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March 13, 1987, Vol 257, No. 10 >
ARTICLE | March 13, 1987

The Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in the United States: Title and subTitle BreakAn Objective Strategy for Medicine, Public Health, Business, and the Community FREE

Donald P. Francis, MD, DSc; James Chin, MD, MPH
[+] Author Affiliations

The opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Centers for Disease Control or the California Department of Health Services.

Reprint requests to Infectious Disease Branch, California Department of Health Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704 (Dr Francis).


JAMA. 1987;257(10):1357-1366. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390100095033
Text Size: A A A
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References

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most virulent infectious agents ever encountered. This virus, estimated to kill up to a half of those infected, has spread to more than 1 million Americans. There is no safe and effective treatment. Nor is there a vaccine. From our understanding of HIV transmission, further spread of the virus can be stopped by the use of various techniques. The combined use of education-motivation-skill building, serologic screening, and contact tracing/notification could eliminate or substantially reduce transmission. To accomplish this reduction an immense concerted effort by physicians, public health practitioners, business, and community organizations is required to get across the simple prevention messages. Those messages are: (1) Any sexual intercourse (outside of mutually monogamous or HIV antibody-negative relationships) must be protected with a condom. (2) Do not share unsterile needles or syringes. (3) All women who may have been exposed should seek HIV-antibody testing before becoming pregnant and, if positive, avoid pregnancy. Only through a concerted, vigorous, and sustained prevention program that deals frankly with this problem will those individuals at risk be reached and motivated to take personal responsibility to protect themselves. Without such an effort, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome will continue to kill ever-increasing numbers of Americans.

(JAMA 1987;257:1357-1366)

