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February 8, 1985, Vol 253, No. 6 >
ARTICLE | February 8, 1985

Current Status of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis and Related Techniques: Title and subTitle BreakReport of the AMA Panel on Therapeutic Plasmapheresis FREE

[+] Author Affiliations

Report J of the Council on Scientific Affairs, adopted by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association at the Interim Meeting, December 1984.

This report is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all of the facts and circumstances involved in an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of practice evolve. This report reflects the views of scientific experts and reports in the scientific literature as of December 1984.

Reprint requests to Council on Scientific Affairs, Division of Drugs and Technology, American Medical Association, 535 N Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60610 (John C. Ballin, PhD).


JAMA. 1985;253(6):819-825. doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03350300107030
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References

THE PROPER role of plasmapheresis as a treatment modality is gradually becoming better defined. Controlled trials are now either completed or under way for most of the common entities for which plasmapheresis has been applied. Data from these, as well as a number of uncontrolled studies, have been evaluated to assess the likelihood that plasmapheresis will be helpful in a given clinical situation, and the conclusions are presented in this report.

After Abel et al1 coined the term plasmapheresis in 1914, widespread interest in this special form of blood-letting as a therapeutic modality had to await the development of practical equipment for performing safe and efficient plasma exchanges. The introduction of continuous- and intermittent-flow centrifuges in the 1960s, followed more recently by flat- and hollow-fiber filtration devices, simplified the procedure. Now plasmapheresis is a practical consideration in clinical situations in which pathogenic materials can be removed effectively from the

