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May 27, 1988, Vol 259, No. 20 >
ARTICLE | May 27, 1988

The Transmission of AIDS: The Case of the Infected Cell FREE

Jay A. Levy, MD
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to the Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128 (Dr Levy).


JAMA. 1988;259(20):3037-3038. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03720200059035
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References

CURRENT approaches to preventing infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have focused on the retrovirus itself. However, biologic and epidemiologic studies of HIV and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the virus-infected cell. Several groups of researchers1-10 have demonstrated the presence of HIV in many different hematopoietic cells, including T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, as

See also p 3023. well as in cells (macrophages and endothelial and glial cells) of the brain. These infected cells can survive and serve as reservoirs (factories) for continual virus production and spread. When found in body fluids, they can transfer the infection to other individuals. T-helper lymphocytes generally die after HIV infection,1-4 but some can replicate HIV to high titer in culture without undergoing cell death.11 Thus, they too could serve as a source of virus transmission.

In studies from our laboratory,

REFERENCES

1 +
Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al:  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;;220:868-871.
2 +
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al:  Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;;224:500-502.
3 +
Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, et al:  Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 1984;;225:840-842.
4 +
Klatzmann D, Barré-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, et al:  Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T lymphocytes. Science 1984;;225:59-63.
5 +
Montagnier L, Gruest J, Chamaret S, et al:  Adaptation of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Science 1984;;225:63-66.
6 +
Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Morrow WJW, et al:  Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:694-699.
7 +
Levy JA, Shimabukuro J, McHugh T, et al:  AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) can productively infect other cells besides human T helper cells. Virology 1985;;147:441-448.
8 +
Gartner S, Markovits P, Markowitz DM, et al:  The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV/III/LAV infection. Science 1986;;233:215-219.
9 +
Levy JA, Hollander H, Shimabukuro J, et al:  Isolation of AIDS-associated retroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid and brain of patients with neurological symptoms. Lancet 1985;;2:586-588.
10 +
Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, et al:  Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;;83:7089-7093.
11 +
Hoxie JA, Haggarty BS, Rackowski JL, et al:  Persistent noncytopathic infection of human lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). Science 1985;;229:1400-1402.
12 +
Michaelis B, Levy JA:  Recovery of human immunodeficiency virus from serum. JAMA 1987;;257:1327.
13 +
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, et al:  Isolation of the AIDS-associated retrovirus from vaginal and cervical secretions from women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet 1986;;1:527-529.
14 +
Vogt MW, Witt DJ, Craven DE, et al:  Isolation patterns of the human immunodeficiency virus from cervical secretions during the menstrual cycle of women at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987;;106:380-382.
15 +
Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, et al:  Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1985;;313:606.
16 +
Olsen GP, Shields JW:  Seminal lymphocytes, plasma and AIDS. Nature 1984;;309:116.
17 +
Winkelstein W Jr, Lyman DM, Padian N, et al:  Sexual practices and risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus: The San Francisco Men's Health Study. JAMA 1987;;257:326-330.
18 +
Adachi A, Koenig S, Gendelman HE, et al:  Productive, persistent infection of human colorectal cell lines with human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1987;;61:209-213.
19 +
Nelson JA, Wiley CA, Reynolds-Kohler C, et al:  Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet 1988;;1:259-262.
20 +
Padian N, Marquis L, Francis DP, et al:  Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 1987;;258:788-790.
21 +
Padian NS:  Heterosexual transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: International perspectives and national projections. Rev Infect Dis 1987;;9:947-960.
22 +
Centers for Disease Control: AIDS Weekly Surveillance Rep , (Jan 11) , 1988;.
23 +
Stewart GJ, Tyler JPP, Cunningham AL, et al:  Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor. Lancet 1985;;2:581-584.
24 +
Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, et al:  AIDS in Africa: An epidemiologic paradigm. Science 1986;;234:955-963.
25 +
Hira SK, Perine PL, Redfield RR, et al: The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its related complex (ARC) in Zambia. Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986.
26 +
Cameron DW, Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, et al: Female to male heterosexual transmission of HIV infection in Nairobi. Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June 1,1987.
27 +
Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, et al:  Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS. JAMA 1987;;257:640-644.
28 +
Fink AJ:  A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1986;;315:1167.
29 +
Ferrer JF:  Bovine leukosis: Natural transmission and principles of control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979;;175:1281-1286.
30 +
Yamanouchi K, Kinoshita K, Moriuchi R, et al:  Oral transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I into a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as an experimental model for wild-borne transmission. Jpn J Cancer Res 1985;; 76:481-487.
