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April 11, 1986, Vol 255, No. 14 >
ARTICLE | April 11, 1986

Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems Among Physicians FREE

Joan M. Brewster, PhD
[+] Author Affiliations

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario.

Reprint requests to Department of Psychiatry, Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, 33 Russell St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2S1 (Dr Brewster).


JAMA. 1986;255(14):1913-1920. doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03370140111034
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References

Extreme statements regarding the prevalence of problems with alcohol and other drugs among physicians have often been made without firm empirical support. The data that are available can be categorized as follows: license and disciplinary actions, known or registered addicts, mortality rates, hospital admissions and treatment populations, and surveys of selected groups of physicians. Because of difficulties in interpreting each type of data, it must be concluded that the prevalence of drug problems among physicians is unknown. A previously unpublished survey of Ontario physicians found that the proportion who have been treated for problems with alcohol and other drugs is not greater than that in the general population. Indeed, when alcohol and other drugs are considered together, physicians may not be unusually likely to have such problems.

(JAMA 1986;255:1913-1920)

REFERENCES

1 +
Paget J:  What becomes of medical students . St Bartholomew's Hosp Rep 1869;;5:238-242.
2 +
Osier W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine . New York, D Appleton & Co, 1892;.
3 +
Mattison JB:  Morphinism in medical men . JAMA 1894;;23:186-188.
4 +
Harris S, in discussion, Partlow WD:  Alcoholism and drug addiction among physicians of Alabama . Trans Med Assoc Ala 1914;;685-691.
5 +
Anonymous:  Alcoholism and morphinism among physicians . Am J Insanity 1900;;56:559-560.
6 +
American Medical Association Council on Mental Health:  The sick physician: Impairment by psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism and drug dependence . JAMA 1973;;223:684-687.
7 +
Garb S:  Narcotic addiction in nurses and doctors . Nurs Outlook 1965;;13:30-34.
8 +
Green RC, Carroll GJ, Buxton WD: The Care and Management of the Sick and Incompetent Physician . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1978;.
9 +
Keeve JP:  Physicians at risk: Some epidemiologic considerations of alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicide . J Occup Med 1984;;26:503-508.
10 +
Murray RM:  Psychiatric illness in doctors . Lancet 1974;;1:1211-1213.
11 +
Scheiber SC:  Emotional problems of physicians: Nature and extent of problems , in Scheiber SC, Doyle B (eds): The Impaired Physician . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1983;.
12 +
Webster TG:  Problems of drug addiction and alcoholism among physicians , in Scheiber SC, Doyle B (eds): The Impaired Physician . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1983;.
13 +
Modlin HC, Montes A:  Narcotics addiction in physicians . Am J Psychiatry 1964;;121:358-363.
14 +
Fox JD:  Narcotic addiction among physicians . J Mich Med Soc 1957;;56:214-217.
15 +
Winick C:  Physician narcotic addicts . Soc Probl 1961;;9:174-186.
16 +
Anslinger H, cited by Winick C:  Interview with Mr. Harry Anslinger . Mod Med 1957;; 25:170-191.