REFERENCES

1 +
Abel JJ, Rowntree LB, Turner BB:  Plasma removal with return of corpuscles . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1914;;5:625-641.
2 +
Millward BL, Hoeltge GA:  The historical development of automated hemapheresis . J Clin Apheresis 1982;;1:25-32.
3 +
Solomon BA:  Membrane separations: Technological principles and issues . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1981;;27:345-350.
4 +
Shumak KH, Rock GA:  Therapeutic plasma exchange . N Engl J Med 1984;;31:762-769.
5 +
Jones JV, McLeon BC:  Centrifugal separation of plasma: Techniques and applications . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 27:351-355.
6 +
Clough JD, Calabrese LH:  Theoretical aspects of immune complex removal by plasmapheresis . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1981;;2:73-81.
7 +
Schlansky R, Dehoratius RJ, Pincus T, et al:  Plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cautionary note . Arthritis Rheum 1981;; 24:49.
8 +
Lockwood CM, Worlledge S, Nicholas A, et al:  Reversal of impaired splenic function in patients with nephritis or vasculitis (or both) by plasma exchange . N Engl J Med 1979;;300:524-530.
9 +
 Hazards of apheresis , editorial. Lancet 1982;;2:1025-1026.
10 +
Huestis DW:  Hazards of therapeutic plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) . Apheresis , in press.
11 +
Rubenstein MD, Wall RT, Wood GS, et al:  Complications of therapeutic apheresis, including a fetal case with pulmonary vascular occlusion . Am J Med 1983;;75:171-174.
12 +
Jones JV, Cumming RH, Bacon PA, et al:  Evidence for a therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Q J Med 1979;;48:555.
13 +
Kater L, Derksen RH, Houwert DA, et al:  Effect of plasmapheresis in active systemic lupus erythematosus . Neth J Med 1981;;24:209.
14 +
Jones JV, Robinson MR, Parciany RK, et al:  Therapeutic plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Effect on immune complexes and antibodies to DNA . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1113.
15 +
Parry HF, Moran CJ, Snaith ML, et al:  Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus . Ann Rheum Dis 1981;;40:224.
16 +
Abdou MI, Lindsley HB, Pollock A, et al:  Plasmapheresis in active systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects on clinical serum, and cellular abnormalities . Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1981;;19:44.
17 +
Moran CJ, Parry HF, Mowbray J, et al:  Plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus . Br Med J 1977;;1:1573.
18 +
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Thompson-Breton R, et al:  Advances in the use of therapeutic apheresis for the management of rheumatic disease . Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980;;10:81.
19 +
Rosen RD, Hersh EM, Sharp JT, et al:  Effect of plasma exchange on circulating immune complexes and antibody formation in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone . Am J Med 1977;;63:674.
20 +
Lockwood CM, Pussel B, Wilson CB, et al:  Plasma exchange in nephritis . Adv Nephrol 1979;a;8:383.
21 +
Schilderman B, Dequeker J, Van de Putte I:  Plasmapheresis combined with corticosteroids in uncontrolled active systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheum 1979;;6:687.
22 +
Hamilton WAP, Vergani D, Bevis L, et al:  Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet 1980;;1:1249.
23 +
Calabrese LH, Clough JD, Krakauer RS, et al:  Plasmapheresis therapy of immunologic disease . Cleve Clin Q 1980;;47:53.
24 +
Wei N, Klippel JH, Huston DP, et al:  Randomized trial of plasma exchange in mild systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet 1983;;1:17-21.
25 +
Lockwood CM:  Plasma exchange in nephritis . Plasma Ther 1981;;2:227-234.
26 +
Simpson IJ, Doak PB, Williams LC, et al:  Plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome . Am J Nephrol 1982;;2:301-311.
27 +
Kincaid-Smith P, d'Apice AJF:  Plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis . Am J Med 1978;;65:564-566.
28 +
Walker RG, d'Apice AJ, Becker GJ, et al:  Plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome with renal failure . Med J Aust 1977;;875-879.
29 +
Rossen RD, Duffy J, McCredie KB, et al:  Treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and plasma exchange transfusions . Clin Exp Immunol 1976;; 24:218-222.
30 +
Wood L, Jacobs P:  Plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome . Plasma Ther 1983;; 4:175-183.
31 +
Lockwood CM, Pinching AJ, Sweeney P, et al:  Plasma exchange and immunosuppression in the treatment of fulminating immune complex crescentic nephritis . Lancet 1977;;1:63-66.
