Wright A:  Use of cerebrospinal fluid gating to improve T2-weighted images: I. The spinal cord. Radiology 1987;;162:763-767.
43 +
Enzmann DR, Rubin JB, O'Donohue J, et al:  Use of cerebrospinal fluid gating to improve T2-weighted images: II. Temporal lobes, basal ganglia, and brain stem. Radiology 1987;;162:768-773.
44 +
Bosley TM, Cohen DA, Schatz NA, et al:  Comparison of metrizamide computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of lesions at the cervicomedullary junction. Neurology 1985;;35:485-492.
45 +
Hyman RA, Edwards JH, Vacica SJ, et al:  0.6T MR imaging of the cervical spine: Multislice and multiecho techniques. AJNR 1985;;6:229-236.
46 +
Norman D, Mills CM, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord and canal: Potentials and limitations. AJNR 1984;;5:9-14.
47 +
Randell CP, Collins AG, Young IR, et al:  Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of posterior fossa tumors. AJNR 1983;;4:1027-1034.
48 +
New PFJ, Bachow TB, Wismer GL:  MR imaging of the acoustic nerves and small acoustic neuromas at 0.6T: Prospective study. AJNR 1985;;6:165-170.
49 +
Lee BCP, Kneeland JB, Walker RW, et al:  MR imaging of brainstem tumors. AJNR 1985;;6:159-163.
50 +
Koehler PR, Haughton VM, Daniels DL, et al:  MR measurement of normal brainstem diameters. AJNR 1985;;6:425-427.
51 +
Lee BCP, Zimmerman RD, Manning JJ, et al:  MR imaging of syringomyelia and hydromyelia. AJNR 1985;;6:221-228.
52 +
Quencer RM, Sheldon J, Post MJD, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chronically injured cervical spinal cord: Correlation with delayed metrizamide computed tomography (DMCT), intraoperative spinal sonography (IOSS) and surgery. AJNR 1985;;6:475.
53 +
Maravilla KR, Lesh P, Weinrab JC, et al:  Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine with CT correlation. AJNR 1985;;6:237-245.
54 +
Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Boumphrey F, et al:  Lumbar herniated disk disease and canal stenosis: Prospective evaluation by surface coil MR, CT, and myelography. AJNR 1986;;7:709-717.
55 +
Modic MT, Maaryk TJ, Mulopulos GP, et al:  Cervical radiculopathy: Prospective evaluation with surface coil MR imaging, CT with metrizamide, and metrizamide myelography. Radiology 1986;;161:753-759.

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