REFERENCES

1 +
 Coolfont Report: A PHS plan for prevention and control of AIDS and the AIDS virus . Public Health Rep 1986;;101:341-348.
2 +
Curran JW, Morgan WM, Hardy AM, et al:  The epidemiology of AIDS: Current status and future prospects . Science 1985;;29:1352-1357.
3 +
Nahmias A, Weiss J, Yao X, et al:  Antibody to HTLV-III/LAV in serum from Central Africa in 1959 . Read before the International Symposium on African AIDS, Brussels, Nov 23,1985 .
4 +
Coffin J, Haase A, Levy JA, et al:  What to call the AIDS virus? Nature 1986;;321:10.
5 +
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann J-C, Rey F, et al:  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Science 1983;;220:868-871.
6 +
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al:  Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS . Science 1984;;224:500-503.
7 +
Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, et al:  Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS . Science 1984;;225:840-842.
8 +
Fultz PN, McClure HM, Swenson RB, et al:  Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: A potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . J Virol 1986;;58: 116-124.
9 +
Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH, et al:  HLTV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy . Science 1985;;227:177-182.
10 +
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho E-S, et al:  Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:874-878.
11 +
Francis DP, Jaffe HW, Fultz PN, et al:  The natural history of infection with the lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T-lymphotropic virus type III . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:719-722.
12 +
Ho DD, Schooley RT, Rota TR, et al:  HTLV-III in semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man . Science 1984;;226:451-453.
13 +
Zagury D, Bernard J, Leibowitch J, et al:  HTLV-III in cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS . Science 1984;;226:449-451.
14 +
Vogt MW, Witt DJ, Craven DE, et al:  Isolation of HTLV-III/LAV from cervical secretions of women at risk for AIDS . Lancet 1986;;1:525-527.
15 +
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, et al:  Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus . Lancet 1986;;1:527-529.
16 +
Fujikawa LS, Palestine AG, Nussenblatt RB, et al:  Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Lancet 1985;;2:529-530.
17 +
Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, et al:  Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS . N Engl J Med 1985;;313:1606.
18 +
Peterman TA, Jaffe HW, Feorino PM, et al:  Transfusion-associated immunodefiency syndrome in the United States . JAMA 1985;;254:2913-2917.
19 +
Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, et al:  Community-acquired opportunistic infections and defective cellular immunity in heterosexual drug abusers and homosexual men . Am J Med 1983;; 74:433-441.
20 +
Evatt BL, Gomperts ED, McDougal JS, et al:  Coincidental appearance of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:483-486.
21 +
Jaffe HW, Choi K, Thomas PA, et al:  National case-control study of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: I. Epidemiologic results . Ann Intern Med 1983;;99: 145-151.
22 +
Schechter MT, Boyko WJ, Douglas B, et al:  Can HTLV-III be transmitted orally? Lancet 1985;; 1:379.
23 +
Redfield RR, Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, et al:  Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS . JAMA 1985;;253:1571-1573.
24 +
Piot P, Quinn TC, Taelman H, et al:  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire . Lancet 1984;;2:65-69.
25 +
Grint P, McEvoy M:  Two associated cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Communicable Dis Rep 1985;;42:4.
26 +
Fultz PA, McClure HM, Daugharty H, et al:  Vaginal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to a chimpanzee . J Infect Dis 1986;; 154:896-900.
27 +
Ziegler JB, Johnson RO, Cooper DA, et al:  Postnatal transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus from mother to infant . Lancet 1985;;1:896-897.
28 +
Kreiss JK, Kitchen LW, Prince H, et al:  Antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in wives of hemophiliacs . Ann Intern Med 1985;;102: 623-626.
29 +
Stewart GJ, Tyler JPP, Cunningham AL, et al:  Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor . Lancet 1985;;1:581-584.
30 +
Redfield RR, Wright DC, Markham PD, et al:  Female-to-male transmission of HTLV-III: Reply . JAMA 1986;;255:1705-1706.
31 +
Luzi G, Ensoli B, Turbessi G, et al:  Transmission of HTLV-III infection by heterosexual contact . Lancet 1985;;2:1081.
32 +
Calabrese LH, Gopalakrishna KV:  Transmission of HTLV-III infection from man to woman to man . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:987.
33 +
Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, et al:  Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS . JAMA 1987;;257:640-644.
34 +
Lyman D, Winkelstein W, Ascher M, et al:  Minimal risk of transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus infection by oral-genital contact . JAMA 1986;;255:1703.
35 +
Perkins HA, Samson S, Garner J, et al:  Risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for recipients of blood components from doners who subsequently developed AIDS . Blood , in press.
36 +
Hirsch MS, Wormser GP, Schooley RT, et al:  Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus III (HTLV-III) . N Engl J Med 1985;;31:1-4