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Pusey D, Lockwood M:  Physiologic response to removal of macromolecules by apheresis . Presented at Plasmapheresis: Therapeutic Applications and New Techniques: An International Symposium, Cleveland, April 3-4, 1982 .
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Cardella CJ, Sutton DM, Falk JA, et al:  Intensive plasma exchange, complement dependent microcytotoxicity and renal transplant rejection . Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1977;; 14:328-335.
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Allen N, Dyer P, Harris K, et al:  Effects of plasma exchange on immunoglobulins, complement, and immune complexes in renal transplant recipients . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1982;;3:157-162.
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Karsh J, Klippel JH, Plotz PH, et al:  Lymphapheresis in rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:867-873.
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Calabrese LH, Clough JD, Krakauer RS, et al:  Plasmapheresis therapy of immunologic disease: Report of nine cases and review of the literature . Cleve Clin Q 1980;;47:53-72.
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Brubaker DB, Winkelstein A:  Plasma exchange in rheumatoid vasculitis . Vox Sang 1981;;41:295-301.
98 +
Geltner D, Kohn RW, Gorevic P, et al:  The effect of combination therapy (steroids, immunosuppressives, and plasmapheresis) on five mixed cryoglobulinemia patients with renal, neurologic, and vascular involvement . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1121-1127.
99 +
Kauffman RH, Houwest DA:  Plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive Henoch-Schoenlein glomerulonephritis and the effect on circulating IgA immune complexes . Clin Nephrol 1981;; 16:155-160.
100 +
Wysenbeek AJ, Calabrese LH, Mandel DR, et al:  Limited plasmapheresis in fulminant leukocytoclastic vasculitis . J Rheumatol 1982;; 9:315-318.
101 +
Dau PC, Kahaleh MB, Sagebiel RS:  Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in scleroderma . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1128-1136.
102 +
Bennington JL, Dau PC:  Patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis who undergo plasmapheresis therapy . Arch Neurol 1981;; 38:553-560.
103 +
Brewer EJ, Giannini EG, Rossen RD, et al:  Plasma exchange therapy of a childhood onset dermatomyositis patient . Arthritis Rheum 1980;;23:509-513.
104 +
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Thompson-Breton R, et al:  Advances in the use of therapeutic apheresis for the management of rheumatic diseases . Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980;;10:81-91.
105 +
Brewer EJ Jr, Nickelson RW Jr, Rossen RD, et al:  Plasma exchange in selected patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . J Pediatr 1981;;98:194-200.
106 +
Durden WD Jr, Siemson AW, Briggs WA:  Exchange transfusions in the treatment of fulminant hepatitis and coma . Am J Gastroenterol 1969;;51:129-137.
107 +
Lepore M, Martel A:  Plasmapheresis with plasma exchange in hepatic coma . Ann Intern Med 1970;;72:165-174.
108 +
Redeker AG, Yamshiro HS:  Controlled trial of exchange-transfusion therapy in fulminant hepatitis . Lancet 1973;;1:3-6.
109 +
Buckner CD, Clift RA, Volwiler W, et al:  Plasma exchange in patients with fulminant hepatic failure . Arch Intern Med 1983;;132:487-492.
110 +
Asanuma Y, Malchesky PS, Zawicki I, et al:  Clinical hepatic support by on-line plasma treatment with multiple sorbents—evaluation of systemic performance . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1980;;26:400-404.
111 +
Fujita Y, Ohiwa T, Kubota Y, et al:  Clinical trial of plasmapheresis in hepatic failure . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1982;; 28:225-228.
112 +
Turnberg LA, Mahoney MP, Gleeson MH, et al:  Plasmapheresis and plasma exchange in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and xanthomatous neuropathy in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis . Gut 1972;;13:976-981.
113 +
Pineda AA, Taswell HF:  Selective plasma component removal: Alternatives to plasma exchange . Artif Organs 1981;;5:234-240.
114 +
Brehm G:  Plasma exchange in thyrotoxicosis , in Borberg H, Reuther P (eds): Plasma Exchange Therapy . Stuttgart, West Germany, George Thieme Verlag, 1981;, pp 121-125.
115 +
Kelly W, Longson D, Smithhard D, et al:  An evaluation of plasma exchange for Graves' ophthalmopathy . Clin Endocrinol 1983;;18:485-493.
116 +
Roujeau JC, Andre C, Fabre MJ, et al:  Plasma exchange in pemphigus: Uncontrolled study of ten patients . Arch Dermatol 1983;; 119:215-221.
117 +
Clemmensen OJ, Andersen R, Andersen E:  Plasmapheresis in the treatment of psoriasis: A controlled clinical study . J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;;8:190-192.