17 +
Anslinger HJ, Oursler W: The Murderers: The Shocking Story of the Narcotic Gangs . New York, Farrar Straus & Cudahy, 1961;.
18 +
Ehrhardt H:  Drug addiction in the medical and allied professions in Germany . Bull Narc 1959;;11:18-26.
19 +
Herrington RE:  The impaired physician: Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment . Wis Med J 1979;;78:21-23.
20 +
Morse RM, Martin MA, Swenson WM, et al:  Prognosis of physicians treated for alcoholism and drug dependence . JAMA 1984;;251:743-746.
21 +
Talbott GD, Benson EB:  Impaired physicians: The dilemma of identification . Postgrad Med 1980;;68:56-64.
22 +
Jones RE:  Do psychiatrists cover up addiction of physicians? Psychiatr Opinion 1975;; 12:31-36.
23 +
McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Fishman P, et al:  Psychoactive drug use by young and future physicians . J Health Soc Behav 1984;;25:34-54.
24 +
Bissell L, Jones RW:  The alcoholic physician: A survey . Am J Psychiatry 1976;;133:1142-1146.
25 +
Lemere F:  Alcohol and drug addiction in physicians . Northwest Med 1965;;64:196-198.
26 +
Steindler EM:  An overview . Alcoholism 1977;;1:129-130.
27 +
Bissell L, Haberman PW: Alcoholism in the Professions . New York, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
28 +
Blaine JD, Lieberman CM, Hirsh J:  Preliminary observations on patterns of drug consumption among medical students . Int J Addict 1968;;3:389-396.
29 +
Clark DC, Eckenfels EJ, Daugherty SR, et al:  Alcohol use patterns of first-year medical students: I. Development of shared norms . Alcoholism 1985;;9:38-44.
30 +
McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Wechsler H:  Alcohol, substance use, and other risk-factors of impairment in a sample of physicians-in-training . Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1984;;4:67-87.
31 +
Rochford J, Grant I, LaVigne G:  Medical students and drugs: Further neuropsychological and use pattern considerations . Int J Addict 1977;;12:1057-1065.
32 +
Solursh LP, Weinstock SJ, Saunders CS, et al:  Attitudes of medical students toward cannabis . JAMA 1971;;217:1371-1372.
33 +
Combs JJ:  Hindsight in disciplinary problems . Fed Bull 1964;:380-389.
34 +
Garb S:  Drug addiction in physicians . Anesth Analg 1969;;48:129-133.
35 +
Wallot H, Lambert J:  Drug addiction among Quebec physicians . Can Med Assoc J 1982;;126:927-930.
36 +
Glatt MM:  Alcoholism in 'impaired' and drunken driving . Lancet 1964;;1:161-163.
37 +
Warren DG:  The discipline of physicians . J Leg Med 1974;;2:43-46.
38 +
Gualtieri AC, Cosentino JP, Becker JS:  The California experience with a diversion program for impaired physicians . JAMA 1983;; 249:226-229.
39 +
East WN:  The British Government report to the United Nations on the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs . Br J Addict 1949;; 46:38-39.
40 +
Anonymous:  United Kingdom: Drug addiction . JAMA 1957;;165:181.
41 +
Hepworth DM: Addiction in Britain: Patterns of Narcotic Abuse in the Mid-sixties, thesis. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, 1982.
42 +
Stimson GV, Oppenheimer E, Stimson CA:  Drug abuse in the medical profession: Addict doctors and the Home Office . Br J Addict 1984;;79:395-402.
43 +
Bureau of Dangerous Drugs, Health Protection Branch, Department of National Health and Welfare: Narcotic, Controlled and Restricted Drug Statistics, 1983 . Ottawa, Dept of National Health and Welfare.
44 +