37 +
Jovaisas E, Koch MA, Schafer A, et al:  LAV/ HTLV-III in 20 week fetus . Lancet 1985;;2:1129.
38 +
Scott GB, Fischl MA, Klimas N, et al:  Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers . JAMA 1985;;253:363-366.
39 +
Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF, et al:  Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:344-349.
40 +
Jason J, McDougal JS, Dixon G, et al:  HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia . JAMA 1986;;255:212-215.
41 +
Rogers MF, White CR, Sanders R, et al:  Can children transmit human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection?  Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25,1986.
42 +
Lifson AR, Castro KG, Narkunas JP, et al:  No identified risk cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25, 1986 .
43 +
Wahn V, Kramer HH, Voit T, et al:  Horizontal transmission of HIV infection between two siblings . Lancet 1986;;2:694.
44 +
 Update: Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection in health-care personnel—United States . MMWR 1985;;34:575-578.
45 +
 Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus from a child to a mother providing health care . MMWR 1986;;35:76-78.
46 +
Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Weiss SH, et al:  Three-year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III-infected risk group members . Science 1986;; 231:992-995.
47 +
Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, O'Malley PM, et al:  The natural history of LAV/HTLV-III infection and viraemia in homosexual and bisexual men: A six year follow-up study . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986 .
48 +
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho E-S, et al:  Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:874-879.
49 +
Darrow WW, Byers RH, Jaffe HW, et al:  Cofactors in the development of AIDS and AIDS-related conditions . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986.
50 +
Jensen LP, O'Sullivan MJ, Gomez-del-Rio M, et al:  Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS) in pregnancy . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;;148:1145.
51 +
Goedert JJ, Neuland CY, Wallen WC, et al:  Amyl nitrite may alter T lymphocytes in homosexual men . Lancet 1982;;1:412-416.
52 +
Haverkos H:  The role of co-factors and AIDS risk reduction , in Ostrow D (ed): Biobehavioral Approaches to AIDS Control . New York, Irvington Publishers, in press.
53 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, et al:  Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies: Specificity, sensitivity and applications . JAMA 1985;;253:221-225.
54 +
 Needlestick transmission of HTLV-III from a patient infected in Africa . Lancet 1984;;2:1376-1377.
55 +
Tucker J, Ludiam CA, Craig A, et al:  HTLV-III infection associated with glandular-fever-like illness in a hemophiliac . Lancet 1985;;1:585.
56 +
Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, et al:  Acute AIDS retrovirus infection . Lancet 1985;;1:537-540.
57 +
Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, et al:  Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:880-883.
58 +
Esteban JI, Shih JW-K, Tai C-C, et al:  Importance of Western blot analysis in predicting infectivity of anti-HTLV-III/LAV positive blood . Lancet 1985;;2:1083-1086.
59 +
Groopman JE, Hartzband PI, Shulman L, et al:  Antibody sero-negative human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)—infected patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or related disorders . Blood 1985;;66:742-744.
60 +
Francis DP, Jaffe HW, Fultz PN, et al:  The natural history of infection with lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T-lymphotropic virus type III . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:719-722.
61 +
Voeller B, Potts M:  Has the condom any proven value in preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted viral disease—for example acquired immune deficiency syndrome? Br Med J 1985;;291: 1196.
62 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, et al:  Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus . JAMA 1986;;255:1706.
63 +
Hicks DR, Martin LS, Voeller B, et al:  Inactivation of LAV/HTLV-III infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro . Lancet 1985;;2:1422.
64 +
Francis DP:  Serologic testing as an adjunct to AIDS virus control programs: Specific application in the gay community , in Ostrow D (ed): Biobehavioral Approaches to AIDS Control . New York, Irvington Publishers, in press.
65 +
 Heterosexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus . MMWR 1985;;34:561-563.
66 +
 Hepatitis B virus vaccine safety: Report of an inter-agency group . MMWR 1982;;31:465-467.
67 +
Francis DP, Feorino PM, McDougal S, et al:  The safety of the hepatitis B vaccine: Inactivation of the AIDS virus during routine vaccine manufacture . JAMA 1986;;256:869-872.
68 +
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69 +
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70 +
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71 +
 Additional recommendations to reduce sexual and drug abuse—related transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus . MMWR 1986;;35:152-155.
72 +
Dilly J, Gold M, Spencer N:  Evaluation of HTLV-III/LAV testing and counseling at alternative test sites . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986.
73 +