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Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and Association With Material Stature

Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal

1 +
Abel JJ, Rowntree LB, Turner BB:  Plasma removal with return of corpuscles . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1914;;5:625-641.
2 +
Millward BL, Hoeltge GA:  The historical development of automated hemapheresis . J Clin Apheresis 1982;;1:25-32.
3 +
Solomon BA:  Membrane separations: Technological principles and issues . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1981;;27:345-350.
4 +
Shumak KH, Rock GA:  Therapeutic plasma exchange . N Engl J Med 1984;;31:762-769.
5 +
Jones JV, McLeon BC:  Centrifugal separation of plasma: Techniques and applications . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 27:351-355.
6 +
Clough JD, Calabrese LH:  Theoretical aspects of immune complex removal by plasmapheresis . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1981;;2:73-81.
7 +
Schlansky R, Dehoratius RJ, Pincus T, et al:  Plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cautionary note . Arthritis Rheum 1981;; 24:49.
8 +
Lockwood CM, Worlledge S, Nicholas A, et al:  Reversal of impaired splenic function in patients with nephritis or vasculitis (or both) by plasma exchange . N Engl J Med 1979;;300:524-530.
9 +
 Hazards of apheresis , editorial. Lancet 1982;;2:1025-1026.
10 +
Huestis DW:  Hazards of therapeutic plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) . Apheresis , in press.
11 +
Rubenstein MD, Wall RT, Wood GS, et al:  Complications of therapeutic apheresis, including a fetal case with pulmonary vascular occlusion . Am J Med 1983;;75:171-174.
12 +
Jones JV, Cumming RH, Bacon PA, et al:  Evidence for a therapeutic effect of plasmapheresis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus . Q J Med 1979;;48:555.
13 +
Kater L, Derksen RH, Houwert DA, et al:  Effect of plasmapheresis in active systemic lupus erythematosus . Neth J Med 1981;;24:209.
14 +
Jones JV, Robinson MR, Parciany RK, et al:  Therapeutic plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Effect on immune complexes and antibodies to DNA . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1113.
15 +
Parry HF, Moran CJ, Snaith ML, et al:  Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus . Ann Rheum Dis 1981;;40:224.
16 +
Abdou MI, Lindsley HB, Pollock A, et al:  Plasmapheresis in active systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects on clinical serum, and cellular abnormalities . Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1981;;19:44.
17 +
Moran CJ, Parry HF, Mowbray J, et al:  Plasmapheresis in systemic lupus erythematosus . Br Med J 1977;;1:1573.
18 +
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Thompson-Breton R, et al:  Advances in the use of therapeutic apheresis for the management of rheumatic disease . Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980;;10:81.
19 +
Rosen RD, Hersh EM, Sharp JT, et al:  Effect of plasma exchange on circulating immune complexes and antibody formation in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone . Am J Med 1977;;63:674.
20 +
Lockwood CM, Pussel B, Wilson CB, et al:  Plasma exchange in nephritis . Adv Nephrol 1979;a;8:383.
21 +
Schilderman B, Dequeker J, Van de Putte I:  Plasmapheresis combined with corticosteroids in uncontrolled active systemic lupus erythematosus . J Rheum 1979;;6:687.
22 +
Hamilton WAP, Vergani D, Bevis L, et al:  Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet 1980;;1:1249.
23 +
Calabrese LH, Clough JD, Krakauer RS, et al:  Plasmapheresis therapy of immunologic disease . Cleve Clin Q 1980;;47:53.
24 +
Wei N, Klippel JH, Huston DP, et al:  Randomized trial of plasma exchange in mild systemic lupus erythematosus . Lancet 1983;;1:17-21.
25 +
Lockwood CM:  Plasma exchange in nephritis . Plasma Ther 1981;;2:227-234.
26 +
Simpson IJ, Doak PB, Williams LC, et al:  Plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome . Am J Nephrol 1982;;2:301-311.
27 +
Kincaid-Smith P, d'Apice AJF:  Plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis . Am J Med 1978;;65:564-566.
28 +
Walker RG, d'Apice AJ, Becker GJ, et al:  Plasmapheresis in Goodpasture's syndrome with renal failure . Med J Aust 1977;;875-879.
29 +
Rossen RD, Duffy J, McCredie KB, et al:  Treatment of Goodpasture's syndrome with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and plasma exchange transfusions . Clin Exp Immunol 1976;; 24:218-222.
30 +
Wood L, Jacobs P:  Plasma exchange in Goodpasture's syndrome . Plasma Ther 1983;; 4:175-183.
31 +
Lockwood CM, Pinching AJ, Sweeney P, et al:  Plasma exchange and immunosuppression in the treatment of fulminating immune complex crescentic nephritis . Lancet 1977;;1:63-66.