Wright-St Clair RE:  Causes of death in colonial doctors . NZ Med J 1978;;88:49-51.
45 +
Emerson H, Hughes HE:  Death rates of male white physicians in the United States by age and cause . Am J Public Health 1926;;16:1088-1093.
46 +
Dublin LI, Spiegelman M:  The longevity and mortality of American physicians, 1938-1942 . JAMA 1947;;134:1211-1215.
47 +
Dickinson FG, Martin LW:  Physician mortality, 1949-1951 . JAMA 1956;;162:1462-1471.
48 +
Everson RB, Fraumeni JF:  Mortality among medical students and young physicians . J Med Educ 1975;;50:809-811.
49 +
Rawnsley K:  Alcoholic doctors . Alcohol Alcoholism 1984;;19:257-259.
50 +
Murray RM:  Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: An analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data . Br J Psychiatry 1977;; 131:1-10.
51 +
Glatt MM:  Alcoholism an occupational hazard for doctors . J Alcoholism 1976;;11:85-91.
52 +
Murray RM:  Alcoholism and employment . J Alcoholism 1975;;10:23-26.
53 +
Popham RE:  Indirect methods of alcoholism prevalence estimation: A critical evaluation , in Popham RE (ed): Alcohol and Alcoholism . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1970;.
54 +
Cook R:  Cirrhosis in doctors . Lancet 1979;; 1:156.
55 +
Mulley AG, Silverstein MD, Dienstag JL:  Indication for use of hepatitis B vaccine, based on cost-effectiveness analysis . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:644-652.
56 +
Morgan MY:  United Kingdom , in Hall P (ed): Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathobiology, Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985;.
57 +
Kan X: Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection as Risk Factors in Liver Cirrhosis, thesis. University of Toronto, 1984.
58 +
Kan X, Halliday ML, Rankin JG, et al:  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and alcohol as risk factors for liver cirrhosis , abstracted. Clin Invest Med 1984;;7:48.
59 +
Krasnick CL:  The aristocratic vice: The medical treatment of drug addiction at the Homewood Retreat, 1883-1900 . Ontario Hist 1983;;75:403-427.
60 +
Isbell H, White WM:  Clinical characteristics of addictions . Am J Med 1953;;14:558-565.
61 +
Rasor RW, Crecraft HJ:  Addiction to meperidine (Demerol) hydrochloride . JAMA 1955;;157:654-657.
62 +
Putnam PL, Ellinwood EH:  Narcotic addiction among physicians: A ten-year follow-up . Am J Psychiatry 1966;;122:745-748.
63 +
Goby MJ, Bradley NJ, Bespalec DA:  Physicians treated for alcoholism: A follow-up study . Alcoholism 1979;;3:121-124.
64 +
Pearson MM, Strecker EA:  Physicians as psychiatric patients: Private practice experience . Am J Psychiatry 1960;;116:915-919.
65 +
a'Brook MF, Hailstone JD, McLauchlan IEJ:  Psychiatric illness in the medical profession . Br J Psychiatry 1967;;113:1013-1023.
66 +
Pond DA:  Doctors' mental health . NZ Med J 1969;;69:131-135.
67 +
Small IF, Small JG, Assue CM, et al:  The fate of the mentally ill physician . Am J Psychiatry 1969;;125:1333-1342.
68 +
Vincent MO, Robinson EA, Latt L:  Physicians as patients: Private psychiatric hospital experience . Can Med Assoc J 1969;;100:403-412.
69 +
Franklin RA:  One hundred doctors at the retreat: A contribution to the subject of mental disorder in the medical profession . Br J Psychiatry 1977;;131:11-14.
70 +
Jones RE:  A study of 100 physician psychiatric patients . Am J Psychiatry 1977;; 134:1119-1123.
71 +
Duffy JC, Litin EM:  Psychiatric morbidity of physicians . JAMA 1964;;189:989-992.
72 +
