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May 15, 1987, Vol 257, No. 19 >
ARTICLE | May 15, 1987

Africa and the Biology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus FREE

Richard G. Marlink, MD; Myron Essex, DVM, PhD
JAMA. 1987;257(19):2632-2633. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390190110032
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References

The routine study of biologic variables used for monitoring the "competence" of the immune system has expanded in recent years, partially due to the expansion and monitoring of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. Many hospital and commercial laboratories now commonly provide T-lymphocyte subset analyses, and the placement of intradermal antigens for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing is no longer reserved for a panel of control antigens in tuberculin skin testing or for the rare preoperative immune evaluation. Even prior to this expansion, studies in cohorts of gay men1,2 and intravenous drug abusers,3,4 two high-risk groups for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, have shown that certain immunologic alterations may be present in these individuals without prior exposure to HIV. It has been proposed that these alterations may be due to previous or repeated exposures to other infectious agents and may influence the infectivity or the pathogenic potential of HIV

REFERENCES

1 +
Frazer IH, Mackay IR, Crapper RM, et al:  Immunological abnormalities in asymptomatic homosexual men: Correlation with antibody to HTLV-III and sequential changes over two years . Q J Med 1986;;234:921-933.
2 +
Pinching AJ, McManus TJ, Jeffries DJ, et al:  Studies of cellular immunity in male homosexuals in London . Lancet 1983;;2:126-130.
3 +
Cushman P Jr, Grieco MH:  Hyperimmunoglobulinemia associated with narcotic addiction . Am J Med 1973;;54:320.
4 +
Brown SM, Stimmel B, Taub RN, et al:  Immunologic dysfunction in heroin addicts . Arch Intern Med 1974;;134:1001-1006.
5 +
Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, et al:  AIDS in Africa: An epidemiologic paradigm . Science 1986;;234:955-963.
6 +
World Health Organization:  WHO workshop on AIDS in central Africa . Weekly Epidemiol Res 1986;;61:72-73.
7 +
Redfield RR, Wright DL, Tramont EC:  Walter Reed Staging Classification system for HTLV-III/LAV infection . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:131.
8 +
Joffe MI, Rabson AR:  Absence of OKT4-positive lymphocytes in black African subjects . Cell Immunol 1984;;894:453-457.
9 +
Casey TT, Posey DH, McCurley TL:  OKT4 epitope deficiency in significant proportions of the black population . Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;;110:702-704.
10 +
Nagel JE, Chrest FJ, Adler WH:  Enumeration of T lymphocyte subsets by monoclonal antibodies in young and aged humans . J Immunol 1981;;127: 2086-2088.
11 +
Leffell MS, Lumsden L, Steiger WA:  An analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with Alzheimer's disease . J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;;33:4-7.
12 +
Nicholson JKA, Jones BM, Cross GD, et al:  Comparison of T and B cell analyses on fresh and aged blood . J Immunol Methods 1984;;13:29-40.
13 +
Quinn TC, Piot P, McCormick JB, et al:  Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa: The potential role of infectious agents as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus infection . JAMA 1987;;257:2617-2621.
14 +
Brighton SW, De La Harpe AL, Van Staden DA, et al:  Delayed skin hypersensitivity as indicator of T-cell function in three population groups . Clin Rheumatol 1985;;4:281-285.
15 +
Kniker WT, Anderson CT, McBryde JL, et al:  Multitest CMI for standardized measurement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity: Normal values and proposed scoring system for healthy adults in the U.S.A . Ann Allergy 1984;;52:75-82.
16 +
McCuskey DR, Maxwell AP: In Vivo Assessment of Cell Mediated Immunity in a Healthy British Population Using the Multitest-CMI System . London, British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1985;.
17 +
Knicker WT, Roumiantzeff M, Lesourd B:  Comparison of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) responsiveness in U.S. and French control populations tested by standardized MULTI-TEST® . Read before the 37th Congress of the American College of Allergists, Washington, DC, April 4-8, 1981 .
18 +
Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, et al:  AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:414-418.
19 +
Piot P, Mann JM:  Transmission patterns of LAV/HTLV-III: Evidence for heterosexual transmission . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23-25, 1986 .
20 +
Williamson WA, Greenwood BM:  Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria . Lancet 1978;;1:1328-1329.
21 +
Virgin HW IV, Unanue ER:  Suppression of the immune response to listeria monocytogenes: I. Immune complexes inhibit resistance . J Immunol 1984;;133:104-109.
22 +
Oldstone MBA, Dixon FJ:  Immune complex disease in chronic viral infections . J Exp Med 1971;;134:32s.
23 +
Hayes BF, Schooley RT, Payling-Wright CR, et al:  Emergence of suppressor cells of immunoglobulin synthesis during acute Epstein-Barr virus—induced infectious mononucleosis . J Immunol 1979;;123:2095-2101.
24 +