32 +
Pusey D, Lockwood M:  Physiologic response to removal of macromolecules by apheresis . Presented at Plasmapheresis: Therapeutic Applications and New Techniques: An International Symposium, Cleveland, April 3-4, 1982 .
33 +
Cardella CJ, Sutton DM, Falk JA, et al:  Intensive plasma exchange, complement dependent microcytotoxicity and renal transplant rejection . Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1977;; 14:328-335.
34 +
Allen N, Dyer P, Harris K, et al:  Effects of plasma exchange on immunoglobulins, complement, and immune complexes in renal transplant recipients . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1982;;3:157-162.
35 +
Slapak M, Naik RB, Lee HA:  Renal transplant in a patient with major donor-recipient blood group incompatibility: Reversal of acute rejection by the use of modified plasmapheresis . Transplantation 1971;;31:4-7.
36 +
Lynggaard F, Ladeford J, Jans H:  Intensive plasma exchange prior to renal transplantation to prevent rejection . Plasma Ther 1980;; 1:55-57.
37 +
Cordella CJ, Sutton DM, Falk JA, et al:  A controlled trial evaluating intensive plasma exchange in renal transplant recipients . Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1980;;17:429-434.
38 +
Darr FW, McCurdy PR, Helfrick GB, et al:  Treatment of steroid resistant renal allograft rejection with lymphocytapheresis . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1982;;3:423-427.
39 +
Kleinman S, Nichols M, Strauss F, et al:  Use of lymphoplasmapheresis or plasmapheresis in the management of acute renal allograft rejection . J Clin Apheresis 1982;;1:14-17.
40 +
Powler R, Smith C, Kohn J, et al:  Method of removing abnormal protein rapidly from patients with malignant paraproteinemias . Br Med J 1971;;3:664-667.
41 +
Isbister P, Biggs JC, Penny R:  Experience with large volume plasmapheresis in malignant paraproteinemia and immune disorders . Aust NZ J Med 1978;;8:154-164.
42 +
Buskard NA, Galton DAG, Goldman JM, et al:  Plasma exchange in the long-term management of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia . Can Med Assoc J 1977;;117:135-137.
43 +
Feest TG, Burge PS, Cohen SL:  Successful treatment of myeloma kidney by diuresis and plasmapheresis . Br Med J 1976;;1:503-504.
44 +
Slocombe GW, Newland AC, Colvin MP, et al:  The role of intensive plasma exchange in the prevention and management of hemorrhage in patients with inhibitors to factor VIII . Br J Haematol 1981;;47:577-585.
45 +
Spero JA, Lewis JH, Hashiba U, et al:  Plasma exchange in preparation of mild factor IX deficient hemophiliacs for surgical procedures . Plasma Ther 1980;;1:19-22.
46 +
Fraser ID, Bennet MO, Bothamley JE, et al:  Intensive antenatal plasmapheresis in severe Rhesus isoimmunization . Lancet 1976;;1:6.
47 +
Robinson EA, Tovey LAD:  Intensive plasma exchange in the management of severe Rh disease . Br J Haematol 1980;;45:621.
48 +
Barclay GR, Greiss M, Urbaniak SJ:  Adverse effect of plasma exchange on anti-D production in Rhesus immunization owing to removal of inhibitory factors . Br Med J 1980;; 280:1569.
49 +
Bertein ML, Schneider BK, Naiman JL:  Plasma exchange in refractory acute autoimmune hemolytic anemia . J Pediatr 1981;;98:774.
50 +
Brands RF, McCullough JJ, Tate DY, et al:  Plasma exchange in the treatment of fulminant idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura . Lancet 1978;;1:668-690.
51 +
Novak R, William J:  Plasmapheresis in catastrophic complications of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura . J Pediatr 1978;;92:434-436.
52 +
Weir Ab III, Poon M, McGowan EI:  Plasma exchange in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura . Arch Intern Med 1980;;140:1101-1103.
53 +
Marder VM, Nusbacker J, Anderson FW:  One year follow-up of plasma exchange therapy in 14 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura . Transfusion 1981;;1:291-298.
54 +
Abramson N, Eisenberg PD, Aster RH:  Post-transfusion purpura: Immunologic aspects and therapy . N Engl J Med 1974;;291:1163-1166.
55 +
Cimo PL, Aster RH:  Post-transfusion purpura: Successful treatment by exchange transfusion . N Engl J Med 1972;;287:290-292.
56 +
Taft E, Becker H, Hammer C, et al:  Apheresis in platelet disease states , in Kasprisin DO, Vaithianathan T (eds): Proceedings of the Second Annual Apheresis Symposium: Current Concepts and Future Trends . Chicago, 1981;, pp 138-153.
57 +
Lane TA:  Continuous flow leukapheresis for rapid cytoreduction in leukemia . Medicine 1974;;53:463.
58 +
Fay JW, Moore JO, Logue GL, et al:  Leukopheresis therapy of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukemia) . Blood 1979;;54:747-749.
59 +