Watterson DJ:  Psychiatric illness in the medical profession: Incidence in relation to sex and field of practice . Can Med Assoc J 1976;; 115:311-317.
73 +
Talbott GD:  Elements of the impaired physician program . J Med Assoc Ga 1984;;73:747-751.
74 +
Bittker TE:  Reaching out to the depressed physician . JAMA 1976;;236:1713-1716.
75 +
Gold N:  The doctor, his illness and the patient . Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1972;;6:209-213.
76 +
Bunker JP, Brown BW:  The physician-patient as an informed consumer of surgical services . N Engl J Med 1974;;290:1051-1055.
77 +
Vaillant GE, Sobowale NC, McArthur C:  Some psychologic vulnerabilities of physicians . N Engl J Med 1972;;287:372-375.
78 +
Lipp MR, Benson SG:  Physician use of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco . Am J Psychiatry 1972;;129:612-616.
79 +
Stout-Weigand N, Trent RB:  Physician drug use: Availability or occupational stress? Int J Addict 1981;;16:317-330.
80 +
Goldfinger S:  Personal health practices: How do you compare to the Harvard medical school faculty? Harvard Med School Health Lett 1982;;7:1-6.
81 +
Wells KB, Lewis CE, Leake B, et al:  Do physicians preach what they practice? A study of physicians' health habits and counselling practices . JAMA 1984;;252:2846-2848.
82 +
Ward CF, Ward GC, Saidman LJ:  Drug abuse in anesthesia training programs . JAMA 1983;;250:922-925.
83 +
A Report on Lifestyles/Personal Health Care in Different Occupations: A Study of Attitudes and Practices . Kansas City, Mo, American Academy of Family Physicians, 1979;.
84 +
McCracken BE:  Partnerships for the future in preventive health care (turn around, look at us) . J Fla Med Assoc 1980;;67:817-825.
85 +
Vaillant GE, Brighton JR, McArthur C:  Physicians' use of mood-altering drugs . N Engl J Med 1970;;282:365-370.
86 +
Thomas CB, Santora PB, Shaffer JW:  Health of physicians in midlife in relation to use of alcohol: A prospective study of a cohort of former medical students . Johns Hopkins Med J 1980;;146:1-10.
87 +
Krakowski AJ:  Stress and the practice of medicine: II. Stressors, stresses, and strains . Psychother Psychosom 1982;;38:11-23.
88 +
Wyshak G, Lamb GA, Lawrence RS, et al:  A profile of health-promoting behaviors of physicians and lawyers . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:104-107.
89 +
Krakowski AJ:  Stress and the practice of medicine: III. Physicians compared with lawyers . Psychother Psychosom 1984;;42:143-151.
90 +
Niven RG, Hurt RD, Morse RM, et al:  Alcoholism in physicians . Mayo Clin Proc 1984;; 59:12-16.
91 +
Hurt RD, Morse RM, Swenson WM:  Diagnosis of alcoholism with a self-administered alcoholism screening test: Results with 1,002 consecutive patients receiving general examinations . Mayo Clin Proc 1980;;55:365-370.
92 +
Cahalan D: Problem Drinkers . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Inc Publishers, 1970;.
93 +
Clark W, Midanik L:  Alcohol use and alcohol problems among U.S. adults: Results of the 1979 national survey , in Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems . Rockville, Md, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1982;.
94 +
Smart RG, Gillies M, Brown G, et al:  A survey of alcohol-related problems and their treatment . Can J Psychiatry 1980;;25:220-227.
95 +
Goodwin DW, Davis DH, Robins LN:  Drinking amid abundant illicit drugs: The Vietnam case . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;;32:230-233.

