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December 20, 1985, Vol 254, No. 23 >
ARTICLE | December 20, 1985

Xenografts: Title and subTitle BreakReview of the Literature and Current Status FREE

[+] Author Affiliations

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all of the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the views of scientific literature as of June 1985.

Reprint requests to Division of Evaluation and Nomenclature, Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, 535 N Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60610 (John C. Ballin, PhD).


JAMA. 1985;254(23):3353-3357. doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03360230085030
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References

In response to growing public and legislative interest in organ transplantation, the American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs has convened an advisory panel to prepare state-of-the-art monographs on several of the central topics. The first report of the panel, approved by the Council in February 1985, reviews the experimental work with xenografts. This report summarizes the published experience with animal and human xenografts to date and discusses the mechanisms of xenograft rejection. The report concludes that the process of xenograft rejection qualitatively resembles allograft rejection, involving both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms, but differs quantitatively depending on the genetic disparity between donor and recipient. Relative beneficial effects of various immunosuppression regimens, including cyclosporin on xenograft survival in donor recipient models with varying genetic disparity, have not yet been studied in a critical fashion.

(JAMA 1985;254:3353-3357)

REFERENCES

1 +
Starzl TE: Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 262-283.
2 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation , in Rappaport F, Dausset J: Human Transplantation . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968;, pp 357-366.
3 +
Reemtsma K:  Renal heterotransplantation in man . Ann Surg 1964;;160:409.
4 +
Reemtsma K:  Reversal of early graft rejection after renal heterotransplantation in man . JAMA 1964;;187:691.
5 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation of the kidney: Two clinical experiences . Science 1964;; 143:700.
6 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation . Transplant Proc 1969;;1:251.
7 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation: Theoretical consideration . Transplant Proc 1971;;3:49.
8 +
Starzl TE, Marchioro TL, Peters GN, et al:  Renal heterotransplantation from baboon to man: Experience with six cases . Transplantation 1964;;2:752.
9 +
Hitchcock CR, Kiser JC, Telander RL, et al:  Baboon renal grafts . JAMA 1964;;189:159.
10 +
Porter KA:  Pathological changes in transplanted kidneys , in Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 345-359.
11 +
Kirkpatrick CH, Wilson WEC:  Immunologic studies of baboon to man renal heterotransplantation , in Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 284-298.
12 +
Starzl TE:  Orthotopic heterotransplantation , in Experience in Hepatic Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 408-421.
13 +
Giles GR, Goehmig HJ, Amemiya H, et al:  Clinical heterotransplantation of the liver . Transplant Proc 1970;;2:506.
14 +
Starzl TE, Ishikawa M, Putnam CW, et al:  Progress in and deterrents to orthotopic liver transplantation, with special reference to survival, resistance to hyperacute rejection, and biliary duct reconstruction . Transplant Proc 1974;;6:129.
15 +
Porter KA:  Pathology of the orthotopic homograft and heterograft , in Experience in Hepatic Transplantation , Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 466-471.
16 +
Hardy JD, Chavez CM:  The first heart transplant in man: Developmental animal investigations with analysis of the 1964 case in the light of current clinical experience . Am J Cardiol 1968;;22:772-781.
17 +
Barnard CN, Wolpowitz A, Losman JG, et al:  Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass . S Afr Med J 1977;;52:1035.
18 +
Bailey LL, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Concepcion W, et al:  Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate . JAMA 1985;; 254:3321-3329.
19 +
Perper RJ, Najarian JS:  Experimental renal heterotransplantation: II. Closely related species . Transplantation 1966;;4:700-712.
20 +
Perper RJ, Najarian JS:  Experimental renal heterotransplantation: I. In widely divergent species . Transplantation 1966;;4:377-388.
21 +
Giles GR, Boehmig HJ, Lilly J, et al:  Mechanism and modification of rejection of heterografts between divergent species . Transplant Proc 1970;;2:522-538.