Frigo MA, Beeson DR, Zones JS, et al:  The impact of structured counseling on acute adverse psychiatric reactions associated with LAV/HTLV-III antibody testing . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 24,1986.
74 +
Fox R, Odaka N, Polk BF:  Effect of learning HTLV-III/LAV antibody status on subsequent sexual activity . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 24,1986.
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76 +
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77 +
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78 +
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80 +
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81 +
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Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
 Coolfont Report: A PHS plan for prevention and control of AIDS and the AIDS virus . Public Health Rep 1986;;101:341-348.
2 +
Curran JW, Morgan WM, Hardy AM, et al:  The epidemiology of AIDS: Current status and future prospects . Science 1985;;29:1352-1357.
3 +
Nahmias A, Weiss J, Yao X, et al:  Antibody to HTLV-III/LAV in serum from Central Africa in 1959 . Read before the International Symposium on African AIDS, Brussels, Nov 23,1985 .
4 +
Coffin J, Haase A, Levy JA, et al:  What to call the AIDS virus? Nature 1986;;321:10.
5 +
Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann J-C, Rey F, et al:  Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Science 1983;;220:868-871.
6 +
Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al:  Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS . Science 1984;;224:500-503.
7 +
Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, et al:  Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS . Science 1984;;225:840-842.
8 +
Fultz PN, McClure HM, Swenson RB, et al:  Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: A potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . J Virol 1986;;58: 116-124.
9 +
Shaw GM, Harper ME, Hahn BH, et al:  HLTV-III infection in brains of children and adults with AIDS encephalopathy . Science 1985;;227:177-182.
10 +
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho E-S, et al:  Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:874-878.
11 +
Francis DP, Jaffe HW, Fultz PN, et al:  The natural history of infection with the lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T-lymphotropic virus type III . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:719-722.
12 +
Ho DD, Schooley RT, Rota TR, et al:  HTLV-III in semen and blood of a healthy homosexual man . Science 1984;;226:451-453.
13 +
Zagury D, Bernard J, Leibowitch J, et al:  HTLV-III in cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS . Science 1984;;226:449-451.
14 +
Vogt MW, Witt DJ, Craven DE, et al:  Isolation of HTLV-III/LAV from cervical secretions of women at risk for AIDS . Lancet 1986;;1:525-527.
15 +
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, et al:  Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus . Lancet 1986;;1:527-529.
16 +
Fujikawa LS, Palestine AG, Nussenblatt RB, et al:  Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Lancet 1985;;2:529-530.
17 +
Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, et al:  Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS . N Engl J Med 1985;;313:1606.
18 +
Peterman TA, Jaffe HW, Feorino PM, et al:  Transfusion-associated immunodefiency syndrome in the United States . JAMA 1985;;254:2913-2917.
19 +
Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH, et al:  Community-acquired opportunistic infections and defective cellular immunity in heterosexual drug abusers and homosexual men . Am J Med 1983;; 74:433-441.
20 +
Evatt BL, Gomperts ED, McDougal JS, et al:  Coincidental appearance of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:483-486.
21 +
Jaffe HW, Choi K, Thomas PA, et al:  National case-control study of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: I. Epidemiologic results . Ann Intern Med 1983;;99: 145-151.
22 +
Schechter MT, Boyko WJ, Douglas B, et al:  Can HTLV-III be transmitted orally? Lancet 1985;; 1:379.
23 +
Redfield RR, Markham PD, Salahuddin SZ, et al:  Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS . JAMA 1985;;253:1571-1573.
24 +
Piot P, Quinn TC, Taelman H, et al:  Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire . Lancet 1984;;2:65-69.
25 +
Grint P, McEvoy M:  Two associated cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Communicable Dis Rep 1985;;42:4.
26 +
Fultz PA, McClure HM, Daugharty H, et al:  Vaginal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to a chimpanzee . J Infect Dis 1986;; 154:896-900.
27 +
Ziegler JB, Johnson RO, Cooper DA, et al:  Postnatal transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus from mother to infant . Lancet 1985;;1:896-897.
28 +
Kreiss JK, Kitchen LW, Prince H, et al:  Antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in wives of hemophiliacs . Ann Intern Med 1985;;102: 623-626.
29 +
Stewart GJ, Tyler JPP, Cunningham AL, et al:  Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor . Lancet 1985;;1:581-584.
30 +
Redfield RR, Wright DC, Markham PD, et al:  Female-to-male transmission of HTLV-III: Reply . JAMA 1986;;255:1705-1706.
31 +
Luzi G, Ensoli B, Turbessi G, et al:  Transmission of HTLV-III infection by heterosexual contact . Lancet 1985;;2:1081.
32 +
Calabrese LH, Gopalakrishna KV:  Transmission of HTLV-III infection from man to woman to man . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:987.
33 +
Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, Scott GB, et al:  Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS . JAMA 1987;;257:640-644.
34 +
Lyman D, Winkelstein W, Ascher M, et al:  Minimal risk of transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus infection by oral-genital contact . JAMA 1986;;255:1703.
35 +
Perkins HA, Samson S, Garner J, et al:  Risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for recipients of blood components from doners who subsequently developed AIDS . Blood , in press.
36 +
Hirsch MS, Wormser GP, Schooley RT, et al:  Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus III (HTLV-III) . N Engl J Med 1985;;31:1-4
37 +
Jovaisas E, Koch MA, Schafer A, et al:  LAV/ HTLV-III in 20 week fetus . Lancet 1985;;2:1129.
38 +
Scott GB, Fischl MA, Klimas N, et al:  Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers . JAMA 1985;;253:363-366.
39 +
Friedland GH, Saltzman BR, Rogers MF, et al:  Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis . N Engl J Med 1986;;314:344-349.
40 +
Jason J, McDougal JS, Dixon G, et al:  HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia . JAMA 1986;;255:212-215.
41 +
Rogers MF, White CR, Sanders R, et al:  Can children transmit human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection?  Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25,1986.
42 +
Lifson AR, Castro KG, Narkunas JP, et al:  No identified risk cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 25, 1986 .
43 +
Wahn V, Kramer HH, Voit T, et al:  Horizontal transmission of HIV infection between two siblings . Lancet 1986;;2:694.
44 +
 Update: Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection in health-care personnel—United States . MMWR 1985;;34:575-578.
45 +
 Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus from a child to a mother providing health care . MMWR 1986;;35:76-78.
46 +
Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Weiss SH, et al:  Three-year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III-infected risk group members . Science 1986;; 231:992-995.
47 +
Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, O'Malley PM, et al:  The natural history of LAV/HTLV-III infection and viraemia in homosexual and bisexual men: A six year follow-up study . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986 .
48 +
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho E-S, et al:  Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:874-879.
49 +
Darrow WW, Byers RH, Jaffe HW, et al:  Cofactors in the development of AIDS and AIDS-related conditions . Read before the International Conference on AIDS, Paris, June 23,1986.
50 +
Jensen LP, O'Sullivan MJ, Gomez-del-Rio M, et al:  Acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS) in pregnancy . Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;;148:1145.
51 +
Goedert JJ, Neuland CY, Wallen WC, et al:  Amyl nitrite may alter T lymphocytes in homosexual men . Lancet 1982;;1:412-416.
52 +
Haverkos H:  The role of co-factors and AIDS risk reduction , in Ostrow D (ed): Biobehavioral Approaches to AIDS Control . New York, Irvington Publishers, in press.
53 +
Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, et al:  Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies: Specificity, sensitivity and applications . JAMA 1985;;253:221-225.
54 +
 Needlestick transmission of HTLV-III from a patient infected in Africa . Lancet 1984;;2:1376-1377.
55 +
Tucker J, Ludiam CA, Craig A, et al:  HTLV-III infection associated with glandular-fever-like illness in a hemophiliac . Lancet 1985;;1:585.
56 +
Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, et al:  Acute AIDS retrovirus infection . Lancet 1985;;1:537-540.
57 +
Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, et al:  Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:880-883.
58 +
Esteban JI, Shih JW-K, Tai C-C, et al:  Importance of Western blot analysis in predicting infectivity of anti-HTLV-III/LAV positive blood . Lancet 1985;;2:1083-1086.
59 +
Groopman JE, Hartzband PI, Shulman L, et al:  Antibody sero-negative human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)—infected patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or related disorders . Blood 1985;;66:742-744.
60 +
Francis DP, Jaffe HW, Fultz PN, et al:  The natural history of infection with lymphadenopathy-associated virus/human T-lymphotropic virus type III . Ann Intern Med 1985;;103:719-722.
61 +
Voeller B, Potts M:  Has the condom any proven value in preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted viral disease—for example acquired immune deficiency syndrome? Br Med J 1985;;291: 1196.
62 +
Conant M, Hardy D, Sernatinger J, et al:  Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus . JAMA 1986;;255:1706.
63 +
Hicks DR, Martin LS, Voeller B, et al:  Inactivation of LAV/HTLV-III infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro . Lancet 1985;;2:1422.
64 +
Francis DP:  Serologic testing as an adjunct to AIDS virus control programs: Specific application in the gay community , in Ostrow D (ed): Biobehavioral Approaches to AIDS Control . New York, Irvington Publishers, in press.
65 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
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Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
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AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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