Figures

Tables

Interactive Graphics

Video

Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Paget J:  What becomes of medical students . St Bartholomew's Hosp Rep 1869;;5:238-242.
2 +
Osier W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine . New York, D Appleton & Co, 1892;.
3 +
Mattison JB:  Morphinism in medical men . JAMA 1894;;23:186-188.
4 +
Harris S, in discussion, Partlow WD:  Alcoholism and drug addiction among physicians of Alabama . Trans Med Assoc Ala 1914;;685-691.
5 +
Anonymous:  Alcoholism and morphinism among physicians . Am J Insanity 1900;;56:559-560.
6 +
American Medical Association Council on Mental Health:  The sick physician: Impairment by psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism and drug dependence . JAMA 1973;;223:684-687.
7 +
Garb S:  Narcotic addiction in nurses and doctors . Nurs Outlook 1965;;13:30-34.
8 +
Green RC, Carroll GJ, Buxton WD: The Care and Management of the Sick and Incompetent Physician . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1978;.
9 +
Keeve JP:  Physicians at risk: Some epidemiologic considerations of alcoholism, drug abuse, and suicide . J Occup Med 1984;;26:503-508.
10 +
Murray RM:  Psychiatric illness in doctors . Lancet 1974;;1:1211-1213.
11 +
Scheiber SC:  Emotional problems of physicians: Nature and extent of problems , in Scheiber SC, Doyle B (eds): The Impaired Physician . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1983;.
12 +
Webster TG:  Problems of drug addiction and alcoholism among physicians , in Scheiber SC, Doyle B (eds): The Impaired Physician . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1983;.
13 +
Modlin HC, Montes A:  Narcotics addiction in physicians . Am J Psychiatry 1964;;121:358-363.
14 +
Fox JD:  Narcotic addiction among physicians . J Mich Med Soc 1957;;56:214-217.
15 +
Winick C:  Physician narcotic addicts . Soc Probl 1961;;9:174-186.
16 +
Anslinger H, cited by Winick C:  Interview with Mr. Harry Anslinger . Mod Med 1957;; 25:170-191.
17 +
Anslinger HJ, Oursler W: The Murderers: The Shocking Story of the Narcotic Gangs . New York, Farrar Straus & Cudahy, 1961;.
18 +
Ehrhardt H:  Drug addiction in the medical and allied professions in Germany . Bull Narc 1959;;11:18-26.
19 +
Herrington RE:  The impaired physician: Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment . Wis Med J 1979;;78:21-23.
20 +
Morse RM, Martin MA, Swenson WM, et al:  Prognosis of physicians treated for alcoholism and drug dependence . JAMA 1984;;251:743-746.
21 +
Talbott GD, Benson EB:  Impaired physicians: The dilemma of identification . Postgrad Med 1980;;68:56-64.
22 +
Jones RE:  Do psychiatrists cover up addiction of physicians? Psychiatr Opinion 1975;; 12:31-36.
23 +
McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Fishman P, et al:  Psychoactive drug use by young and future physicians . J Health Soc Behav 1984;;25:34-54.
24 +
Bissell L, Jones RW:  The alcoholic physician: A survey . Am J Psychiatry 1976;;133:1142-1146.
25 +
Lemere F:  Alcohol and drug addiction in physicians . Northwest Med 1965;;64:196-198.
26 +
Steindler EM:  An overview . Alcoholism 1977;;1:129-130.
27 +
Bissell L, Haberman PW: Alcoholism in the Professions . New York, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
28 +
Blaine JD, Lieberman CM, Hirsh J:  Preliminary observations on patterns of drug consumption among medical students . Int J Addict 1968;;3:389-396.
29 +
Clark DC, Eckenfels EJ, Daugherty SR, et al:  Alcohol use patterns of first-year medical students: I. Development of shared norms . Alcoholism 1985;;9:38-44.
30 +
McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Wechsler H:  Alcohol, substance use, and other risk-factors of impairment in a sample of physicians-in-training . Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1984;;4:67-87.
31 +
Rochford J, Grant I, LaVigne G:  Medical students and drugs: Further neuropsychological and use pattern considerations . Int J Addict 1977;;12:1057-1065.
32 +
Solursh LP, Weinstock SJ, Saunders CS, et al:  Attitudes of medical students toward cannabis . JAMA 1971;;217:1371-1372.
33 +
Combs JJ:  Hindsight in disciplinary problems . Fed Bull 1964;:380-389.
34 +
Garb S:  Drug addiction in physicians . Anesth Analg 1969;;48:129-133.
35 +
Wallot H, Lambert J:  Drug addiction among Quebec physicians . Can Med Assoc J 1982;;126:927-930.