22 +
Hammer C, Chaussy C, Welter H, et al:  Exceptionally long survival time in xenogeneic organ transplantation . Transplant Proc 1981;; 13:881.
23 +
Perper RJ:  Renal heterotransplant rejection: A model for separation of humoral and cellular mechanisms . Transplantation 1971;; 12:519.
24 +
Sakai A, Kountz SL:  Dissociation of humoral and cellular immune reactions of the rabbit, guinea pig, and dog kidney xenograft in the rat . J Surg Res 1976;;21:159.
25 +
Chavez-Peon F, Monchik G, Winn HJ, et al:  Humoral factors in experimental renal allograft and xenograft rejection . Transplant Proc 1971;;3:573.
26 +
Cameron DJ, Rajagopallan PR, Fitts CT, et al:  Characterization of the preformed antibodies involved in the xenograft reaction . J Surg Oncol 1983;;22:157.
27 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Xenograft rejection mechanisms in man . Trans Am Soc Artif Int Organs 1974;;20:562.
28 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Xenograft rejection in human beings . Rev Surg 1975;;32:70.
29 +
Rosenberg JC, Hawkins E, Rector F, et al:  Mechanisms of immunological injury during antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection of renal heterografts . Transplantation 1971;;11:151.
30 +
Mejia-Laguna JE, Martinez-Palomo A, Biro CE, et al:  Morphologic study of the participation of the complement system in hyperacute rejection of renal xenotransplants . Am J Pathol 1972;;69:71.
31 +
Schilling A, Land W, Pratschke E, et al:  Dominant role of complement in the hyperacute xenograft rejection reaction . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;;142:29.
32 +
Homan WP, Williams KA, Millard PR, et al:  Prolongation of cardiac xenograft survival in rats receiving cyclosporin A . Transplantation 1981;;31:164.
33 +
Ertel W, Reichenspurner H, Hammer C, et al:  Heart transplantation in closely related species: A model for humoral rejection . Transplant Proc 1984;;16:1259.
34 +
Ono K, Lindsey ES, DeWitt CW, et al:  Prolongation of rat heart allograft function with heterologous antilymphocyte serum . Circulation 1969;;39:27-29.
35 +
Corry RJ, Kelley SE:  Immunological enhancement of primarily vascularized rat heart xenotransplant in mice . Transplantation 1974;; 18:503.
36 +
Corry RJ, Kelley SE:  Survival of cardiac xenografts: Effects of antithymocyte serum and enhancing heteroantiserum . Arch Surg 1975;; 110:1143.
37 +
Brendel W, Duswald KH, von Scheel J, et al:  Prolonged survival time of canine xenografts using a new schedule of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin (ALG) therapy . Transplant Proc 1977;;9:379.
38 +
Hardy MA, Oluwole S, Fawwaz R, et al:  Selective lymphoid irradiation: III. Prolongation of cardiac xenografts and allografts in presensitized rats . Transplantation 1982;;33:237.
39 +
Snyder GB, Ballesteros E, Zarco RM, et al:  Prolongation of renal xenografts by complement suppression . Surg Forum 1966;;17:478-480.
40 +
O'Regan CC, Robitaille P, Chartrand C, et al:  Delayed rejection of cardiac xenografts in C6-deficient rabbits . Immunology 1979;;38:245.
41 +
Kashii A, Derry CD, Lafortune L, et al:  The effect of modification of coagulation factors on xenograft rejection . Surg Forum 1971;;22:242-244.
42 +
Hawkins, E, Mammen E, Rosenberg JC, et al:  Effects of heparin and steroids on hyperacutely rejected renal xenografts . J Surg Res 1971;;11:492.
43 +
Ghilchik MW, Morris AS;  Modification of hyperacute rejection of sheep kidney heterografts in the dog using a trypsin inhibitor . Nature 1971;;233:557.
44 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Modification of xenograft rejection by aspirin, dextran and cinanserrin: The importance of platelets in hyperacute rejection . Transplant Proc 1974;; 6:435.
45 +
Jørgensen KA, Kemp E, Barfort P, et al:  The survival of pig to rabbit renal xenografts during inhibition of thromboxane synthesis . Thrombosis Res 1983;;32:585.
46 +
Zhang J, Munda R, Abilgaard-Jacobsen I, et al:  Prolongation of survival of a heart xenograft by defibrination with ancrod . Transplantation 1983;;35:620.
47 +
Kemp E, Kemp G, Abilgaard-Jacobsen I, et al:  Prolongation of survival of renal xenografts by infusion of donor blood . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1975;;85:267.
48 +
Kemp E, Kemp G, Svendsen P, et al:  Prolongation of xenograft survival by infusion of heterologous antibodies against recipient serum . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1976;;84:342.
49 +
Marquet RL, van Es AA, Heystek GA, et al:  Prolongation of baboon to rhesus kidney xenograft survival by pretransplant rhesus blood transfusions . Transplantation 1978;;25:165.
50 +
