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January 3, 1986, Vol 255, No. 1 >
ARTICLE | January 3, 1986

Social Policy Considerations in Noncoital Reproduction FREE

Sherman Elias, MD; George J. Annas, JD, MPH
[+] Author Affiliations

Reprint requests to Prentice Women's Hospital and Maternity Center, Suite 1176, 333 E Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 (Dr Elias).


JAMA. 1986;255(1):62-68. doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03370010068027
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References

NOW THAT 1984 has come and gone, Huxley's vision of our future in Brave New World looms larger than Orwell's. Huxley envisioned the abolition of parenthood and the family, which would take place with the full cooperation of society as it attempted to improve on natural reproduction. We are on our way toward Huxley's vision, and 1984 saw significant scientific and societal developments in noncoital human reproduction and corresponding steps to redefine parenthood and family relationships. On the scientific side, the year saw the first birth from surrogate embryo transfer (SET)1 and the first birth from a frozen embryo (New York Times, April 11, 1984, p A16). On the societal side, the year saw major reports by government-appointed panels on noncoital reproduction in the United Kingdom (the Warnock Report)2 and Australia (the Waller Report)3 and Congressional hearings on the subject in the United States.4

Techniques for

REFERENCES

1 +
Bustillo M, Buster JE, Cohen SW, et al:  Nonsurgical ovum transfer as a treatment in infertile women: Preliminary experience . JAMA 1984;;251:1171-1173.
2 +
Report of the Committee of Inquiry Into Human Fertilization and Embryology . London, Department of Health and Social Security, (July) 1984;.
3 +
Committee to Consider the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising From In Vitro Fertilization: Report on the Disposition of Embryos Produced by In Vitro Fertilization . Melbourne, State of Victoria, Australia, (August) 1984;.
4 +
Hearings on the Extracorporeal Embryo Before the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee of the Science and Technology Committee, 98th Cong, 2nd sess (Aug 8-9, 1984).
5 +
Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J:  External human fertilization: An evaluation of policy . Science 1983;;222:127-133.
6 +
Robertson JA:  Procreative liberty and the control of conception, pregnancy, and childbirth . Virginia Law Rev 1983;;69:405-464.
7 +
Andrews L: New Conceptions . New York, St Martins Press, 1984;.
8 +
Rohleder H: Test Tube Babies: A History of the Artificial Impregnation of Human Beings . New York, Panurge Press, 1934;.
9 +
Ethics Advisory Board: Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer . Washington, DC, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979;.
10 +
Annas GJ, Elias S:  In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: Medicolegal aspects of a new technique to create a family . Family Law Q 1983;;17:199-223.
11 +
Annas GJ:  Father anonymous: Beyond the best interests of the sperm donor . Family Law Q . 1980;;14:1-13.
12 +
Kass LR: Toward A More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs . New York, The Free Press, 1985;.
13 +
Blumberg GG:  Legal issues in nonsurgical human ovum transfer . JAMA 1984;;251:1178-1181.
14 +
Rowland R, cited in Singer P, Wells D: The Reproductive Revolution . New York, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
15 +
Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J:  Frozen embryos: Policy issues . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:1584-1588.
16 +
Annas GJ, Glantz LH, Katz BF: Informed Consent to Human Experimentation: The Subject's Dilemma . Cambridge, Mass, Ballinger Publishing Co, 1977;, pp 195-213.
17 +
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1983.
18 +
Culliton BJ:  Gene therapy: Research in public . Science 1985;;227:493-496.
19 +
Annas GJ:  Making babies without sex: The law and the profits . Am J Public Health 1984;; 74:1415-1417.
20 +
Tittmus RM: The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy . London, Alan R Liss, 1970;.
21 +
Hearings on the Sale of Organs Before the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee of the Science and Technology Committee, 98th Cong, 1st sess (Nov 7-9, 1983).
22 +
Annas GJ:  Life, liberty and pursuit of organ sales . Hastings Center Rep 1984;;14( (1) ):22-23.
23 +
American Fertility Society:  Ethical statement on in vitro fertilization . Fertil Steril 1984;;41:12.
24 +
Report of the RCOG Ethics Committee on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Replacement or Transfer . London, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (March) 1983;.
25 +