Simonsen N, Plummer F, Gakinya M, et al:  Longitudinal study of a cohort of HTLV-III/LAV infected prostitutes in Nairobi . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23-25, 1986 .
25 +
Mann JM, Colebunders RL, Khonde N, et al:  Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire . Lancet 1986;;2:707-709.
26 +
Kanki PJ, Barin F, M'Boup S, et al:  New human T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-IIIAGM) . Science 1986;;232:238-243.
27 +
Clavel F, Guetard D, Brun-Vezinet F, et al:  Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS . Science 1986;;233:343-346.
28 +
Ancelle R, Bletry O, Baglin AC, et al:  Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection . Lancet 1987;;1:688-689.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Frazer IH, Mackay IR, Crapper RM, et al:  Immunological abnormalities in asymptomatic homosexual men: Correlation with antibody to HTLV-III and sequential changes over two years . Q J Med 1986;;234:921-933.
2 +
Pinching AJ, McManus TJ, Jeffries DJ, et al:  Studies of cellular immunity in male homosexuals in London . Lancet 1983;;2:126-130.
3 +
Cushman P Jr, Grieco MH:  Hyperimmunoglobulinemia associated with narcotic addiction . Am J Med 1973;;54:320.
4 +
Brown SM, Stimmel B, Taub RN, et al:  Immunologic dysfunction in heroin addicts . Arch Intern Med 1974;;134:1001-1006.
5 +
Quinn TC, Mann JM, Curran JW, et al:  AIDS in Africa: An epidemiologic paradigm . Science 1986;;234:955-963.
6 +
World Health Organization:  WHO workshop on AIDS in central Africa . Weekly Epidemiol Res 1986;;61:72-73.
7 +
Redfield RR, Wright DL, Tramont EC:  Walter Reed Staging Classification system for HTLV-III/LAV infection . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:131.
8 +
Joffe MI, Rabson AR:  Absence of OKT4-positive lymphocytes in black African subjects . Cell Immunol 1984;;894:453-457.
9 +
Casey TT, Posey DH, McCurley TL:  OKT4 epitope deficiency in significant proportions of the black population . Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;;110:702-704.
10 +
Nagel JE, Chrest FJ, Adler WH:  Enumeration of T lymphocyte subsets by monoclonal antibodies in young and aged humans . J Immunol 1981;;127: 2086-2088.
11 +
Leffell MS, Lumsden L, Steiger WA:  An analysis of T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with Alzheimer's disease . J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;;33:4-7.
12 +
Nicholson JKA, Jones BM, Cross GD, et al:  Comparison of T and B cell analyses on fresh and aged blood . J Immunol Methods 1984;;13:29-40.
13 +
Quinn TC, Piot P, McCormick JB, et al:  Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa: The potential role of infectious agents as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus infection . JAMA 1987;;257:2617-2621.
14 +
Brighton SW, De La Harpe AL, Van Staden DA, et al:  Delayed skin hypersensitivity as indicator of T-cell function in three population groups . Clin Rheumatol 1985;;4:281-285.
15 +
Kniker WT, Anderson CT, McBryde JL, et al:  Multitest CMI for standardized measurement of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity: Normal values and proposed scoring system for healthy adults in the U.S.A . Ann Allergy 1984;;52:75-82.
16 +
McCuskey DR, Maxwell AP: In Vivo Assessment of Cell Mediated Immunity in a Healthy British Population Using the Multitest-CMI System . London, British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1985;.
17 +
Knicker WT, Roumiantzeff M, Lesourd B:  Comparison of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) responsiveness in U.S. and French control populations tested by standardized MULTI-TEST® . Read before the 37th Congress of the American College of Allergists, Washington, DC, April 4-8, 1981 .
18 +
Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, et al:  AIDS virus infection in Nairobi prostitutes . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:414-418.
19 +
Piot P, Mann JM:  Transmission patterns of LAV/HTLV-III: Evidence for heterosexual transmission . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23-25, 1986 .
20 +
Williamson WA, Greenwood BM:  Impairment of the immune response to vaccination after acute malaria . Lancet 1978;;1:1328-1329.
21 +
Virgin HW IV, Unanue ER:  Suppression of the immune response to listeria monocytogenes: I. Immune complexes inhibit resistance . J Immunol 1984;;133:104-109.
22 +
Oldstone MBA, Dixon FJ:  Immune complex disease in chronic viral infections . J Exp Med 1971;;134:32s.
23 +
Hayes BF, Schooley RT, Payling-Wright CR, et al:  Emergence of suppressor cells of immunoglobulin synthesis during acute Epstein-Barr virus—induced infectious mononucleosis . J Immunol 1979;;123:2095-2101.
24 +
Simonsen N, Plummer F, Gakinya M, et al:  Longitudinal study of a cohort of HTLV-III/LAV infected prostitutes in Nairobi . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23-25, 1986 .
25 +
Mann JM, Colebunders RL, Khonde N, et al:  Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire . Lancet 1986;;2:707-709.
26 +
Kanki PJ, Barin F, M'Boup S, et al:  New human T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (STLV-IIIAGM) . Science 1986;;232:238-243.
27 +
Clavel F, Guetard D, Brun-Vezinet F, et al:  Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS . Science 1986;;233:343-346.
28 +
Ancelle R, Bletry O, Baglin AC, et al:  Long incubation period for HIV-2 infection . Lancet 1987;;1:688-689.

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