Yoshioka H, McCalmon RT Jr, Putnam CW, et al:  Attenuation of hyperacute xenograft rejection in unmodified host by extracorporeal plasma perfusion . Transplantation 1977;;24:78.
51 +
Linn BS, Jennsen JA, Portal P, et al:  Renal xenograft prolongation by suppression of natural antibody . J Surg Res 1968;;8:211-213.
52 +
Habal MB, Misra MK, Busch GJ, et al:  The renal xenograft rejection . Transplantation 1972;; 14:796.
53 +
Lie TS:  Prolongation of allograft and xenograft survival by pretreatment with prednisolone and donor-specific antigen . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;;143:369.
54 +
Chernyakhovskaya, IY, Nagurskaya EV, Shaposhnikova GB, et al:  Tolerance to allogeneic and to xenogeneic heart grafts provided by thymectomy of adult mice combined with donor cell and cyclophosphamide inoculation . Transplantation 1980;;29:40.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Starzl TE: Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 262-283.
2 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation , in Rappaport F, Dausset J: Human Transplantation . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1968;, pp 357-366.
3 +
Reemtsma K:  Renal heterotransplantation in man . Ann Surg 1964;;160:409.
4 +
Reemtsma K:  Reversal of early graft rejection after renal heterotransplantation in man . JAMA 1964;;187:691.
5 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation of the kidney: Two clinical experiences . Science 1964;; 143:700.
6 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation . Transplant Proc 1969;;1:251.
7 +
Reemtsma K:  Heterotransplantation: Theoretical consideration . Transplant Proc 1971;;3:49.
8 +
Starzl TE, Marchioro TL, Peters GN, et al:  Renal heterotransplantation from baboon to man: Experience with six cases . Transplantation 1964;;2:752.
9 +
Hitchcock CR, Kiser JC, Telander RL, et al:  Baboon renal grafts . JAMA 1964;;189:159.
10 +
Porter KA:  Pathological changes in transplanted kidneys , in Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 345-359.
11 +
Kirkpatrick CH, Wilson WEC:  Immunologic studies of baboon to man renal heterotransplantation , in Experience in Renal Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1964;, pp 284-298.
12 +
Starzl TE:  Orthotopic heterotransplantation , in Experience in Hepatic Transplantation . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 408-421.
13 +
Giles GR, Goehmig HJ, Amemiya H, et al:  Clinical heterotransplantation of the liver . Transplant Proc 1970;;2:506.
14 +
Starzl TE, Ishikawa M, Putnam CW, et al:  Progress in and deterrents to orthotopic liver transplantation, with special reference to survival, resistance to hyperacute rejection, and biliary duct reconstruction . Transplant Proc 1974;;6:129.
15 +
Porter KA:  Pathology of the orthotopic homograft and heterograft , in Experience in Hepatic Transplantation , Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1969;, pp 466-471.
16 +
Hardy JD, Chavez CM:  The first heart transplant in man: Developmental animal investigations with analysis of the 1964 case in the light of current clinical experience . Am J Cardiol 1968;;22:772-781.
17 +
Barnard CN, Wolpowitz A, Losman JG, et al:  Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass . S Afr Med J 1977;;52:1035.
18 +
Bailey LL, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Concepcion W, et al:  Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate . JAMA 1985;; 254:3321-3329.
19 +
Perper RJ, Najarian JS:  Experimental renal heterotransplantation: II. Closely related species . Transplantation 1966;;4:700-712.
20 +
Perper RJ, Najarian JS:  Experimental renal heterotransplantation: I. In widely divergent species . Transplantation 1966;;4:377-388.
21 +
Giles GR, Boehmig HJ, Lilly J, et al:  Mechanism and modification of rejection of heterografts between divergent species . Transplant Proc 1970;;2:522-538.
22 +
Hammer C, Chaussy C, Welter H, et al:  Exceptionally long survival time in xenogeneic organ transplantation . Transplant Proc 1981;; 13:881.
23 +
Perper RJ:  Renal heterotransplant rejection: A model for separation of humoral and cellular mechanisms . Transplantation 1971;; 12:519.
24 +
Sakai A, Kountz SL:  Dissociation of humoral and cellular immune reactions of the rabbit, guinea pig, and dog kidney xenograft in the rat . J Surg Res 1976;;21:159.
25 +
Chavez-Peon F, Monchik G, Winn HJ, et al:  Humoral factors in experimental renal allograft and xenograft rejection . Transplant Proc 1971;;3:573.
26 +
Cameron DJ, Rajagopallan PR, Fitts CT, et al:  Characterization of the preformed antibodies involved in the xenograft reaction . J Surg Oncol 1983;;22:157.