36 +
Glatt MM:  Alcoholism in 'impaired' and drunken driving . Lancet 1964;;1:161-163.
37 +
Warren DG:  The discipline of physicians . J Leg Med 1974;;2:43-46.
38 +
Gualtieri AC, Cosentino JP, Becker JS:  The California experience with a diversion program for impaired physicians . JAMA 1983;; 249:226-229.
39 +
East WN:  The British Government report to the United Nations on the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs . Br J Addict 1949;; 46:38-39.
40 +
Anonymous:  United Kingdom: Drug addiction . JAMA 1957;;165:181.
41 +
Hepworth DM: Addiction in Britain: Patterns of Narcotic Abuse in the Mid-sixties, thesis. London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, 1982.
42 +
Stimson GV, Oppenheimer E, Stimson CA:  Drug abuse in the medical profession: Addict doctors and the Home Office . Br J Addict 1984;;79:395-402.
43 +
Bureau of Dangerous Drugs, Health Protection Branch, Department of National Health and Welfare: Narcotic, Controlled and Restricted Drug Statistics, 1983 . Ottawa, Dept of National Health and Welfare.
44 +
Wright-St Clair RE:  Causes of death in colonial doctors . NZ Med J 1978;;88:49-51.
45 +
Emerson H, Hughes HE:  Death rates of male white physicians in the United States by age and cause . Am J Public Health 1926;;16:1088-1093.
46 +
Dublin LI, Spiegelman M:  The longevity and mortality of American physicians, 1938-1942 . JAMA 1947;;134:1211-1215.
47 +
Dickinson FG, Martin LW:  Physician mortality, 1949-1951 . JAMA 1956;;162:1462-1471.
48 +
Everson RB, Fraumeni JF:  Mortality among medical students and young physicians . J Med Educ 1975;;50:809-811.
49 +
Rawnsley K:  Alcoholic doctors . Alcohol Alcoholism 1984;;19:257-259.
50 +
Murray RM:  Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: An analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data . Br J Psychiatry 1977;; 131:1-10.
51 +
Glatt MM:  Alcoholism an occupational hazard for doctors . J Alcoholism 1976;;11:85-91.
52 +
Murray RM:  Alcoholism and employment . J Alcoholism 1975;;10:23-26.
53 +
Popham RE:  Indirect methods of alcoholism prevalence estimation: A critical evaluation , in Popham RE (ed): Alcohol and Alcoholism . Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1970;.
54 +
Cook R:  Cirrhosis in doctors . Lancet 1979;; 1:156.
55 +
Mulley AG, Silverstein MD, Dienstag JL:  Indication for use of hepatitis B vaccine, based on cost-effectiveness analysis . N Engl J Med 1982;;307:644-652.
56 +
Morgan MY:  United Kingdom , in Hall P (ed): Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathobiology, Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985;.
57 +
Kan X: Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection as Risk Factors in Liver Cirrhosis, thesis. University of Toronto, 1984.
58 +
Kan X, Halliday ML, Rankin JG, et al:  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and alcohol as risk factors for liver cirrhosis , abstracted. Clin Invest Med 1984;;7:48.
59 +
Krasnick CL:  The aristocratic vice: The medical treatment of drug addiction at the Homewood Retreat, 1883-1900 . Ontario Hist 1983;;75:403-427.
60 +
Isbell H, White WM:  Clinical characteristics of addictions . Am J Med 1953;;14:558-565.
61 +
Rasor RW, Crecraft HJ:  Addiction to meperidine (Demerol) hydrochloride . JAMA 1955;;157:654-657.
62 +
Putnam PL, Ellinwood EH:  Narcotic addiction among physicians: A ten-year follow-up . Am J Psychiatry 1966;;122:745-748.
63 +
Goby MJ, Bradley NJ, Bespalec DA:  Physicians treated for alcoholism: A follow-up study . Alcoholism 1979;;3:121-124.
64 +
Pearson MM, Strecker EA:  Physicians as psychiatric patients: Private practice experience . Am J Psychiatry 1960;;116:915-919.
65 +
a'Brook MF, Hailstone JD, McLauchlan IEJ:  Psychiatric illness in the medical profession . Br J Psychiatry 1967;;113:1013-1023.
66 +
Pond DA:  Doctors' mental health . NZ Med J 1969;;69:131-135.
67 +
Small IF, Small JG, Assue CM, et al:  The fate of the mentally ill physician . Am J Psychiatry 1969;;125:1333-1342.
68 +
Vincent MO, Robinson EA, Latt L:  Physicians as patients: Private psychiatric hospital experience . Can Med Assoc J 1969;;100:403-412.
69 +
Franklin RA:  One hundred doctors at the retreat: A contribution to the subject of mental disorder in the medical profession . Br J Psychiatry 1977;;131:11-14.