31 +
Haase AT:  The slow infection caused by visna virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975;;72:101-156.
32 +
Kennedy-Stoskopf Z, Narayan O:  Neutralizing antibodies to visna lentivirus: Mechanism of action and possible role in virus persistence. J Virol 1986;;59:37-44.
33 +
Hicks DR, Martin LS, Getchell JP, et al:  Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro. Lancet 1985;;1:1422-1423.
34 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, et al:  Condoms prevent transmission of the AIDS-associated retrovirus. JAMA 1986;;255:1706.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al:  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;;220:868-871.
2 +
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al:  Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;;224:500-502.
3 +
Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, et al:  Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 1984;;225:840-842.
4 +
Klatzmann D, Barré-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, et al:  Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T lymphocytes. Science 1984;;225:59-63.
5 +
Montagnier L, Gruest J, Chamaret S, et al:  Adaptation of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) to replication in EBV-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines. Science 1984;;225:63-66.
6 +
Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Morrow WJW, et al:  Infection by the retrovirus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:694-699.
7 +
Levy JA, Shimabukuro J, McHugh T, et al:  AIDS-associated retroviruses (ARV) can productively infect other cells besides human T helper cells. Virology 1985;;147:441-448.
8 +
Gartner S, Markovits P, Markowitz DM, et al:  The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV/III/LAV infection. Science 1986;;233:215-219.
9 +
Levy JA, Hollander H, Shimabukuro J, et al:  Isolation of AIDS-associated retroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid and brain of patients with neurological symptoms. Lancet 1985;;2:586-588.
10 +
Wiley CA, Schrier RD, Nelson JA, et al:  Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;;83:7089-7093.
11 +
Hoxie JA, Haggarty BS, Rackowski JL, et al:  Persistent noncytopathic infection of human lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). Science 1985;;229:1400-1402.
12 +
Michaelis B, Levy JA:  Recovery of human immunodeficiency virus from serum. JAMA 1987;;257:1327.
13 +
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, et al:  Isolation of the AIDS-associated retrovirus from vaginal and cervical secretions from women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet 1986;;1:527-529.
14 +
Vogt MW, Witt DJ, Craven DE, et al:  Isolation patterns of the human immunodeficiency virus from cervical secretions during the menstrual cycle of women at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987;;106:380-382.
15 +
Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, et al:  Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1985;;313:606.
16 +
Olsen GP, Shields JW:  Seminal lymphocytes, plasma and AIDS. Nature 1984;;309:116.
17 +
Winkelstein W Jr, Lyman DM, Padian N, et al:  Sexual practices and risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus: The San Francisco Men's Health Study. JAMA 1987;;257:326-330.
18 +
Adachi A, Koenig S, Gendelman HE, et al:  Productive, persistent infection of human colorectal cell lines with human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1987;;61:209-213.
19 +
Nelson JA, Wiley CA, Reynolds-Kohler C, et al:  Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet 1988;;1:259-262.
20 +
Padian N, Marquis L, Francis DP, et al:  Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 1987;;258:788-790.
21 +
Padian NS:  Heterosexual transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: International perspectives and national projections. Rev Infect Dis 1987;;9:947-960.
22 +
Centers for Disease Control: AIDS Weekly Surveillance Rep , (Jan 11) , 1988;.
23 +
Stewart GJ, Tyler JPP, Cunningham AL, et al:  Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor. Lancet 1985;;2:581-584.
24 +
Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, et al:  AIDS in Africa: An epidemiologic paradigm. Science 1986;;234:955-963.
25 +
Hira SK, Perine PL, Redfield RR, et al: The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and its related complex (ARC) in Zambia. Presented at the Second International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986.
26 +
Cameron DW, Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, et al: Female to male heterosexual transmission of HIV infection in Nairobi. Presented at the Third International Conference on AIDS, Washington, DC, June 1,1987.
27 +
Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, et al:  Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS. JAMA 1987;;257:640-644.
28 +
Fink AJ:  A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1986;;315:1167.
29 +
Ferrer JF:  Bovine leukosis: Natural transmission and principles of control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1979;;175:1281-1286.
30 +
Yamanouchi K, Kinoshita K, Moriuchi R, et al:  Oral transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I into a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as an experimental model for wild-borne transmission. Jpn J Cancer Res 1985;; 76:481-487.
31 +
Haase AT:  The slow infection caused by visna virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975;;72:101-156.
32 +
Kennedy-Stoskopf Z, Narayan O:  Neutralizing antibodies to visna lentivirus: Mechanism of action and possible role in virus persistence. J Virol 1986;;59:37-44.
33 +
Hicks DR, Martin LS, Getchell JP, et al:  Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro. Lancet 1985;;1:1422-1423.
34 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, et al:  Condoms prevent transmission of the AIDS-associated retrovirus. JAMA 1986;;255:1706.

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