27 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Xenograft rejection mechanisms in man . Trans Am Soc Artif Int Organs 1974;;20:562.
28 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Xenograft rejection in human beings . Rev Surg 1975;;32:70.
29 +
Rosenberg JC, Hawkins E, Rector F, et al:  Mechanisms of immunological injury during antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection of renal heterografts . Transplantation 1971;;11:151.
30 +
Mejia-Laguna JE, Martinez-Palomo A, Biro CE, et al:  Morphologic study of the participation of the complement system in hyperacute rejection of renal xenotransplants . Am J Pathol 1972;;69:71.
31 +
Schilling A, Land W, Pratschke E, et al:  Dominant role of complement in the hyperacute xenograft rejection reaction . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;;142:29.
32 +
Homan WP, Williams KA, Millard PR, et al:  Prolongation of cardiac xenograft survival in rats receiving cyclosporin A . Transplantation 1981;;31:164.
33 +
Ertel W, Reichenspurner H, Hammer C, et al:  Heart transplantation in closely related species: A model for humoral rejection . Transplant Proc 1984;;16:1259.
34 +
Ono K, Lindsey ES, DeWitt CW, et al:  Prolongation of rat heart allograft function with heterologous antilymphocyte serum . Circulation 1969;;39:27-29.
35 +
Corry RJ, Kelley SE:  Immunological enhancement of primarily vascularized rat heart xenotransplant in mice . Transplantation 1974;; 18:503.
36 +
Corry RJ, Kelley SE:  Survival of cardiac xenografts: Effects of antithymocyte serum and enhancing heteroantiserum . Arch Surg 1975;; 110:1143.
37 +
Brendel W, Duswald KH, von Scheel J, et al:  Prolonged survival time of canine xenografts using a new schedule of horse-anti-dog lymphocyte globulin (ALG) therapy . Transplant Proc 1977;;9:379.
38 +
Hardy MA, Oluwole S, Fawwaz R, et al:  Selective lymphoid irradiation: III. Prolongation of cardiac xenografts and allografts in presensitized rats . Transplantation 1982;;33:237.
39 +
Snyder GB, Ballesteros E, Zarco RM, et al:  Prolongation of renal xenografts by complement suppression . Surg Forum 1966;;17:478-480.
40 +
O'Regan CC, Robitaille P, Chartrand C, et al:  Delayed rejection of cardiac xenografts in C6-deficient rabbits . Immunology 1979;;38:245.
41 +
Kashii A, Derry CD, Lafortune L, et al:  The effect of modification of coagulation factors on xenograft rejection . Surg Forum 1971;;22:242-244.
42 +
Hawkins, E, Mammen E, Rosenberg JC, et al:  Effects of heparin and steroids on hyperacutely rejected renal xenografts . J Surg Res 1971;;11:492.
43 +
Ghilchik MW, Morris AS;  Modification of hyperacute rejection of sheep kidney heterografts in the dog using a trypsin inhibitor . Nature 1971;;233:557.
44 +
Shons AR, Najarian JS:  Modification of xenograft rejection by aspirin, dextran and cinanserrin: The importance of platelets in hyperacute rejection . Transplant Proc 1974;; 6:435.
45 +
Jørgensen KA, Kemp E, Barfort P, et al:  The survival of pig to rabbit renal xenografts during inhibition of thromboxane synthesis . Thrombosis Res 1983;;32:585.
46 +
Zhang J, Munda R, Abilgaard-Jacobsen I, et al:  Prolongation of survival of a heart xenograft by defibrination with ancrod . Transplantation 1983;;35:620.
47 +
Kemp E, Kemp G, Abilgaard-Jacobsen I, et al:  Prolongation of survival of renal xenografts by infusion of donor blood . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1975;;85:267.
48 +
Kemp E, Kemp G, Svendsen P, et al:  Prolongation of xenograft survival by infusion of heterologous antibodies against recipient serum . Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1976;;84:342.
49 +
Marquet RL, van Es AA, Heystek GA, et al:  Prolongation of baboon to rhesus kidney xenograft survival by pretransplant rhesus blood transfusions . Transplantation 1978;;25:165.
50 +
Yoshioka H, McCalmon RT Jr, Putnam CW, et al:  Attenuation of hyperacute xenograft rejection in unmodified host by extracorporeal plasma perfusion . Transplantation 1977;;24:78.
51 +
Linn BS, Jennsen JA, Portal P, et al:  Renal xenograft prolongation by suppression of natural antibody . J Surg Res 1968;;8:211-213.
52 +
Habal MB, Misra MK, Busch GJ, et al:  The renal xenograft rejection . Transplantation 1972;; 14:796.
53 +
Lie TS:  Prolongation of allograft and xenograft survival by pretreatment with prednisolone and donor-specific antigen . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;;143:369.
54 +
Chernyakhovskaya, IY, Nagurskaya EV, Shaposhnikova GB, et al:  Tolerance to allogeneic and to xenogeneic heart grafts provided by thymectomy of adult mice combined with donor cell and cyclophosphamide inoculation . Transplantation 1980;;29:40.

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