70 +
Jones RE:  A study of 100 physician psychiatric patients . Am J Psychiatry 1977;; 134:1119-1123.
71 +
Duffy JC, Litin EM:  Psychiatric morbidity of physicians . JAMA 1964;;189:989-992.
72 +
Watterson DJ:  Psychiatric illness in the medical profession: Incidence in relation to sex and field of practice . Can Med Assoc J 1976;; 115:311-317.
73 +
Talbott GD:  Elements of the impaired physician program . J Med Assoc Ga 1984;;73:747-751.
74 +
Bittker TE:  Reaching out to the depressed physician . JAMA 1976;;236:1713-1716.
75 +
Gold N:  The doctor, his illness and the patient . Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1972;;6:209-213.
76 +
Bunker JP, Brown BW:  The physician-patient as an informed consumer of surgical services . N Engl J Med 1974;;290:1051-1055.
77 +
Vaillant GE, Sobowale NC, McArthur C:  Some psychologic vulnerabilities of physicians . N Engl J Med 1972;;287:372-375.
78 +
Lipp MR, Benson SG:  Physician use of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco . Am J Psychiatry 1972;;129:612-616.
79 +
Stout-Weigand N, Trent RB:  Physician drug use: Availability or occupational stress? Int J Addict 1981;;16:317-330.
80 +
Goldfinger S:  Personal health practices: How do you compare to the Harvard medical school faculty? Harvard Med School Health Lett 1982;;7:1-6.
81 +
Wells KB, Lewis CE, Leake B, et al:  Do physicians preach what they practice? A study of physicians' health habits and counselling practices . JAMA 1984;;252:2846-2848.
82 +
Ward CF, Ward GC, Saidman LJ:  Drug abuse in anesthesia training programs . JAMA 1983;;250:922-925.
83 +
A Report on Lifestyles/Personal Health Care in Different Occupations: A Study of Attitudes and Practices . Kansas City, Mo, American Academy of Family Physicians, 1979;.
84 +
McCracken BE:  Partnerships for the future in preventive health care (turn around, look at us) . J Fla Med Assoc 1980;;67:817-825.
85 +
Vaillant GE, Brighton JR, McArthur C:  Physicians' use of mood-altering drugs . N Engl J Med 1970;;282:365-370.
86 +
Thomas CB, Santora PB, Shaffer JW:  Health of physicians in midlife in relation to use of alcohol: A prospective study of a cohort of former medical students . Johns Hopkins Med J 1980;;146:1-10.
87 +
Krakowski AJ:  Stress and the practice of medicine: II. Stressors, stresses, and strains . Psychother Psychosom 1982;;38:11-23.
88 +
Wyshak G, Lamb GA, Lawrence RS, et al:  A profile of health-promoting behaviors of physicians and lawyers . N Engl J Med 1980;;303:104-107.
89 +
Krakowski AJ:  Stress and the practice of medicine: III. Physicians compared with lawyers . Psychother Psychosom 1984;;42:143-151.
90 +
Niven RG, Hurt RD, Morse RM, et al:  Alcoholism in physicians . Mayo Clin Proc 1984;; 59:12-16.
91 +
Hurt RD, Morse RM, Swenson WM:  Diagnosis of alcoholism with a self-administered alcoholism screening test: Results with 1,002 consecutive patients receiving general examinations . Mayo Clin Proc 1980;;55:365-370.
92 +
Cahalan D: Problem Drinkers . San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Inc Publishers, 1970;.
93 +
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To understand the clinical management of acute heart failure syndromes.
Accreditation Information The American Medical Association is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The AMA designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM per course. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Physicians who complete the CME course and score at least 80% correct on the quiz are eligible for AMA PRA Category 1 CreditTM.
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For CME Course: A Proposed Model for Initial Assessment and Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
Indicate what changes(s) you will implement in your practice, if any, based on this CME course.
To view and print your certificate and access a summary of your CME courses go to My CME.
NOTE:
Citing articles are presented as examples only. In non-demo SCM6 implementation, integration with CrossRef’s “Cited By” API will populate this tab (http://www.crossref.org/citedby.html).
Compression-Only CPR: Pushing the Science Forward
Cone
AAM 2010;304:1493-1495.
All you need to read in the other general journals
BMJ 2010;341:c5893-c1494.
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