Mielke CH, Dobbs CE, Winnkler CF, et al:  Therapeutic leukapheresis in hairy cell leukemia . Arch Intern Med 1982;;142:700-702.
60 +
Israel L, Edelstein R, Mannoni P, et al:  Plasmapheresis in patients with disseminated cancer: Clinical results and correlation with changes in serum protein . Cancer 1977;;40:3146-3154.
61 +
Taft EG:  Apheresis in platelet disorders . Plasma Ther Transfusion Technol 1981;;2:181.
62 +
Bukowski RM, Hewlett JS, Harris JW, et al:  Exchange transfusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura . Semin Hematol 1976;;13:219.
63 +
Cuttner J:  Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A ten-year experience . Blood 1980;; 56:302.
64 +
Myers TJ, Waken CJ, Ball ED, et al:  Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Combined treatment with plasmapheresis and anti-platelet agents . Ann Intern Med 1980;;92:149.
65 +
Frankel AE, Rubenstein MD, Wall RT:  Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Prolonged coma with recovery of neurologic function with intensive plasma exchange . Am J Hematol 1981;;10:387.
66 +
Thompson GR, Lowenthal R, Myant NB:  Plasma exchange in management of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia . Lancet 1975;; 1:1280.
67 +
King ME, Breslow JL, Lees RS:  Plasma exchange therapy of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia . N Engl J Med 1980;;302:1457-1459.
68 +
Gibberd FB, Page NGR, Billimoria JD, et al:  Heredopathia atactia polyneuritiformis (Refsum's disease) treated by diet and plasma-exchange . Lancet 1979;;1:575.
69 +
Pabico RC, Gruebel BJ, McKenna BA, et al:  Renal involvement in Refsum's disease . Am J Med 1981;;70:1136-1143.
70 +
Moser HW, Braine H, Pyeritz RE, et al:  Therapeutic trial of plasmapheresis in Refsum's disease and in Fabry's disease . Birth Defects 1980;;16:491-497.
71 +
Kornfeld P, Ambinder EP, Mittag TM, et al:  Plasmapheresis in myasthenia gravis . Plasma Ther 1980;;2:127-133.
72 +
Dau PC, Millen RG, Denys:  Experience with plasmapheresis in 153 neurologic patients . Int J Artif Organs 1982;;5:37-46.
73 +
Newsom-Davis J, Pinching AJ, Vincent A:  Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis, investigation of plasma exchange . Neurology 1978;;28:266-272.
74 +
Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A, Wilson SG, et al:  Long-term effect of repeated plasma exchange in myasthenia gravis . Lancet 1979;; 1:464-468.
75 +
 Scientific overview of myasthenia gravis and an assessment of the role of plasmapheresis , in Therapeutic Apheresis and Plasma Perfusion . Philadelphia, Alan R Liss Inc, 1982;, pp 113-142.
76 +
 Gammaglobulins of CSF and serum in multiple sclerosis . Neurology 1979;;29:1383-1391.
77 +
Manconi PE, Marrouso MG, Gianchetti C, et al:  Lymphocyte subpopulations in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood in multiple sclerosis . Acta Neurol Scand 1980;;62:165-175.
78 +
 Cooperative study in the evaluation of therapy in multiple sclerosis: ACTH vs placebo: A final report . Neurology 1970;;20:1-59.
79 +
Weiner HL, Dawson DM:  Plasmapheresis in multiple sclerosis: Preliminary study . Neurology 1980;;30:1029-1033.
80 +
Khatri BD, Harrington GJ, Schnoll D, et al:  A double-blind randomized controlled study of immunosuppressive drug therapy with plasmapheresis in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis . Artif Organs 1984;;8:398.
81 +
Giordano GF, Masland W, Ketchel SJ, et al:  An investigation of lymphocytapheresis in multiple sclerosis . Plasma Ther 1982;;3:417-422.
82 +
Olarte MR, Schoenfeldt RS, McKiernan G, et al:  Plasmapheresis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Ann Neurol 1980;;8:644-645.
83 +
Kellman J, Hedlund W, Orlin JR, et al:  Plasmapheresis with immunosuppression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Arch Neurol 1983;; 40:752-753.
84 +
Brettie RP, Goss M, Legg NJ:  Treatment of acute polyneuropathy by plasma exchange . Lancet 1978;;2:1100.
85 +
Levy RL, Newkirk R, Ochoa J:  Treating chronic relapsing Guillain-Barré syndrome by plasma exchange . Lancet 1979;;2:259-260.
86 +
 Treatment of chronic relapsing inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy by plasma exchange . Ann Neurol 1979;;6:258-261.
87 +
Dyck PJ, Pineda A, Swanson C, et al: The Mayo Clinic experience with plasma exchange in chronic inflammatory-demyelinating polyneuropathy. Abstracts of the Third National Apheresis Symposium, Dallas, 1982.
88 +
Tindall RSA, Cook J, Rollins J, et al:  Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies . N Engl J Med 1977;;297:1207-1211.
89 +
Addison RM:  Apheresis in treatment of neurologic diseases , in Kolis J, Jones JM: Therapeutic Apheresis . Arlington, Va, The Committee on Technical Workshops, American Association of Blood Banks, 1983;, pp 35-58.
90 +