Brahams D:  In-vitro fertilization and related research: Why Parliament must legislate . Lancet 1983;;2:726-729.
26 +
Wadlington W:  Artificial conception: The challenge for family law . Virginia Law Rev 1983;;69:465-514.
27 +
Working Party of Council for Science and Society, Human Procreation: Ethical Aspects of New Techniques . Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
28 +
Capron AM:  The new reproductive possibilities: Seeking a moral basis for concerted action in a pluralistic society . Law Med Health Care 1984;;12:192-198.
29 +
Fraser FC, Forse RA:  On genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination . Am J Genet 1981;;10:399-405.
30 +
Huxley A: Brave New World Revisited . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1958;, pp 24-25.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Bustillo M, Buster JE, Cohen SW, et al:  Nonsurgical ovum transfer as a treatment in infertile women: Preliminary experience . JAMA 1984;;251:1171-1173.
2 +
Report of the Committee of Inquiry Into Human Fertilization and Embryology . London, Department of Health and Social Security, (July) 1984;.
3 +
Committee to Consider the Social, Ethical and Legal Issues Arising From In Vitro Fertilization: Report on the Disposition of Embryos Produced by In Vitro Fertilization . Melbourne, State of Victoria, Australia, (August) 1984;.
4 +
Hearings on the Extracorporeal Embryo Before the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee of the Science and Technology Committee, 98th Cong, 2nd sess (Aug 8-9, 1984).
5 +
Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J:  External human fertilization: An evaluation of policy . Science 1983;;222:127-133.
6 +
Robertson JA:  Procreative liberty and the control of conception, pregnancy, and childbirth . Virginia Law Rev 1983;;69:405-464.
7 +
Andrews L: New Conceptions . New York, St Martins Press, 1984;.
8 +
Rohleder H: Test Tube Babies: A History of the Artificial Impregnation of Human Beings . New York, Panurge Press, 1934;.
9 +
Ethics Advisory Board: Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer . Washington, DC, Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1979;.
10 +
Annas GJ, Elias S:  In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: Medicolegal aspects of a new technique to create a family . Family Law Q 1983;;17:199-223.
11 +
Annas GJ:  Father anonymous: Beyond the best interests of the sperm donor . Family Law Q . 1980;;14:1-13.
12 +
Kass LR: Toward A More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs . New York, The Free Press, 1985;.
13 +
Blumberg GG:  Legal issues in nonsurgical human ovum transfer . JAMA 1984;;251:1178-1181.
14 +
Rowland R, cited in Singer P, Wells D: The Reproductive Revolution . New York, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
15 +
Grobstein C, Flower M, Mendeloff J:  Frozen embryos: Policy issues . N Engl J Med 1985;;312:1584-1588.
16 +
Annas GJ, Glantz LH, Katz BF: Informed Consent to Human Experimentation: The Subject's Dilemma . Cambridge, Mass, Ballinger Publishing Co, 1977;, pp 195-213.
17 +
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1983.
18 +
Culliton BJ:  Gene therapy: Research in public . Science 1985;;227:493-496.
19 +
Annas GJ:  Making babies without sex: The law and the profits . Am J Public Health 1984;; 74:1415-1417.
20 +
Tittmus RM: The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy . London, Alan R Liss, 1970;.
21 +
Hearings on the Sale of Organs Before the Investigations and Oversight Subcommittee of the Science and Technology Committee, 98th Cong, 1st sess (Nov 7-9, 1983).
22 +
Annas GJ:  Life, liberty and pursuit of organ sales . Hastings Center Rep 1984;;14( (1) ):22-23.
23 +
American Fertility Society:  Ethical statement on in vitro fertilization . Fertil Steril 1984;;41:12.
24 +
Report of the RCOG Ethics Committee on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Replacement or Transfer . London, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, (March) 1983;.
25 +
Brahams D:  In-vitro fertilization and related research: Why Parliament must legislate . Lancet 1983;;2:726-729.
26 +
Wadlington W:  Artificial conception: The challenge for family law . Virginia Law Rev 1983;;69:465-514.
27 +
Working Party of Council for Science and Society, Human Procreation: Ethical Aspects of New Techniques . Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1984;.
28 +
Capron AM:  The new reproductive possibilities: Seeking a moral basis for concerted action in a pluralistic society . Law Med Health Care 1984;;12:192-198.
29 +
Fraser FC, Forse RA:  On genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination . Am J Genet 1981;;10:399-405.
30 +
Huxley A: Brave New World Revisited . New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1958;, pp 24-25.

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