Jaffe IA:  Comparison of the effect of plasmapheresis and penicillamine on the level of circulating rheumatoid factor . Ann Rheum Dis 1963;;22:71-76.
91 +
Ziff M:  Autoimmune processes in rheumatoid arthritis , in Brent L, Holbrow J (eds): Progress in Immunology II . Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1974;, vol 5, pp 37-46.
92 +
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Gatti R, et al:  Plasmapheresis and lymphoplasmapheresis in the management of rheumatoid arthritis . Arth Rheum 1979;;22:703-710.
93 +
Dwosh IL, Giles AR, Ford P, et al:  Plasmapheresis therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: A controlled double-blind crossover trial . N Engl J Med 1983;;309:1124-1129.
94 +
Wallace D, Goldfinger D, Lowe D, et al:  A double-blind controlled study of lymphoplasmapheresis (LP) in rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:S125.
95 +
Karsh J, Klippel JH, Plotz PH, et al:  Lymphapheresis in rheumatoid arthritis . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:867-873.
96 +
Calabrese LH, Clough JD, Krakauer RS, et al:  Plasmapheresis therapy of immunologic disease: Report of nine cases and review of the literature . Cleve Clin Q 1980;;47:53-72.
97 +
Brubaker DB, Winkelstein A:  Plasma exchange in rheumatoid vasculitis . Vox Sang 1981;;41:295-301.
98 +
Geltner D, Kohn RW, Gorevic P, et al:  The effect of combination therapy (steroids, immunosuppressives, and plasmapheresis) on five mixed cryoglobulinemia patients with renal, neurologic, and vascular involvement . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1121-1127.
99 +
Kauffman RH, Houwest DA:  Plasmapheresis in rapidly progressive Henoch-Schoenlein glomerulonephritis and the effect on circulating IgA immune complexes . Clin Nephrol 1981;; 16:155-160.
100 +
Wysenbeek AJ, Calabrese LH, Mandel DR, et al:  Limited plasmapheresis in fulminant leukocytoclastic vasculitis . J Rheumatol 1982;; 9:315-318.
101 +
Dau PC, Kahaleh MB, Sagebiel RS:  Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in scleroderma . Arthritis Rheum 1981;;24:1128-1136.
102 +
Bennington JL, Dau PC:  Patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis who undergo plasmapheresis therapy . Arch Neurol 1981;; 38:553-560.
103 +
Brewer EJ, Giannini EG, Rossen RD, et al:  Plasma exchange therapy of a childhood onset dermatomyositis patient . Arthritis Rheum 1980;;23:509-513.
104 +
Wallace DJ, Goldfinger D, Thompson-Breton R, et al:  Advances in the use of therapeutic apheresis for the management of rheumatic diseases . Semin Arthritis Rheum 1980;;10:81-91.
105 +
Brewer EJ Jr, Nickelson RW Jr, Rossen RD, et al:  Plasma exchange in selected patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . J Pediatr 1981;;98:194-200.
106 +
Durden WD Jr, Siemson AW, Briggs WA:  Exchange transfusions in the treatment of fulminant hepatitis and coma . Am J Gastroenterol 1969;;51:129-137.
107 +
Lepore M, Martel A:  Plasmapheresis with plasma exchange in hepatic coma . Ann Intern Med 1970;;72:165-174.
108 +
Redeker AG, Yamshiro HS:  Controlled trial of exchange-transfusion therapy in fulminant hepatitis . Lancet 1973;;1:3-6.
109 +
Buckner CD, Clift RA, Volwiler W, et al:  Plasma exchange in patients with fulminant hepatic failure . Arch Intern Med 1983;;132:487-492.
110 +
Asanuma Y, Malchesky PS, Zawicki I, et al:  Clinical hepatic support by on-line plasma treatment with multiple sorbents—evaluation of systemic performance . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1980;;26:400-404.
111 +
Fujita Y, Ohiwa T, Kubota Y, et al:  Clinical trial of plasmapheresis in hepatic failure . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1982;; 28:225-228.
112 +
Turnberg LA, Mahoney MP, Gleeson MH, et al:  Plasmapheresis and plasma exchange in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and xanthomatous neuropathy in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis . Gut 1972;;13:976-981.
113 +
Pineda AA, Taswell HF:  Selective plasma component removal: Alternatives to plasma exchange . Artif Organs 1981;;5:234-240.
114 +
Brehm G:  Plasma exchange in thyrotoxicosis , in Borberg H, Reuther P (eds): Plasma Exchange Therapy . Stuttgart, West Germany, George Thieme Verlag, 1981;, pp 121-125.
115 +
Kelly W, Longson D, Smithhard D, et al:  An evaluation of plasma exchange for Graves' ophthalmopathy . Clin Endocrinol 1983;;18:485-493.
116 +
Roujeau JC, Andre C, Fabre MJ, et al:  Plasma exchange in pemphigus: Uncontrolled study of ten patients . Arch Dermatol 1983;; 119:215-221.
117 +
Clemmensen OJ, Andersen R, Andersen E:  Plasmapheresis in the treatment of psoriasis: A controlled clinical study . J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;;8:190-192.

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